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Kumar M, Joseph G, Bhutia Y, Krishnaswamy J. Contrasting sap flow characteristics between pioneer and late-successional tree species in secondary tropical montane forests of Eastern Himalaya, India. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5273-5293. [PMID: 37290031 PMCID: PMC10498023 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interactive role of life-history traits and environmental factors on plant water relations is crucial for understanding the responses of species to climate change, but it remains poorly understood in secondary tropical montane forests (TMFs). In this study, we examined differences in sap flow between the pioneer species Symplocos racemosa and Eurya acuminata, and the late-successional species Castanopsis hystrix that co-occur in a biodiverse Eastern Himalayan secondary broadleaved TMF. The fast-growing pioneers had sap flux densities that were 1.6-2.1 times higher than the late-successional species, and exhibited characteristics of long-lived pioneer species. Significant radial and azimuthal variability in sap flow (V) between species was observed and could be attributed to the life-history trait and the access of the canopy to sunlight. Nocturnal V was 13.8% of the daily total and was attributable to stem recharge during the evening period (18.00-23.00 h) and to endogenous stomatal controls during the pre-dawn period (00.00-05.00 h). The shallow-rooted pioneer species both exhibited midday depression in V that was attributable to photosensitivity and diel moisture stress responses. In contrast, the deep-rooted late-successional species showed unaffected transpiration across the dry season, indicating their access to groundwater. Thus, our results suggest that secondary broadleaved TMFs, with a dominance of shallow-rooted pioneers, are more prone to the negative impacts of drier and warmer winters than primary forests, which are dominated by deep-rooted species. Our study provides an empirical understanding of how life-history traits coupled with microclimate can modulate plant water use in the widely distributed secondary TMFs in Eastern Himalaya, and highlights their vulnerability to warmer winters and reduced winter precipitation due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gladwin Joseph
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Conservation Biology Institute, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA
| | - Yangchenla Bhutia
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Sikkim State Council of Science & Technology, Gangtok 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Jagdish Krishnaswamy
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- School of Environment and Sustainability, Indian Institute for Human Settlements, Bangalore 560080, Karnataka, India
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Jung SK, Park SB, Shim BS. Diagnosis of pine wilt disease using remote wireless sensing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257900. [PMID: 34559856 PMCID: PMC8462718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a major tree disease that threatens pine forests worldwide. To diagnose this disease, we developed battery-powered remote sensing devices capable of long-range (LoRa) communication and installed them in pine trees (Pinus densiflora) in Gyeongju and Ulsan, South Korea. Upon analyzing the collected tree sensing signals, which represented stem resistance, we found that the mean absolute deviation (MAD) of the sensing signals was useful for distinguishing between uninfected and infected trees. The MAD of infected trees was greater than that of uninfected trees from August of the year, and in the two-dimensional plane, consisting of the MAD value in July and that in October, the infected and uninfected trees were separated by the first-order boundary line generated using linear discriminant analysis. It was also observed that wood moisture content and precipitation affected MAD. This is the first study to diagnose pine wilt disease using remote sensors attached to trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Jung
- Bio. & Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, S. Korea
- * E-mail:
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Pasqualotto G, Carraro V, Menardi R, Anfodillo T. Calibration of Granier-Type (TDP) Sap Flow Probes by a High Precision Electronic Potometer. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19102419. [PMID: 31137901 PMCID: PMC6566514 DOI: 10.3390/s19102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermal dissipation probe (TDP) method (Granier, 1985) is widely used to estimate tree transpiration (i.e., the water evaporated from the leaves) because it is simple to build, easy to install, and relatively inexpensive. However, the universality of the original calibration has been questioned and, in many cases, proved to be inaccurate. Thus, when the TDP is used in a new species, specific tests should be carried out. Our aim was to propose a new method for improving the accuracy of TDP on trees in the field. Small hazelnut trees (diameter at breast height 5 cm) were used for the experiment. The response of TDP sensors was compared with a reference water uptake measured with an electronic potometer system provided with a high precision liquid flow meter. We equipped three stems where we measured the sap flow density, the sapwood area (by using fuchsine), the total tree water uptake (reference), and the main meteorological parameters during summer 2018. Results confirmed that the original Granier’s calibration underestimated the effective tree transpiration (relative error about −60%). We proposed a new equation for improving the measurement accuracy within an error of about 4%. The system proposed appeared an easier solution compared to potted trees and particularly suitable for orchards, thus contributing to improve the irrigation management worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pasqualotto
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Vinicio Carraro
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Roberto Menardi
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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Marañón-Jiménez S, Van den Bulcke J, Piayda A, Van Acker J, Cuntz M, Rebmann C, Steppe K. X-ray computed microtomography characterizes the wound effect that causes sap flow underestimation by thermal dissipation sensors. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:287-301. [PMID: 28981912 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Insertion of thermal dissipation (TD) sap flow sensors in living tree stems causes damage of the wood tissue, as is the case with other invasive methods. The subsequent wound formation is one of the main causes of underestimation of tree water-use measured by TD sensors. However, the specific alterations in wood anatomy in response to inserted sensors have not yet been characterized, and the linked dysfunctions in xylem conductance and sensor accuracy are still unknown. In this study, we investigate the anatomical mechanisms prompting sap flow underestimation and the dynamic process of wound formation. Successive sets of TD sensors were installed in the early, mid and end stage of the growing season in diffuse- and ring-porous trees, Fagus sylvatica (Linnaeus) and Quercus petraea ((Mattuschka) Lieblein), respectively. The trees were cut in autumn and additional sensors were installed in the cut stem segments as controls without wound formation. The wounded area and volume surrounding each sensor was then visually determined by X-ray computed microtomography (X-ray microCT). This technique allowed the characterization of vessel anatomical transformations such as tyloses formation, their spatial distribution and quantification of reduction in conductive area. MicroCT scans showed considerable formation of tyloses that reduced the conductive area of vessels surrounding the inserted TD probes, thus causing an underestimation in sap flux density (SFD) in both beech and oak. Discolored wood tissue was ellipsoidal, larger in the radial plane, more extensive in beech than in oak, and also for sensors installed for longer times. However, the severity of anatomical transformations did not always follow this pattern. Increased wound size with time, for example, did not result in larger SFD underestimation. This information helps us to better understand the mechanisms involved in wound effects with TD sensors and allows the provision of practical recommendations to reduce biases associated with wounding in field sap flow measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marañón-Jiménez
- University of Granada, Department of Applied Physics, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - J Van den Bulcke
- UGCT - Woodlab-UGent, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Piayda
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Van Acker
- UGCT - Woodlab-UGent, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Cuntz
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - C Rebmann
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Villalba G, Plaza F, Zhong X, Davis TW, Navarro M, Li Y, Slater TA, Liang Y, Liang X. A Networked Sensor System for the Analysis of Plot-Scale Hydrology. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17030636. [PMID: 28335534 PMCID: PMC5375922 DOI: 10.3390/s17030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the latest updates to the Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania (ASWP) testbed, a $50,000 USD, 104-node outdoor multi-hop wireless sensor network (WSN). The network collects environmental data from over 240 sensors, including the EC-5, MPS-1 and MPS-2 soil moisture and soil water potential sensors and self-made sap flow sensors, across a heterogeneous deployment comprised of MICAz, IRIS and TelosB wireless motes. A low-cost sensor board and software driver was developed for communicating with the analog and digital sensors. Innovative techniques (e.g., balanced energy efficient routing and heterogeneous over-the-air mote reprogramming) maintained high success rates (>96%) and enabled effective software updating, throughout the large-scale heterogeneous WSN. The edaphic properties monitored by the network showed strong agreement with data logger measurements and were fitted to pedotransfer functions for estimating local soil hydraulic properties. Furthermore, sap flow measurements, scaled to tree stand transpiration, were found to be at or below potential evapotranspiration estimates. While outdoor WSNs still present numerous challenges, the ASWP testbed proves to be an effective and (relatively) low-cost environmental monitoring solution and represents a step towards developing a platform for monitoring and quantifying statistically relevant environmental parameters from large-scale network deployments.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Villalba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, 728 Benedum Engineering Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Fernando Plaza
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, 728 Benedum Engineering Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Xiaoyang Zhong
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University Purdue University, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 280, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Tyler W Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, 728 Benedum Engineering Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
- Currently at USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Miguel Navarro
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University Purdue University, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 280, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University Purdue University, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 280, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Thomas A Slater
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, 728 Benedum Engineering Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yao Liang
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University Purdue University, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 280, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Xu Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, 728 Benedum Engineering Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Wiedemann A, Marañón-Jiménez S, Rebmann C, Herbst M, Cuntz M. An empirical study of the wound effect on sap flux density measured with thermal dissipation probes. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1471-1484. [PMID: 27587487 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The insertion of thermal dissipation (TD) sensors on tree stems for sap flux density (SFD) measurements can lead to SFD underestimations due to a wound formation close to the drill hole. However, the wound effect has not been assessed experimentally for this method yet. Here, we propose an empirical approach to investigate the effect of the wound healing on measured sap flux with TD probes. The approach was performed for both, diffuse-porous (Fagus sylvatica (Linnaeus)) and ring-porous (Quercus petraea (Lieblein)) species. Thermal dissipation probes were installed on different dates along the growing season to document the effects of the dynamic wound formation. The trees were cut in autumn and additional sensors were installed in the cut stems, therefore, without potential effects of wound development. A range of water pressures was applied to the stem segments and SFDs were simultaneously measured by TD sensors as well as gravimetrically in the laboratory. The formation of wounds around sensors installed in living tree stems led to underestimation of SFD by 21.4 ± 3 and 47.5 ± 3.8% in beech and oak, respectively. The differences between SFD underestimations of diffuse-porous beech and ring-porous oak were, however, not statistically significant. Sensors with 5-, 11- and 22-week-old wounds also showed no significant differences, which implies that the influence of wound formation on SFD estimates was completed within the first few weeks after perforation. These results were confirmed by time courses of SFD measurements in the field. Field SFD values decreased immediately after sensor installation and reached stable values after ~2 weeks with similar underestimations to the ones observed in the laboratory. We therefore propose a feasible approach to correct directly field observations of SFD for potential underestimations due to the wound effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wiedemann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Geological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Burgweg 11, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Marañón-Jiménez
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Geological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Burgweg 11, 07749 Jena, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Herbst
- Thünen Institute of Climate Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Comparing ∆T max Determination Approaches for Granier-Based Sapflow Estimations. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16122042. [PMID: 27916949 PMCID: PMC5191023 DOI: 10.3390/s16122042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Granier-type thermal dissipation probes are common instruments for quantifying tree water use in forest hydrological studies. Estimating sapflow using Granier-type sapflow sensors requires determining the maximum temperature gradient (∆Tmax) between the heated probe and the reference probe below. ∆Tmax represents a state of zero sap flux, which was originally assumed to occur each night leading to a ∆Tmax determination on a daily basis. However, researchers have proven that, under certain conditions, sapflow may continue throughout the night. Therefore alternative approaches to determining ∆Tmax have been developed. Multiple ∆Tmax approaches are now in use; however, sapflow estimates remain imprecise because the empirical equation that transfers the raw temperature signal (∆T) to sap flux density (Fd) is strongly sensitive to ∆Tmax. In this study, we analyze the effects of different ∆Tmax determination approaches on sub-daily, daily and (intra-)seasonal Fd estimations. On this basis, we quantify the uncertainty of sapflow calculations, which is related to the raw signal processing. We show that the ∆Tmax determination procedure has a major influence on absolute ∆Tmax values and the respective sap flux density computations. Consequently, the choice of the ∆Tmax determination approach may be a significant source of uncertainty in sapflow estimations.
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Karpul RH, West AG. Wind drives nocturnal, but not diurnal, transpiration in Leucospermum conocarpodendron trees: implications for stilling on the Cape Peninsula. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:954-966. [PMID: 27174701 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface winds have declined in many regions of the world over the past few decades. These trends are referred to as global stilling and have recently been observed in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The potential consequences of such changes on ecosystem function and productivity are a particular concern for the highly diverse and endemic local flora, largely associated with the fynbos biome. Yet, few studies have directly examined the impact of wind in the region. In this study, we explored the importance of wind and other drivers of plant transpiration (E) in a stand of Leucospermum conocarpodendron (L.) Buek trees on the Cape Peninsula. Wind speeds can be high in the Cape and could play an important role in influencing the rate of E Overall, the influence of wind appeared to be significantly greater at night than during the day. While daytime E responded most strongly to changes in solar radiation (R(2) = 0.79) and vapour pressure deficit (R(2) = 0.57-0.67), night-time E (En) was primarily driven by wind speed (R(2) = 0.30-0.59). These findings have important implications for stilling and other aspects of climate change. Since En was found to be a regular and significant (P < 0.00) component of total daily E (10-27%), plants may conserve water should stilling continue. Still, the extent of this could be offset by strong daytime drivers. As such, plant water consumption will most likely increase in response to a warmer and drier climate. Changes in other biophysical variables are, however, clearly important to consider in the current debate on the impact of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Karpul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Adam G West
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Wilson AD. Diverse applications of electronic-nose technologies in agriculture and forestry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:2295-348. [PMID: 23396191 PMCID: PMC3649433 DOI: 10.3390/s130202295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electronic-nose (e-nose) instruments, derived from numerous types of aroma-sensor technologies, have been developed for a diversity of applications in the broad fields of agriculture and forestry. Recent advances in e-nose technologies within the plant sciences, including improvements in gas-sensor designs, innovations in data analysis and pattern-recognition algorithms, and progress in material science and systems integration methods, have led to significant benefits to both industries. Electronic noses have been used in a variety of commercial agricultural-related industries, including the agricultural sectors of agronomy, biochemical processing, botany, cell culture, plant cultivar selections, environmental monitoring, horticulture, pesticide detection, plant physiology and pathology. Applications in forestry include uses in chemotaxonomy, log tracking, wood and paper processing, forest management, forest health protection, and waste management. These aroma-detection applications have improved plant-based product attributes, quality, uniformity, and consistency in ways that have increased the efficiency and effectiveness of production and manufacturing processes. This paper provides a comprehensive review and summary of a broad range of electronic-nose technologies and applications, developed specifically for the agriculture and forestry industries over the past thirty years, which have offered solutions that have greatly improved worldwide agricultural and agroforestry production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphus D Wilson
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
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