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Luján-Rhenals D, Morawicki R, Shi Z, Ricke SC. Quantification of nitrogen in the liquid fraction and in vitro assessment of lysine bioavailability in the solid fraction of soybean meal hydrolysates. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:12-17. [PMID: 29035636 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1369326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is a product generated from the manufacture of soybean oil and has the potential for use as a source of fermentable sugars for ethanol production or as a protein source for animal feeds. Knowing the levels of nitrogen available from ammonium is a necessary element of the ethanolic fermentation process while identifying the levels of essential amino acids such as lysine is important in determining usage as a feed source. As such the purpose of this study was to quantify total nitrogen and ammonium in the liquid fraction of hydrolyzed SBM and to evaluate total and bioavailable lysine in the solid fraction of the hydrolyzed SBM. The effects of acid concentration, cellulase and β-glucosidase on total and ammonium nitrogen were studied with analysis indicating that higher acid concentrations increased nitrogen compounds with ammonium concentrations ranging from 0.20 to 1.24 g L-1 while enzymatic treatments did not significantly increase nitrogen levels. Total and bioavailable lysine was quantified by use of an auxotrophic gfpmut3 E.coli whole-cell bioassay organism incapable of lysine biosynthesis. Acid and enzymatic treatments were applied with lysine bioavailability increasing from a base of 82% for untreated SBM to up to 97%. Our results demonstrated that SBM has the potential to serve in ethanolic fermentation and as an optimal source essential amino acid lysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luján-Rhenals
- a Food Science Department , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
- b Programa de Ingeniería de Alimentos , Universidad de Córdoba , Montería , Colombia , USA
| | - R Morawicki
- a Food Science Department , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Z Shi
- a Food Science Department , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
- c Center for Food Safety , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - S C Ricke
- a Food Science Department , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
- c Center for Food Safety , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
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Rubinelli P, Kim SA, Park SH, Baker CA, Ricke SC. Growth Characterization of Single and Double Salmonella Methionine Auxotroph Strains for Potential Vaccine Use in Poultry. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:103. [PMID: 28706896 PMCID: PMC5489560 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry meat is an important source of zoonotic Salmonella infection. Oral vaccination of chickens with live attenuated Salmonella during grow-out is an attractive approach to control Salmonella colonization in the chicken gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we report the construction of methionine-dependent and growth of Salmonella Typhimurium mutant strains with methionine auxotrophy (ΔmetR and ΔΔmetRmetD) and survival in chicken feed and fecal matrices. The methionine auxotroph mutant ΔΔmetRmetD grew slowly on L-methionine but failed to grow on D-methionine, as expected, and exhibited lower affinity for methionine compared with the isogenic parent strain (ΔmetR single mutant) in whole-cell affinity experiments. Preliminary data conducted as part of a previously published bird challenge study indicated that the methionine auxotroph was less effective at protection in chickens to a challenge with virulent wild-type parent strain but generated greater Salmonella-specific serum IgG. Although the auxotroph could not sustain itself in minimal media it was able to survive when incubated in the presence of chicken and fecal material. The immune response appears promising but further work may be needed to alter low-affinity methionine transporters and methionine biosynthesis genes in combination with the knock-out of the high affinity transporter metD reported here to ensure timely clearance of the candidate vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rubinelli
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Si Hong Park
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - C Adam Baker
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Chalova VI, Kim J, Patterson PH, Ricke SC, Kim WK. Reduction of nitrogen excretion and emission in poultry: A review for organic poultry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:230-235. [PMID: 26786395 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1120616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic poultry is an alternative to conventional poultry which is rapidly developing as a response to customers' demand for better food and a cleaner environment. Although organic poultry manure can partially be utilized by organic horticultural producers, litter accumulation as well as excessive nitrogen still remains a challenge to maintain environment pureness, animal, and human health. Compared to conventional poultry, diet formulation without nitrogen overloading in organic poultry is even more complicated due to specific standards and regulations which limit the application of some supplements and imposes specific criteria to the ingredients in use. This is especially valid for methionine provision which supplementation as a crystalline form is only temporarily allowed. This review is focused on the utilization of various protein sources in the preparation of a diet composed of 100% organic ingredients which meet the avian physiology need for methionine, while avoiding protein overload. The potential to use unconventional protein sources such as invertebrates and microbial proteins to achieve optimal amino acid provision is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesela I Chalova
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Food Technologies , Plovdiv , Bulgaria
| | - Jihyuk Kim
- b Department of Animal Resources Science , Kongju National University , Yesan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Paul H Patterson
- c Department of Animal Science , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- d Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Woo K Kim
- e Department of Poultry Science , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia , USA
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Huang J, Sun WL, Li CY, Liu HL, Zhang TT, Bao K, Fan YY, Li GY, Wang KY. Effects of DL-methionine supplement on growth performance and amino acid digestion and plasma concentrations in sika deer calves (Cervus nippon). ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was set to investigate the effects of DL-methionine (DL-met) supplement on growth performance and amino acid digestion and plasma concentrations in sika deer calves. Twelve healthy 5-month-old sika deer (29.44 ± 2.86 kg initial bodyweight) were randomly divided into three groups (4/group) and one sika deer per replicate. Levels of Met supplement in three treatments were 0, 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg, respectively. The results showed that the average daily gain for the early 35-day study period tended (P = 0.07) to increase linearly as the Met supplement increased, the feed to gain ratio (F : G) for the early period decreased (linearly and quadratically, P < 0.05), and, in the late 35-day study period, tended (linearly, P = 0.08) to decrease as dietary Met increased. The apparent digestibility of Met increased (linearly and quadratically, P < 0.01) with graded amounts of supplemental Met, and the apparent digestibilities of valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, glycine, aspartic and cystine showed a linear increase (P < 0.05). Plasma glycine, proline and isoleucine concentrations increased linearly and quadratically (P < 0.01) with Met supplementation, plasma serine and leucine increased linearly (P < 0.05), and plasma histidine, lysine, arginine and NH3 increased quadratically (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), with graded amounts of supplemental Met. Met supplementation in the diet improved feed utilisation and amino acid (AA) nutrient digestion, and affected plasma AA concentrations in sika deer calves.
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Ricke SC. Anaerobic Microbiology Laboratory Training and Writing Comprehension for Food Safety Education. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Methionine production—a critical review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9893-914. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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