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Bilge S, Dogan-Topal B, Gürbüz MM, Yücel A, Sınağ A, Ozkan SA. Recent advances in electrochemical sensing of cocaine: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Castro AS, de Azevedo LS, Rodrigues CHP, Patelli ACC, Bruni AT, de Oliveira MF. Use of voltammetric and chemometric tools to develop a sensor in forensic chemistry. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Hefnawy MA, Medany SS, Fadlallah SA, El-Sherif RM, Hassan SS. Novel Self-assembly Pd(II)-Schiff Base Complex Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Detection of Paracetamol. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-022-00741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA self-assembly Pd-Schiff base complex was synthesized and used as an electrochemical sensor in phosphate buffer solution, where it enhanced the electrocatalytic activity toward the paracetamol detection. The Schiff base {(HL) = (4-(((Z)-3-(hydroxyimino) butan-2-ylidene) amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one)} was selected to prepare Pd-based complexes due to its high antimicrobial activity. A linear calibration curve was constructed using GC/Pd-SB in paracetamol concentration range of 1–50 μM and its detection limit was calculated as 0.067 μM. The modified electrode, GC/Pd-SB, could successfully determine the paracetamol concentration in human blood serum and commercial drug tablets with high sensitivity. The prepared metal complex was characterized using techniques, namely, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, electrochemical studies were performed using different electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). DFT calculations were used to estimate the equilibrium geometry, molecular orbital, ground-state properties, and interaction energy between paracetamol and palladium.
Graphical Abstract
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Soares Castro A, Silva de Azevedo L, Thais Bruni A, Manoel Teles de Menezes M, Ralph Dockal E, Vital de Oliveira O, Ferreira B, Firmino de Oliveira M. Cocaine electrooxidation behavior, mechanism, and kinetics on a carbon paste electrode chemically modified with a cobalt or copper Schiff base complex. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Uranyl Salen-Type Complex as Co-catalyst for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Ethanol. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-021-00697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mello LDS, da Cruz Jr JW, Bucalon DH, Romera S, dos Santos MP, Lião LM, Vizotto L, Martins FT, Dockal ER. Synthesis, characterization and crystal structure of racemic vanadyl and uranyl salen-type complexes. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Capelari TB, de Cássia Mendonça J, da Rocha LR, Prete MC, Angelis PN, Camargo LP, Dall'Antonia LH, Tarley CRT. Synthesis of novel poly(methacrylic acid)/β-cyclodextrin dual grafted MWCNT-based nanocomposite and its use as electrochemical sensing platform for highly selective determination of cocaine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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De Rycke E, Stove C, Dubruel P, De Saeger S, Beloglazova N. Recent developments in electrochemical detection of illicit drugs in diverse matrices. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112579. [PMID: 32947080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse is a global problem, requiring an interdisciplinary approach. Discovery, production, trafficking, and consumption of illicit drugs have been constantly growing, leading to heavy consequences for environment, human health, and society in general. Therefore, an urgent need for rapid, sensitive, portable and easy-to-operate detection methods for numerous drugs of interest in diverse matrices, from police samples, biological fluids and hair to sewage water has risen. Electrochemical sensors are promising alternatives to chromatography and spectrometry. Last decades, electrochemical sensing of illegal drugs has experienced a very significant growth, driven by improved transducers and signal amplifiers helping to improve the sensitivity and selectivity. The present review summarizes recent advances (last 10 years) in electrochemical detection of the most prevailing illicit drugs (such as cocaine, heroin, and (meth)amphetamine), their precursors and derivatives in different matrices. Various electrochemical sensors making use of different transducers with their (dis)advantages were discussed, and their sensitivity and applicability were critically compared. In those cases where natural or synthetic recognition elements were included in the sensing system to increase specificity, selected recognition elements, their immobilization, working conditions, and analytical performance were discussed. Finally, an outlook is presented with suggestions and recommendations for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther De Rycke
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Electrochemical detection of fentanyl with screen-printed carbon electrodes using square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry for forensic applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Castro AS, de Menezes MMT, Alves GM, de Oliveira MF. Voltammetric analysis of cocaine hydrochloride at carbon paste electrode chemically modified with N,N’-ethylene-bis-(salicylideneiminato) manganese(II) Schiff base complex. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brown K, Jacquet C, Biscay J, Allan P, Dennany L. Tale of Two Alkaloids: pH-Controlled Electrochemiluminescence for Differentiation of Structurally Similar Compounds. Anal Chem 2019; 92:2216-2223. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Brown
- WestChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Charlotte Jacquet
- WestChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Julien Biscay
- WestChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Pamela Allan
- WestChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Lynn Dennany
- WestChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
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Teixeira MDC, Felix FS, Thomasi SS, Magriotis ZM, da Silva JM, Okumura LL, Saczk AA. Voltammetric determination of organic nitrogen compounds in environmental samples using carbon paste electrode modified with activated carbon. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Poltorak L, Sudhölter EJ, de Puit M. Electrochemical cocaine (bio)sensing. From solid electrodes to soft junctions. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Oiye ÉN, Ribeiro MFM, Katayama JMT, Tadini MC, Balbino MA, Eleotério IC, Magalhães J, Castro AS, Silva RSM, da Cruz Júnior JW, Dockal ER, de Oliveira MF. Electrochemical Sensors Containing Schiff Bases and their Transition Metal Complexes to Detect Analytes of Forensic, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Interest. A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:488-509. [PMID: 30767567 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1561242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Schiff bases and their transition metal complexes are inexpensive and easy to synthesize. These compounds display several structural and electronic features that allow their application in numerous research fields. Over the last three decades, electroanalytical scientists of various areas have developed electrochemical sensors from many compounds. The present review discusses the applicability of Schiff bases, their transition metal complexes and new materials containing these compounds as electrode modifiers in sensors to detect analytes of forensic, pharmaceutical and environmental interest. In forensic sciences, Schiff bases are mainly used to analyze illicit drugs: chemical reactions involving Schiff bases can help to elucidate illicit drug production and to determine analytes in seized samples. In the environmental area, given that most methodologies provide Limit of Detection (LOD) values below the values recommended by regulatory agencies, Schiff bases constitute a promising strategy. As for pharmaceutical applications, Schiff bases represent an approach for analysis of complex biological samples containing low levels of the target analytes in the presence of a large quantity of interfering compounds. This review will show that new highly specific materials can be synthesized based on Schiff bases and applied in the pharmaceutical industry, toxicological studies, electrocatalysis and biosensors. Most literature papers have reported on Schiff bases combined with carbon paste to give a chemically modified electrode that is easy and inexpensive to produce and which displays specific and selective sensing capacity for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Naomi Oiye
- Departamento de Química - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Maria Fernanda Muzetti Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Juliana Midori Toia Katayama
- Departamento de Química - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Maraine Catarina Tadini
- Departamento de Química - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Marco Antonio Balbino
- Departamento de Química - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Izabel Cristina Eleotério
- Departamento de Química - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Juliana Magalhães
- Departamento de Química - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Alex Soares Castro
- Departamento de Química - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Ricardo Soares Mota Silva
- Departamento de Química - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - José Wilmo da Cruz Júnior
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Educação, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Blumenau , Santa Catarina , Brasil
| | - Edward Ralph Dockal
- Departamento de Química - Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Marcelo Firmino de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brasil
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Rocha RG, Stefano JS, Arantes IVS, Ribeiro MMAC, Santana MHP, Richter EM, Munoz RAA. Simple Strategy for Selective Determination of Levamisole in Seized Cocaine and Pharmaceutical Samples Using Disposable Screen-printed Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel G. Rocha
- Federal University of Uberlandia; Institute of Chemistry; Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil 38400-092
| | - Jéssica S. Stefano
- Federal University of Uberlandia; Institute of Chemistry; Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil 38400-092
| | - Iana V. S. Arantes
- Federal University of Uberlandia; Institute of Chemistry; Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil 38400-092
| | | | - Mario H. P. Santana
- Technical and Scientific Unit - Regional Superintendence of Brazilian Federal Police in Minas Gerais; 38408-680 Uberlandia, MG Brazil
| | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Federal University of Uberlandia; Institute of Chemistry; Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil 38400-092
| | - Rodrigo A. A. Munoz
- Federal University of Uberlandia; Institute of Chemistry; Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil 38400-092
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de Araujo WR, Cardoso TM, da Rocha RG, Santana MH, Muñoz RA, Richter EM, Paixão TR, Coltro WK. Portable analytical platforms for forensic chemistry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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de Jong M, Florea A, Vries AMD, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A, Van Durme F, Martins JC, Samyn N, De Wael K. Levamisole: a Common Adulterant in Cocaine Street Samples Hindering Electrochemical Detection of Cocaine. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5290-5297. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mats de Jong
- AXES Research Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Drugs and Toxicology Department, National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology, Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anca Florea
- AXES Research Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne-Mare de Vries
- NMR and Structure Analysis Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Durme
- Drugs and Toxicology Department, National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology, Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - José C. Martins
- NMR and Structure Analysis Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Samyn
- Drugs and Toxicology Department, National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology, Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Fabrication of a novel aptasensor based on three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline/gold nanoparticle composite as a novel platform for high sensitive and specific cocaine detection. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 996:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Balbino MA, de Oliveira LS, Eleotério IC, Oiye EN, Ribeiro MF, McCord BR, Ipolito AJ, de Oliveira MF. The Application of Voltammetric Analysis of Δ9-THC for the Reduction of False Positive Results in the Analysis of Suspected Marijuana Plant Matter. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1067-73. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Balbino
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Laura S. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Izabel C. Eleotério
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Erica N. Oiye
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Maria F.M. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Bruce R. McCord
- Chemistry Department; International Forensic Research Institute; Florida International University; Miami FL
| | - Antonio J. Ipolito
- Superintendência de Polícia Técnico-Científica do Estado de São Paulo; Núcleo de Perícias Criminalísticas de Ribeirão Preto; 14015-040 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Marcelo F. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
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Use of screen-printed electrodes for quantification of cocaine and Δ9-THC: adaptions to portable systems for forensic purposes. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vidal JC, Bertolín JR, Bonel L, Asturias L, Arcos-Martínez MJ, Castillo JR. A Multi-electrochemical Competitive Immunosensor for Sensitive Cocaine Determination in Biological Samples. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Muzetti Ribeiro MF, da Cruz Júnior JW, Dockal ER, McCord BR, de Oliveira MF. Voltammetric Determination of Cocaine Using Carbon Screen Printed Electrodes Chemically Modified with Uranyl Schiff Base Films. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hawkins CA, Bustillos CG, Copping R, Scott BL, May I, Nilsson M. Challenging conventional f-element separation chemistry – reversing uranyl(vi)/lanthanide(iii) solvent extraction selectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8670-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sensitive and selective cocaine electrochemical detection using disposable sensors. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 834:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Developing electrodes chemically modified with cucurbit[6]uril to detect 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) by voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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