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Frigoli M, Lowdon JW, Caldara M, Cleij TJ, Diliën H, Eersels K, van Grinsven B. Emerging Biomimetic Sensor Technologies for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria: A Commercial Viability Study. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23155-23171. [PMID: 38854523 PMCID: PMC11154936 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring a rapid and accurate identification of harmful bacteria is crucial in various fields including environmental monitoring, food safety, and clinical diagnostics. Conventional detection methods often suffer from limitations such as long analysis time, complexity, and the need for qualified personnel. Therefore, a lot of research effort is devoted to developing technologies with the potential to revolutionize the detection of pathogenic bacteria by offering rapid, sensitive, and user-friendly platforms for point-of-care analysis. In this light, biosensors have gained significant commercial attention in recent years due to their simplicity, portability, and rapid analysis capabilities. The purpose of this review is to identify a trend by analyzing which biosensor technologies have become commercially successful in the field of bacteria detection. Moreover, we highlight the characteristics that a biosensor must possess to finally arrive in the market and therefore in the hands of the end-user, and we present critical examples of the market applications of various technologies. The aim is to investigate the reason why certain technologies have achieved commercial success and extrapolate these trends to the future economic viability of a new subfield in the world of biosensing: the development of biomimetic sensor platforms. Therefore, an overview of recent advances in the field of biomimetic bacteria detection will be presented, after which the challenges that need to be addressed in the coming years to improve market penetration will be critically evaluated. We will zoom into the current shortcomings of biomimetic sensors based on imprinting technology and aptamers and try to come up with a recommendation for further development based on the trends observed from previous commercial success stories in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Frigoli
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph W. Lowdon
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Manlio Caldara
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. Cleij
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Diliën
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Eersels
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Wagner P, Bakhshi Sichani S, Khorshid M, Lieberzeit P, Losada-Pérez P, Yongabi D. Bioanalytical sensors using the heat-transfer method HTM and related techniques. TECHNISCHES MESSEN : TM 2023; 90:761-785. [PMID: 38046181 PMCID: PMC10690833 DOI: 10.1515/teme-2023-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview on bio- and chemosensors based on a thermal transducer platform that monitors the thermal interface resistance R th between a solid chip and the supernatant liquid. The R th parameter responds in a surprisingly strong way to molecular-scale changes at the solid-liquid interface, which can be measured thermometrically, using for instance thermocouples in combination with a controllable heat source. In 2012, the effect was first observed during on-chip denaturation experiments on complementary and mismatched DNA duplexes that differ in their melting temperature. Since then, the concept is addressed as heat-transfer method, in short HTM, and numerous applications of the basic sensing principle were identified. Functionalizing the chip with bioreceptors such as molecularly imprinted polymers makes it possible to detect neurotransmitters, inflammation markers, viruses, and environmental pollutants. In combination with aptamer-type receptors, it is also possible to detect proteins at low concentrations. Changing the receptors to surface-imprinted polymers has opened up new possibilities for quantitative bacterial detection and identification in complex matrices. In receptor-free variants, HTM was successfully used to characterize lipid vesicles and eukaryotic cells (yeast strains, cancer cell lines), the latter showing spontaneous detachment under influence of the temperature gradient inherent to HTM. We will also address modifications to the original HTM technique such as M-HTM, inverted HTM, thermal wave transport analysis TWTA, and the hot-wire principle. The article concludes with an assessment of the possibilities and current limitations of the method, together with a technological forecast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wagner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soroush Bakhshi Sichani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mehran Khorshid
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Lieberzeit
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 42, A-1090Wien, Austria
| | - Patricia Losada-Pérez
- Physique Expérimentale Thermique et de la Matière Molle, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine – CP 223, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, B-1050Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Derick Yongabi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
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3
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McClements J, Bar L, Singla P, Canfarotta F, Thomson A, Czulak J, Johnson RE, Crapnell RD, Banks CE, Payne B, Seyedin S, Losada-Pérez P, Peeters M. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles Enable Rapid, Reliable, and Robust Point-of-Care Thermal Detection of SARS-CoV-2. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1122-1131. [PMID: 35416035 PMCID: PMC9016778 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rapid antigen tests are currently used for population screening of COVID-19. However, they lack sensitivity and utilize antibodies as receptors, which can only function in narrow temperature and pH ranges. Consequently, molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) are synthetized with a fast (2 h) and scalable process using merely a tiny SARS-CoV-2 fragment (∼10 amino acids). The nanoMIPs rival the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies under standard testing conditions and surpass them at elevated temperatures or in acidic media. Therefore, nanoMIP sensors possess clear advantages over antibody-based assays as they can function in various challenging media. A thermal assay is developed with nanoMIPs electrografted onto screen-printed electrodes to accurately quantify SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Heat transfer-based measurements demonstrate superior detection limits compared to commercial rapid antigen tests and most antigen tests from the literature for both the alpha (∼9.9 fg mL-1) and delta (∼6.1 fg mL-1) variants of the spike protein. A prototype assay is developed, which can rapidly (∼15 min) validate clinical patient samples with excellent sensitivity and specificity. The straightforward epitope imprinting method and high robustness of nanoMIPs produce a SARS-CoV-2 sensor with significant commercial potential for population screening, in addition to the possibility of measurements in diagnostically challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake McClements
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Laure Bar
- Experimental
Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST) Group, Department of Physics, Université Libré de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP223, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Pankaj Singla
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Canfarotta
- MIP
Diagnostics Ltd., The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Thomson
- MIP
Diagnostics Ltd., The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Czulak
- MIP
Diagnostics Ltd., The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rhiannon E. Johnson
- MIP
Diagnostics Ltd., The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, John Dalton
Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, John Dalton
Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Payne
- Department
of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
4LP, United Kingdom
- Translational
and Clinical Research Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Shayan Seyedin
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Losada-Pérez
- Experimental
Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST) Group, Department of Physics, Université Libré de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP223, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Marloes Peeters
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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4
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Influence of design and material characteristics on 3D printed flow-cells for heat transfer-based analytical devices. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:73. [PMID: 35075499 PMCID: PMC8786792 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Redesigning 3D-printed flow cells is reported used for heat transfer based detection of biomolecules from a flow-through system to an addition-type measurement cell. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of this new measurement design and critically analyse the influence of material properties and 3D printing approach on thermal analysis. Particular attention is paid to reduce the time to stabilisation, the sample volume in order to make the technique suitable for clinical applications, and improving the sensitivity of the platform by decreasing the noise and interference of air bubbles. The three different approaches that were studied included a filament polylactic acid cell using only fused filament fabrication (FFF), a resin cell printed using stereolitography (SLA), and finally a design made of copper, which was manufactured by combining metal injection moulding (MIM) with fused filament fabrication (FFF). Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling was undertaken using ANSYS Fluent V18.1 to provide insight into the flow of heat within the measurement cell, facilitating optimisation of the system and theoretical response speed. It was shown that the measurement cells using SLA had the lowest noise (~ 0.6%) and shortest measurement time (15 min), whereas measurement cells produced using other approaches had lower specificity or suffered from voiding issues. Finally, we assessed the potential of these new designs for detection of biomolecules and amoxicillin, a commonly used beta lactam antibiotic, to demonstrate the proof of concept. It can be concluded that the resin addition-type measurement cells produced with SLA are an interesting affordable alternative, which were able to detect amoxicillin with high sensitivity and have great promise for clinical applications due to the disposable nature of the measurement cells in addition to small sample volumes.
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5
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McClements J, Seumo Tchekwagep PM, Vilela Strapazon AL, Canfarotta F, Thomson A, Czulak J, Johnson RE, Novakovic K, Losada-Pérez P, Zaman A, Spyridopoulos I, Crapnell RD, Banks CE, Peeters M. Immobilization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles onto Surfaces Using Different Strategies: Evaluating the Influence of the Functionalized Interface on the Performance of a Thermal Assay for the Detection of the Cardiac Biomarker Troponin I. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27868-27879. [PMID: 34110781 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a novel functionalized interface, where molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) are attached to screen-printed graphite electrodes (SPEs), can be utilized for the thermal detection of the cardiac biomarker troponin I (cTnI). The ultrasensitive detection of the unique protein cTnI can be utilized for the early diagnosis of myocardial infraction (i.e., heart attacks), resulting in considerably lower patient mortality and morbidity. Our developed platform presents an innovative route to develop accurate, low-cost, and disposable sensors for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, specifically myocardial infraction. A reproducible and advantageous solid-phase approach was utilized to synthesize high-affinity nanoMIPs (average size = 71 nm) for cTnI, which served as synthetic receptors in a thermal sensing platform. To assess the performance and commercial potential of the sensor platform, various approaches were used to immobilize nanoMIPs onto thermocouples or SPEs: dip coating, drop casting, and a covalent approach relying on electrografting with an organic coupling reaction. Characterization of the nanoMIP-functionalized surfaces was performed with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Measurements from an in-house designed thermal setup revealed that covalent functionalization of nanoMIPs onto SPEs led to the most reproducible sensing capabilities. The proof of application was provided by measuring buffered solutions spiked with cTnI, which demonstrated that through monitoring changes in heat transfer at the solid-liquid interface, we can measure concentrations as low as 10 pg L-1, resulting in the most sensitive test of this type. Furthermore, preliminary data are presented for a prototype platform, which can detect cTnI with shorter measurement times and smaller sample volumes. The excellent sensor performance, versatility of the nanoMIPs, and reproducible and low-cost nature of the SPEs demonstrate that this sensor platform technology has a clear commercial route with high potential to contribute to sustainable healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake McClements
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Patrick Marcel Seumo Tchekwagep
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, 812 Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - Ana Luiza Vilela Strapazon
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Francesco Canfarotta
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd, The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedford, U.K
| | - Alan Thomson
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd, The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedford, U.K
| | - Joanna Czulak
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd, The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedford, U.K
| | - Rhiannon E Johnson
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd, The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedford, U.K
| | - Katarina Novakovic
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Patricia Losada-Pérez
- Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST) Group, Department of Physics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP223, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Azfar Zaman
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital and Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, NE7 7DN Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Ioakim Spyridopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital and Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, NE7 7DN Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, M1 5GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, M1 5GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Marloes Peeters
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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6
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Betlem K, Canfarotta F, Raumbault R, Banks CE, Eersels K, van Grinsven B, Cleij TJ, Crapnell R, Hudson A, Peeters M. Thermistors coated with molecularly imprinted nanoparticles for the electrical detection of peptides and proteins. Analyst 2020; 145:5419-5424. [PMID: 32589168 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01046d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) that are produced by solid-phase synthesis are functionalised onto thermistors via dip-coating. These thermistors are soldered onto a printed-circuit board to facilitate electrical detection. Subsequently, these are inserted into a home-made thermal device that can measure the selective binding of biomolecules to the nanoMIP layer via monitoring the thermal resistance (Rth) at the solid-liquid interface. This thermal analysis technique, referred to as the Heat-Transfer Method, has previously been used for detection of proteins with MIP-based binders. While offering the advantages of low-cost and label free analysis, this method is limited by the high noise on the feedback loop and not being commercially available. These disadvantages can be overcome by the use of thermistors, which offer superior temperature sensitivity compared to thermocouples, and its electrical read-out can be easily integrated into portable devices. To our knowledge, this is the first report where MIPs are directly integrated onto thermistors for detection purposes. Measurements were conducted with an epitope of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and trypsin, where the electrical resistance was correlated to the biomolecule concentration. For both EGFR and trypsin, an enhanced signal to noise ratio for the electrical measurements was observed compared to previous analysis that was based on thermal resistance. The sensitivity of the sensors in buffered solution was in the nanomolar range, which is compatible with physiologically relevant concentrations. Upon exposure of the nanoMIP for EGFR towards pepsin no significant change in the resistance was yielded, establishing the selectivity of the developed sensor platform. Besides the enhanced sensitivity, the use of thermistors will enable miniaturisation of the device and has potential for in vivo measurements since specified electrochemical measurements are compatible with human use. To highlight the versatility of the nanoMIPs, this work should be extended to a set of biomolecules with various structures, with the possibility of extending this to an array format.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Betlem
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics group, Physics division, Campus de Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Fahim AM, Wasiniak B, Łukaszewicz JP. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and Computational Study of (E)-4-(2- cyano-3-(dimethylamino)acryloyl)benzoic Acid from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Plastic Waste. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190131123843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are utilized in the separation of a
pure compound from complex matrices. A stable template-monomer complex generates MIPs with
the highest affinity and selectivity for the template. In this investigation, degradation of
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET afforded the (E)-4-(2-cyano-3-(dimethylamino) acryloyl) benzoic
acid (4) (TAM) which used TAM as template which interacts with Methacrylic Acid (MAA)
monomer, in the presence of CH3CN as progen. The TAM-MMA complex interactions are dependent
on stable hydrogen bonding interaction between the carboxylic acid group of TAM and the
hydroxyl group of MMA with minimal interference of porogen CH3CN. The DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G
model chemistry was used to optimize their structures and frequency calculations. The binding energies
between TAM with different monomers showed the most stable molar ratio of 1:4 which was
confirmed through experimental analysis.
Methods:
The present work describes the synthesis of (E)-4-(2-cyano-3-(dimethylamino) acryloyl)
benzoic acid (4) (TAM) from PET waste and formation of molecularly imprinted polymer from
TAM with the methacrylic acid monomer. The optimization of molecular imprinted was stimulated
via DFT/B3LYP/6-31G (d). The imprinted polymer film was characterized via thermal analysis, pore
size, FT-IR and scanning electron microscopy.
Results:
The most stable molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) showed binding energy of
TAM(MMA4)=-2063.456 KJ/mol with a small value of mesopores (10-100 Å). Also, the sorption
capability of TAM-MIPs showed 6.57 mg/g using STP-MIP-9VC. Moreover, the average pore size
ranged between 0.2-1 nm with the BET surface about 300 m2/g.
Conclusion:
The proposed TAM exhibited a high degree of selectivity for MMA in comparison with
other different monomers through hydrogen bond interaction, which was thermally stable, good reproducibility
and excellent regeneration capacity and elucidated in the computational study and analytical
analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M. Fahim
- Green Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, P.O. Box.12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bartłomiej Wasiniak
- Fundamentals of Chemistry Department, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St, PL-87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Jerzy P. Łukaszewicz
- Fundamentals of Chemistry Department, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St, PL-87 100 Torun, Poland
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Crapnell RD, Canfarotta F, Czulak J, Johnson R, Betlem K, Mecozzi F, Down MP, Eersels K, van Grinsven B, Cleij TJ, Law R, Banks CE, Peeters M. Thermal Detection of Cardiac Biomarkers Heart-Fatty Acid Binding Protein and ST2 Using a Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticle-Based Multiplex Sensor Platform. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2838-2845. [PMID: 31571480 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the production of molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) for the cardiac biomarkers heart-fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and ST2 by solid-phase synthesis, and their use as synthetic antibodies in a multiplexed sensing platform. Analysis by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) shows that the affinity of the nanoMIPs is similar to that of commercially available antibodies. The particles are coated onto the surface of thermocouples and inserted into 3D-printed flow cells of different multiplexed designs. We demonstrate that it is possible to selectively detect both cardiac biomarkers within the physiologically relevant range. Furthermore, the developed sensor platform is the first example of a multiplex format of this thermal analysis technique which enables simultaneous measurements of two different compounds with minimal cross selectivity. The format where three thermocouples are positioned in parallel exhibits the highest sensitivity, which is explained by modeling the heat flow distribution within the flow cell. This design is used in further experiments and proof-of-application of the sensor platform is provided by measuring spiked fetal bovine serum samples. Because of the high selectivity, short measurement time, and low cost of this array format, it provides an interesting alternative to traditional immunoassays. The use of nanoMIPs enables a multimarker strategy, which has the potential to contribute to sustainable healthcare by improving the reliability of cardiac biomarker testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Crapnell
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, M1 5GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Francesco Canfarotta
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd., The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedford, U.K
| | - Joanna Czulak
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd., The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedford, U.K
| | - Rhiannon Johnson
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd., The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedford, U.K
| | - Kai Betlem
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, M1 5GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Francesco Mecozzi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, M1 5GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Michael P. Down
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, M1 5GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Kasper Eersels
- Sensor Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. Cleij
- Sensor Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Law
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, NE1 7RU Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, M1 5GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Marloes Peeters
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, NE1 7RU Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K
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9
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Betlem K, Kaur A, Hudson AD, Crapnell RD, Hurst G, Singla P, Zubko M, Tedesco S, Banks CE, Whitehead K, Peeters M. Heat-Transfer Method: A Thermal Analysis Technique for the Real-Time Monitoring of Staphylococcus aureus Growth in Buffered Solutions and Digestate Samples. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3790-3798. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Betlem
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, M15GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, M15GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Alexander D. Hudson
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, M15GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, M15GD Manchester, U.K
| | - George Hurst
- Division of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, M15GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Pankaj Singla
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Centre for Advanced Studies-I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Mikhajlo Zubko
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, M15GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Silvia Tedesco
- Division of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, M15GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, M15GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Kathryn Whitehead
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, M15GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Marloes Peeters
- Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Merz Court, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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10
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Heat Transfer as a New Sensing Technique for the Label-Free Detection of Biomolecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/5346_2017_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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van Grinsven B, Betlem K, Cleij T, Banks C, Peeters M. Evaluating the potential of thermal read-out techniques combined with molecularly imprinted polymers for the sensing of low-weight organic molecules. J Mol Recognit 2016; 30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. van Grinsven
- Maastricht Science Programme; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - K. Betlem
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester UK
| | - T.J. Cleij
- Maastricht Science Programme; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - C.E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester UK
| | - M. Peeters
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester UK
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12
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Zhang W, Fu HL, Li XY, Zhang H, Wang N, Li W, Zhang XX. Molecularly imprinted polymer doped with Hectorite for selective recognition of sinomenine hydrochloride. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2015; 27:144-56. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Eersels K, van Grinsven B, Khorshid M, Somers V, Püttmann C, Stein C, Barth S, Diliën H, Bos GMJ, Germeraad WTV, Cleij TJ, Thoelen R, De Ceuninck W, Wagner P. Heat-transfer-method-based cell culture quality assay through cell detection by surface imprinted polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2043-2050. [PMID: 25654744 DOI: 10.1021/la5046173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has indicated that surface imprinted polymers (SIPs) allow for highly specific cell detection through macromolecular cell imprints. The combination of SIPs with a heat-transfer-based read-out technique has led to the development of a selective, label-free, low-cost, and user-friendly cell detection assay. In this study, the breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1 is used to assess the potential of the platform for monitoring the quality of a cell culture in time. For this purpose, we show that the proposed methodology is able to discriminate between the original cell line (adherent growth, ZR-75-1a) and a descendant cell line (suspension growth, ZR-75-1s). Moreover, ZR-75-1a cells were cultured for a prolonged period of time and analyzed using the heat-transfer method (HTM) at regular time intervals. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the thermal resistance (Rth) signal decays after a certain number of cell culture passages. This can likely be attributed to a compromised quality of the cell culture due to cross-contamination with the ZR-75-1s cell line, a finding that was confirmed by classical STR DNA profiling. The cells do not express the same functional groups on their membrane, resulting in a weaker bond between cell and imprint, enabling cell removal by mechanical friction, provided by flushing the measuring chamber with buffer solution. These findings were further confirmed by HTM and illustrate that the biomimetic sensor platform can be used as an assay for monitoring the quality of cell cultures in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Eersels
- Hasselt University , Institute for Materials Research IMO, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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14
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Biomimetic receptors and sensors. SENSORS 2014; 14:22525-31. [PMID: 25436653 PMCID: PMC4299025 DOI: 10.3390/s141222525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In biomimetics, living systems are imitated to develop receptors for ions, molecules and bioparticles. The most pertinent idea is self-organization in analogy to evolution in nature, which created the key-lock principle. Today, modern science has been developing host-guest chemistry, a strategy of supramolecular chemistry for designing interactions of analytes with synthetic receptors. This can be realized, e.g., by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) or molecular imprinting. The strategies are used for solid phase extraction (SPE), but preferably in developing recognition layers of chemical sensors.
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15
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van Grinsven B, Eersels K, Peeters M, Losada-Pérez P, Vandenryt T, Cleij TJ, Wagner P. The heat-transfer method: a versatile low-cost, label-free, fast, and user-friendly readout platform for biosensor applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13309-13318. [PMID: 25105260 DOI: 10.1021/am503667s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biosensors have become increasingly important in various scientific domains including medicine, biology, and pharmacology, resulting in an increased demand for fast and effective readout techniques. In this Spotlight on Applications, we report on the recently developed heat-transfer method (HTM) and illustrate the use of the technique by zooming in on four established bio(mimetic) sensor applications: (i) mutation analysis in DNA sequences, (ii) cancer cell identification through surface-imprinted polymers, (iii) detection of neurotransmitters with molecularly imprinted polymers, and (iv) phase-transition analysis in lipid vesicle layers. The methodology is based on changes in heat-transfer resistance at a functionalized solid-liquid interface. To this extent, the device applies a temperature gradient over this interface and monitors the temperature underneath and above the functionalized chip in time. The heat-transfer resistance can be obtained by dividing this temperature gradient by the power needed to achieve a programmed temperature. The low-cost, fast, label-free and user-friendly nature of the technology in combination with a high degree of specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity makes HTM a promising sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart van Grinsven
- Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Wackers G, Vandenryt T, Cornelis P, Kellens E, Thoelen R, De Ceuninck W, Losada-Pérez P, van Grinsven B, Peeters M, Wagner P. Array formatting of the heat-transfer method (HTM) for the detection of small organic molecules by molecularly imprinted polymers. SENSORS 2014; 14:11016-30. [PMID: 24955945 PMCID: PMC4118400 DOI: 10.3390/s140611016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present the first steps towards a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based biomimetic sensor array for the detection of small organic molecules via the heat-transfer method (HTM). HTM relies on the change in thermal resistance upon binding of the target molecule to the MIP-type receptor. A flow-through sensor cell was developed, which is segmented into four quadrants with a volume of 2.5 μL each, allowing four measurements to be done simultaneously on a single substrate. Verification measurements were conducted, in which all quadrants received a uniform treatment and all four channels exhibited a similar response. Subsequently, measurements were performed in quadrants, which were functionalized with different MIP particles. Each of these quadrants was exposed to the same buffer solution, spiked with different molecules, according to the MIP under analysis. With the flow cell design we could discriminate between similar small organic molecules and observed no significant cross-selectivity. Therefore, the MIP array sensor platform with HTM as a readout technique, has the potential to become a low-cost analysis tool for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Wackers
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (G.W.); (T.V.); (P.C.); (E.K.); (R.T.); (P.L.-P.); (B.G.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Thijs Vandenryt
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (G.W.); (T.V.); (P.C.); (E.K.); (R.T.); (P.L.-P.); (B.G.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Peter Cornelis
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (G.W.); (T.V.); (P.C.); (E.K.); (R.T.); (P.L.-P.); (B.G.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Evelien Kellens
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (G.W.); (T.V.); (P.C.); (E.K.); (R.T.); (P.L.-P.); (B.G.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
- IMEC vzw—Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ronald Thoelen
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (G.W.); (T.V.); (P.C.); (E.K.); (R.T.); (P.L.-P.); (B.G.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
- IMEC vzw—Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ward De Ceuninck
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (G.W.); (T.V.); (P.C.); (E.K.); (R.T.); (P.L.-P.); (B.G.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
- IMEC vzw—Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +32-1126-8872; Fax: +32-1126-8899
| | - Patricia Losada-Pérez
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (G.W.); (T.V.); (P.C.); (E.K.); (R.T.); (P.L.-P.); (B.G.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
- IMEC vzw—Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (G.W.); (T.V.); (P.C.); (E.K.); (R.T.); (P.L.-P.); (B.G.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
- IMEC vzw—Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Peeters
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (G.W.); (T.V.); (P.C.); (E.K.); (R.T.); (P.L.-P.); (B.G.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
- IMEC vzw—Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Patrick Wagner
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (G.W.); (T.V.); (P.C.); (E.K.); (R.T.); (P.L.-P.); (B.G.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
- IMEC vzw—Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Bers K, Eersels K, van Grinsven B, Daemen M, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA, Bouwmans EE, Püttmann C, Stein C, Barth S, Bos GMJ, Germeraad WTV, De Ceuninck W, Wagner P. Heat-transfer resistance measurement method (HTM)-based cell detection at trace levels using a progressive enrichment approach with highly selective cell-binding surface imprints. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:3631-3639. [PMID: 24606112 DOI: 10.1021/la5001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface-imprinted polymers allow for specific cell detection based on simultaneous recognition of the cell shape, cell size, and cell membrane functionalities by macromolecular cell imprints. In this study, the specificity of detection and the detection sensitivity for target cells within a pool of non-target cells were analyzed for a cell-specific surface-imprinted polymer combined with a heat-transfer-based read-out technique (HTM). A modified Chinese hamster ovarian cell line (CHO-ldlD) was used as a model system on which the transmembrane protein mucin-1 (MUC1) could be excessively expressed and for which the occurrence of MUC1 glycosylation could be controlled. In specific cancer cells, the overexpressed MUC1 protein typically shows an aberrant apical distribution and glycosylation. We show that surface-imprinted polymers discriminate between cell types that (1) only differ in the expression of a specific membrane protein (MUC1) or (2) only differ in the membrane protein being glycosylated or not. Moreover, surface-imprinted polymers of cells carrying different glycoforms of the same membrane protein do target both types of cells. These findings illustrate the high specificity of cell detection that can be reached by the structural imprinting of cells in polymer layers. Competitiveness between target and non-target cells was proven to negatively affect the detection sensitivity of target cells. Furthermore, we show that the detection sensitivity can be increased significantly by repetitively exposing the surface to the sample and eliminating non-specifically bound cells by flushing between consecutive cell exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Bers
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University , Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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18
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Vanden Bon N, van Grinsven B, Murib MS, Yeap WS, Haenen K, De Ceuninck W, Wagner P, Ameloot M, Vermeeren V, Michiels L. Heat-transfer-based detection of SNPs in the PAH gene of PKU patients. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1629-40. [PMID: 24741310 PMCID: PMC3970950 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s58692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional neonatal diagnosis of phenylketonuria is based on the presence of abnormal levels of phenylalanine in the blood. However, for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis, direct detection of disease-correlated mutations is needed. To speed up and simplify mutation screening in genes, new technologies are developed. In this study, a heat-transfer method is evaluated as a mutation-detection technology in entire exons of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. This method is based on the change in heat-transfer resistance (Rth) upon thermal denaturation of dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) on nanocrystalline diamond. First, ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) fragments that span the size range of the PAH exons were successfully immobilized on nanocrystalline diamond. Next, it was studied whether an Rth change could be observed during the thermal denaturation of these DNA fragments after hybridization to their complementary counterpart. A clear Rth shift during the denaturation of exon 5, exon 9, and exon 12 dsDNA was observed, corresponding to lengths of up to 123 bp. Finally, Rth was shown to detect prevalent single-nucleotide polymorphisms, c.473G>A (R158Q), c.932T>C (p.L311P), and c.1222C>T (R408W), correlated with phenylketonuria, displaying an effect related to the different melting temperatures of homoduplexes and heteroduplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Weng Siang Yeap
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium ; IMOMEC, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ward De Ceuninck
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium ; IMOMEC, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Patrick Wagner
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium ; IMOMEC, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Luc Michiels
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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