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Sun C, He X, Zhang K, Bai J, Liu X. Simultaneous detection of multi-component greenhouse gases based on an all-fibered near-infrared single-channel frequency-division multiplexing wavelength-modulated laser heterodyne radiometer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 293:122434. [PMID: 36773419 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The performance of an all fibered near-infrared (NIR) single-channel frequency-division multiplexing wavelength-modulated laser heterodyne radiometer (FDM WM-LHR) is demonstrated in ground-based solar occultation mode. The system modulates the laser through the high-frequency signal output by the lock-in amplifier to replace the traditional chopper modulation, making it more stable and compact. Moreover, personal computers are used to simultaneously control the operating current of two distributed feedback (DFB) lasers through a general purpose interface bus-universal serial bus (GPIB-USB), thereby controlling the central wavelength of the laser at 1602.88 and 1653.727 nm, which serve as the absorption lines for the local oscillator detection of the two main greenhouse gases: CO2 and CH4. Firstly, the performance of traditional laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) and the wavelength-modulated laser heterodyne radiometer (WM-LHR) are compared. The results reveal that both the radiometers have an optimized 2f signal when the modulation amplitude m = 2.2. In the actual measurement, 0.25 V and 0.21 V are selected as the modulation amplitude of the laser for the detection of CH4 and CO2. Under the same experimental parameters, at 1602.88 nm, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the 2f signal of CO2 in the WM-LHR system is 500.24, while that for the direct absorption signal (DAS) of CO2 in the traditional LHR system is 337.94. At 1653.727 nm, the SNR for the 2f signal in the WM-LHR system and the DAS of CH4 in the traditional LHR system are 512.04 and 389.58, respectively. Obviously, the SNR for the WM-LHR system is greatly improved. Finally, the application of frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) technology in the WM-LHR system is discussed. The modulation frequency of the two lasers should be appropriately selected to avoid interference between the signals. Overall, the results show that the FDM WM-LHR system can not only detect multiple gases simultaneously but also reduce the implementation cost of the ground-based radiometer. In addition, this study provides useful insights on planetary atmosphere exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Sun
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China; State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China; Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Xinyu He
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Jin Bai
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
| | - Xinshuang Liu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
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Li J, Xue Z, Shen F, Wang G, Liu K, Chen W, Gao X, Tan T. High-resolution oxygen-corrected laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) for stratospheric and tropospheric wind field detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:7850-7862. [PMID: 36859908 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We developed a near-infrared (NIR) dual-channel oxygen-corrected laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) in the ground-based solar occultation mode for measuring vertical profile of wind field in the troposphere and low stratosphere. Two distributed feedback (DFB) lasers centered at 1.27 µm and 1.603 µm were used as local oscillators (LO) to probe absorption of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), respectively. High-resolution atmospheric O2 and CO2 transmission spectra were measured simultaneously. The atmospheric O2 transmission spectrum was used to correct the temperature and pressure profiles based on a constrained Nelder-Mead's simplex method. Vertical profiles of atmospheric wind field with an accuracy of ∼5 m/s were retrieved based on the optimal estimation method (OEM). The results reveal that the dual-channel oxygen-corrected LHR has high development potential in portable and miniaturized wind field measurement.
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Deng H, Li R, Liu H, He Y, Yang C, Li X, Xu Z, Kan R. Optical amplification enables a huge sensitivity improvement to laser heterodyne radiometers for high-resolution measurements of atmospheric gases. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:4335-4338. [PMID: 36048647 DOI: 10.1364/ol.468198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel, to the best of our knowledge, performance-enhanced laser heterodyne radiometer has been developed by utilizing a semiconductor optical amplifier to amplify the collected weak solar radiation in an optical fiber. High-spectral-resolution measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide column absorption are used to validate the technique and performance of the developed instrument. The implementation of optical amplification led to a 9-times improvement in sensitivity according to the Allan variance analysis for noise fluctuations, and resulted in a 7.7-times enhancement in measurement precision for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The promising results showed the great potential of employing this type of compact fiber-optics-based spectral radiometer for applications such as atmospheric greenhouse gas sensing.
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Malina E, Muller JP, Walton D. A simple and quick sensitivity analysis method for methane isotopologues detection with GOSAT-TANSO-FTS. UCL OPEN ENVIRONMENT 2021; 3:e013. [PMID: 37228802 PMCID: PMC10208337 DOI: 10.14324/111.444/ucloe.000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of methane isotopologues can differentiate between different source types, be they biogenic (e.g. marsh lands) or abiogenic (e.g. industry). Global measurements of these isotopologues would greatly benefit the current disconnect between 'top-down' (knowledge from chemistry transport models and satellite measurements) and 'bottom-up' (in situ measurement inventories) methane measurements. However, current measurements of these isotopologues are limited to a small number of in situ studies and airborne studies. In this paper we investigate the potential for detecting the second most common isotopologue of methane (13CH4) from space using the Japanese Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite applying a quick and simple residual radiance analysis technique. The method allows for a rapid analysis of spectral regions, and can be used to teach university students or advanced school students about radiative transfer analysis. Using this method we find limited sensitivity to 13CH4, with detections limited to total column methane enhancements of >6%, assuming a desert surface albedo of >0.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Malina
- Formerly at Imaging Group, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Jan-Peter Muller
- Formerly at Imaging Group, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
| | - David Walton
- Formerly at Imaging Group, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
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Robinson I, Butcher HL, Macleod NA, Weidmann D. Hollow waveguide-miniaturized quantum cascade laser heterodyne spectro-radiometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:2299-2308. [PMID: 33726428 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A miniature thermal infrared laser heterodyne spectro-radiometer based on hybrid optical integration is demonstrated. A quantum cascade laser emitting at 953 cm-1 (10.5 μm) is used as the local oscillator. Integration is achieved using hollow waveguides inscribed in a copper substrate, with slot-encapsulated optical components positioned to maintain fundamental hybrid mode coupling. The demonstrator performances are studied in the laboratory and show a noise level within 1.6 times of the ideal case. Atmospheric high-resolution transmittance spectroscopy of carbon dioxide and water vapor in solar occultation is demonstrated. The total column concentrations are derived as well as measurement uncertainties, 399.5 ± 2.2 ppm for CO2 and 1066 ± 62 ppm for H2O. The miniature laser heterodyne spectro-radiometer demonstration opens the prospect for nanosatellite-based high spectral resolution thermal infrared atmospheric sounding.
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Deng H, Yang C, Xu Z, Li M, Huang A, Yao L, Hu M, Chen B, He Y, Kan R, Liu J. Development of a laser heterodyne spectroradiometer for high-resolution measurements of CO 2, CH 4, H 2O and O 2 in the atmospheric column. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:2003-2013. [PMID: 33726402 DOI: 10.1364/oe.413035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a portable near-infrared laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) for quasi-simultaneous measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water vapor (H2O) and oxygen (O2) column absorption by using three distributed-feedback diode lasers as the local oscillators of the heterodyne detection. The developed system shows good performance in terms of its high spectral resolution of 0.066 cm-1 and a low solar power detection noise which was about 2 times the theoretical quantum limit. Its measurement precision of the column-averaged mole fraction for CO2 and CH4 is within 1.1%, based on the standard deviation from the mean value of the retrieved results for a clean sky. The column abundance information of the O2 is used to correct for the variations and uncertainties of atmosphere pressure, the solar altitude angle, and the prior profiles of pressure and temperature. Comparison measurements of daily column-averaged atmospheric mole fractions of CO2, CH4 and H2O, between our developed LHR and a greenhouse gas observing satellite, show a good agreement, which proves the reliability of our developed system.
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Standoff Chemical Detection Using Laser Absorption Spectroscopy: A Review. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12172771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Remote chemical detection in the atmosphere or some specific space has always been of great interest in many applications for environmental protection and safety. Laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) is a highly desirable technology, benefiting from high measurement sensitivity, improved spectral selectivity or resolution, fast response and capability of good spatial resolution, multi-species and standoff detection with a non-cooperative target. Numerous LAS-based standoff detection techniques have seen rapid development recently and are reviewed herein, including differential absorption LiDAR, tunable laser absorption spectroscopy, laser photoacoustic spectroscopy, dual comb spectroscopy, laser heterodyne radiometry and active coherent laser absorption spectroscopy. An update of the current status of these various methods is presented, covering their principles, system compositions, features, developments and applications for standoff chemical detection over the last decade. In addition, a performance comparison together with the challenges and opportunities analysis is presented that describes the broad LAS-based techniques within the framework of remote sensing research and their directions of development for meeting potential practical use.
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Deng H, Li M, He Y, Xu Z, Yao L, Chen B, Yang C, Kan R. Laser heterodyne spectroradiometer assisted by self-calibrated wavelength modulation spectroscopy for atmospheric CO 2 column absorption measurements. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 230:118071. [PMID: 31958604 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a laser heterodyne spectroradiometer in combination with self-calibrated wavelength modulation spectroscopy based on a software-based lock-in amplifier to observe the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) column absorption near wavelength 1.57 μm in solar occultation mode. This combination facilitates miniaturization of laser heterodyne radiometer. Combined with our developed retrieval algorithm, the atmospheric carbon dioxide column concentration is measured to be 413.7 ± 1.9 ppm, in agreement with GOSAT satellite observation results. This system offers high spectral signal-to-noise ratio of ~333 for the zeroth harmonic (0f) normalized second harmonic (R2f) signal of CO2 transition (R22e), with a measurement averaging time of 8 s, which can be further improved by increasing averaging time in accordance to the Allan deviation analysis for the noise fluctuation. This demonstrates the feasibility of the system for atmospheric investigation and the potential of ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations for the variation of the global greenhouse gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Yabai He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Lu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Chenguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
| | - Ruifeng Kan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China.
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Martín-Mateos P, Genner A, Moser H, Lendl B. Implementation and characterization of a thermal infrared laser heterodyne radiometer based on a wavelength modulated local oscillator laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:15575-15584. [PMID: 31163752 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the first implementation and the experimental characterization of a thermal infrared wavelength modulation laser heterodyne radiometer (WM-LHR) based on an external cavity quantum cascade laser. This novel WM-LHR system has demonstrated calibration-free operation, a superior signal to noise ratio and, more importantly, has opened the door for cost-efficient wide spectral range laser heterodyne radiometry in the near future.
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Wang J, Wang G, Tan T, Zhu G, Sun C, Cao Z, Chen W, Gao X. Mid-infrared laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) based on a 3.53 μm room-temperature interband cascade laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:9610-9619. [PMID: 31045110 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.009610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The performance of an interband cascade laser based laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) is demonstrated in ground-based solar occultation mode. High-resolution (0.0033 cm-1) transmission spectra near 3.53 μm were obtained for simultaneous atmospheric observations of H2O and CH4. Combined with the preprocessed measurement data (acquired at Hefei, China, on June 21th 2016), an optimal estimation method based retrieval algorithm is developed for data retrieval and error analysis. By considering the corrected atmospheric parameters, vertical profiles of H2O and CH4 are retrieved. Finally, the measured total column abundance and XCH4 were calculated to be 1.87 ± 0.02 ppm and 1.88 ± 0.02 ppm, respectively. The interband cascade laser-based laser heterodyne radiometer that is demonstrated in this manuscript has high potential for use in the development of compact, robust, and unattended LHR for spacecraft, airborne or ground-based atmospheric sensing.
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Martín-Mateos P, Bonilla-Manrique OE, Gutiérrez-Escobero C. Wavelength modulation laser heterodyne radiometry. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3009-3012. [PMID: 29905746 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel method is proposed for improving the performance of traditional laser heterodyne radiometry. The technique, which is based on the use of a wavelength modulated local oscillator laser, provides baseline-free spectra, lower limits of detection, and better precision and consistency than the conventional approach. This tool could, therefore, boost the accuracy of current terrestrial and planetary atmospheric studies.
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