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Lyu S, Guan Y, Shi X. Orbital angular momentum mode fiber force sensing technology based on intensity interrogation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3924-3935. [PMID: 37799677 PMCID: PMC10549749 DOI: 10.1364/boe.495034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Micromanipulation and biological, materials science, and medical applications often require controlling or measuring the forces exerted on small objects. Based on the high linearity and sensitivity of OAM beams in the sensing field, this article proposes for the first time to apply OAM beams to force sensing. In this paper, a fiber optic force sensing technology based on the intensity distribution change of orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode is proposed and realized. This technique detects the magnitude of the external force applied to the fiber by exciting the OAM mode with a topological charge 3, thereby tracking changes in light intensity caused by mode coupling. Applying this technique to force measurement, we have experimentally verified that when the sensor is subjected to a force in the range of 0mN to 10mN, the change in speckle light intensity at the sensor output has a good linear relationship with the force. Meanwhile, theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that compared with previous force sensing methods, this sensing technology has a simple structure, is easy to implement, has good stability, and has practical application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Lyu
- West Nottingham Academy, Colora MD,21917, USA
| | - Yaojun Guan
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinghua Shi
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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2
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Lee KP, Yip J, Yick KL, Lu C, Lu L, Lei QWE. A Novel Force-Sensing Smart Textile: Inserting Silicone-Embedded FBG Sensors into a Knitted Undergarment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5145. [PMID: 37299872 PMCID: PMC10255815 DOI: 10.3390/s23115145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A number of textile-based fiber optic sensors have recently been proposed for the continuous monitoring of vital signs. However, some of these sensors are likely unsuitable for conducting direct measurements on the torso as they lack elasticity and are inconvenient. This project provides a novel method for creating a force-sensing smart textile by inlaying four silicone-embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors into a knitted undergarment. The applied force was determined within 3 N after transferring the Bragg wavelength. The results show that the sensors embedded in the silicone membranes achieved enhanced sensitivity to force, as well as flexibility and softness. Additionally, by assessing the degree of FBG response to a range of standardized forces, the linearity (R2) between the shift in the Bragg wavelength and force was found to be above 0.95, with an ICC of 0.97, when tested on a soft surface. Furthermore, the real-time data acquisition could facilitate the adjustment and monitoring of force during the fitting processes, such as in bracing treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Nevertheless, the optimal bracing pressure has not yet been standardized. This proposed method could help orthotists to adjust the tightness of brace straps and the location of padding in a more scientific and straightforward way. The output of this project could be further extended to determine ideal bracing pressure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Po Lee
- School of Fashion and Textile, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (K.-P.L.); (K.-L.Y.); (Q.-W.E.L.)
| | - Joanne Yip
- School of Fashion and Textile, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (K.-P.L.); (K.-L.Y.); (Q.-W.E.L.)
- Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (C.L.)
| | - Kit-Lun Yick
- School of Fashion and Textile, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (K.-P.L.); (K.-L.Y.); (Q.-W.E.L.)
| | - Chao Lu
- Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (C.L.)
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Linyue Lu
- Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (C.L.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qi-Wen Emma Lei
- School of Fashion and Textile, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (K.-P.L.); (K.-L.Y.); (Q.-W.E.L.)
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3
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Micko K, Papcun P, Zolotova I. Review of IoT Sensor Systems Used for Monitoring the Road Infrastructure. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094469. [PMID: 37177672 PMCID: PMC10181672 DOI: 10.3390/s23094469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An intelligent transportation system is one of the fundamental goals of the smart city concept. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept is a basic instrument to digitalize and automatize the process in the intelligent transportation system. Digitalization via the IoT concept enables the automatic collection of data usable for management in the transportation system. The IoT concept includes a system of sensors, actuators, control units and computational distribution among the edge, fog and cloud layers. The study proposes a taxonomy of sensors used for monitoring tasks based on motion detection and object tracking in intelligent transportation system tasks. The sensor's taxonomy helps to categorize the sensors based on working principles, installation or maintenance methods and other categories. The sensor's categorization enables us to compare the effectiveness of each sensor's system. Monitoring tasks are analyzed, categorized, and solved in intelligent transportation systems based on a literature review and focusing on motion detection and object tracking methods. A literature survey of sensor systems used for monitoring tasks in the intelligent transportation system was performed according to sensor and monitoring task categorization. In this review, we analyzed the achieved results to measure, sense, or classify events in intelligent transportation system monitoring tasks. The review conclusions were used to propose an architecture of the universal sensor system for common monitoring tasks based on motion detection and object tracking methods in intelligent transportation tasks. The proposed architecture was built and tested for the first experimental results in the case study scenario. Finally, we propose methods that could significantly improve the results in the following research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Micko
- Department of Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Kosice, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Papcun
- Department of Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Kosice, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Zolotova
- Department of Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Kosice, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
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4
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Koyama S, Fujimoto A, Yasuda Y, Satou Y. Verification of the Propagation Range of Respiratory Strain Using Signal Waveform Measured by FBG Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20247076. [PMID: 33321816 PMCID: PMC7764346 DOI: 10.3390/s20247076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The FBG (Fiber Bragg grating) sensor is an optical fiber type strain sensor. When a person breathes, strain occurs in the lungs and diaphragm. This was verified using an FBG sensor to which part of the living body this respiratory strain propagates. When measured in the abdomen, the signal waveforms were significantly different between breathing and apnea. The respiratory cycle measured by the temperature sensor attached to the mask and the strain cycle measured by the FBG sensor almost matched. Respiratory strain was measured in the abdomen, chest, and shoulder, and the signal amplitude decreased with distance from the abdomen. In addition, the respiratory rate could be calculated from the measured strain signal. On the other hand, respiratory strain did not propagate to the elbows and wrists, which were off the trunk, and the respiratory time, based on the signal period, could not be calculated at these parts. Therefore, it was shown that respiratory strain propagated in the trunk from the abdomen to the shoulder, but not in the peripheral parts of the elbow and wrist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhei Koyama
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan;
- Institute for Fiber Engineering, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-268-21-5603
| | - Atsushi Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan; (A.F.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuma Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan; (A.F.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuuki Satou
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan;
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Yamada Y. Textile-integrated polymer optical fibers for healthcare and medical applications. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6. [PMID: 35027510 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/abbf5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With ever growing interest in far-reaching solutions for pervasive healthcare and medicine, polymer optical fibers have been rendered into textile forms. Having both fiber-optic functionalities and traditional fabric-like comfort, textile-integrated polymer optical fibers have been advocated to remove the technical barriers for long-term uninterrupted health monitoring and treatment. In this context, this paper spotlights and reviews the recently developed textile-integrated polymer optical fibers in conjunction with fabrication techniques, applications in long-term continuous health monitoring and treatment, and future perspectives in the vision of mobile health (mHealth), as well as the introductory basics of polymer optical fibers. It is designed to serve as a topical guidepost for scientists and engineers on this highly interdisciplinary and rapidly growing topic.
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Qu Y, Nguyen-Dang T, Page AG, Yan W, Das Gupta T, Rotaru GM, Rossi RM, Favrod VD, Bartolomei N, Sorin F. Superelastic Multimaterial Electronic and Photonic Fibers and Devices via Thermal Drawing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707251. [PMID: 29799143 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electronic and photonic fiber devices that can sustain large elastic deformation are becoming key components in a variety of fields ranging from healthcare to robotics and wearable devices. The fabrication of highly elastic and functional fibers remains however challenging, which is limiting their technological developments. Simple and scalable fiber-processing techniques to continuously codraw different materials within a polymeric structure constitute an ideal platform to realize functional fibers and devices. Despite decades of research however, elastomeric materials with the proper rheological attributes for multimaterial fiber processing cannot be identified. Here, the thermal drawing of hundreds-of-meters long multimaterial optical and electronic fibers and devices that can sustain up to 500% elastic deformation is demonstrated. From a rheological and microstructure analysis, thermoplastic elastomers that can be thermally drawn at high viscosities (above 103 Pa s), allowing the encapsulation of a variety of microstructured, soft, and rigid materials are identified. Using this scalable approach, fiber devices combining high performance, extreme elasticity, and unprecedented functionalities, allowing novel applications in smart textiles, robotics, or medical implants, are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Qu
- Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Fibre Devices (FIMAP), Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Fibre Devices (FIMAP), Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Gérald Page
- Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Fibre Devices (FIMAP), Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Wei Yan
- Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Fibre Devices (FIMAP), Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Tapajyoti Das Gupta
- Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Fibre Devices (FIMAP), Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Gelu Marius Rotaru
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, CH 9014, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, CH 9014, Switzerland
| | - Valentine Dominique Favrod
- Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Fibre Devices (FIMAP), Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Bartolomei
- Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Fibre Devices (FIMAP), Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Sorin
- Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Fibre Devices (FIMAP), Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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Quandt BM, Braun F, Ferrario D, Rossi RM, Scheel-Sailer A, Wolf M, Bona GL, Hufenus R, Scherer LJ, Boesel LF. Body-monitoring with photonic textiles: a reflective heartbeat sensor based on polymer optical fibres. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:20170060. [PMID: 28275123 PMCID: PMC5378150 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of an individual's skin condition is important for pressure ulcer prevention. Detecting early changes in skin through perfusion, oxygen saturation values, and pressure on tissue and subsequent therapeutic intervention could increase patients' quality of life drastically. However, most existing sensing options create additional risk of ulcer development due to further pressure on and chafing of the skin. Here, as a first component, we present a flexible, photonic textile-based sensor for the continuous monitoring of the heartbeat and blood flow. Polymer optical fibres (POFs) are melt-spun continuously and characterized optically and mechanically before being embroidered. The resulting sensor shows flexibility when embroidered into a moisture-wicking fabric, and withstands disinfection with hospital-type laundry cycles. Additionally, the new sensor textile shows a lower static coefficient of friction (COF) than conventionally used bedsheets in both dry and sweaty conditions versus a skin model. Finally, we demonstrate the functionality of our sensor by measuring the heartbeat at the forehead in reflection mode and comparing it with commercial finger photoplethysmography for several subjects. Our results will allow the development of flexible, individualized, and fully textile-integrated wearable sensors for sensitive skin conditions and general long-term monitoring of patients with risk for pressure ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit M Quandt
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Braun
- CSEM, Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Damien Ferrario
- CSEM, Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Anke Scheel-Sailer
- Swiss Paraplegic Center, Guido A. Zäch Strasse 1, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wolf
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gian-Luca Bona
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Hufenus
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lukas J Scherer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Luciano F Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
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Majumder S, Mondal T, Deen MJ. Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17010130. [PMID: 28085085 PMCID: PMC5298703 DOI: 10.3390/s17010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Life expectancy in most countries has been increasing continually over the several few decades thanks to significant improvements in medicine, public health, as well as personal and environmental hygiene. However, increased life expectancy combined with falling birth rates are expected to engender a large aging demographic in the near future that would impose significant burdens on the socio-economic structure of these countries. Therefore, it is essential to develop cost-effective, easy-to-use systems for the sake of elderly healthcare and well-being. Remote health monitoring, based on non-invasive and wearable sensors, actuators and modern communication and information technologies offers an efficient and cost-effective solution that allows the elderly to continue to live in their comfortable home environment instead of expensive healthcare facilities. These systems will also allow healthcare personnel to monitor important physiological signs of their patients in real time, assess health conditions and provide feedback from distant facilities. In this paper, we have presented and compared several low-cost and non-invasive health and activity monitoring systems that were reported in recent years. A survey on textile-based sensors that can potentially be used in wearable systems is also presented. Finally, compatibility of several communication technologies as well as future perspectives and research challenges in remote monitoring systems will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Majumder
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Tapas Mondal
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - M Jamal Deen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Majumder S, Mondal T, Deen MJ. Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:s17010130. [PMID: 28085085 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2017.2726304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Life expectancy in most countries has been increasing continually over the several few decades thanks to significant improvements in medicine, public health, as well as personal and environmental hygiene. However, increased life expectancy combined with falling birth rates are expected to engender a large aging demographic in the near future that would impose significant burdens on the socio-economic structure of these countries. Therefore, it is essential to develop cost-effective, easy-to-use systems for the sake of elderly healthcare and well-being. Remote health monitoring, based on non-invasive and wearable sensors, actuators and modern communication and information technologies offers an efficient and cost-effective solution that allows the elderly to continue to live in their comfortable home environment instead of expensive healthcare facilities. These systems will also allow healthcare personnel to monitor important physiological signs of their patients in real time, assess health conditions and provide feedback from distant facilities. In this paper, we have presented and compared several low-cost and non-invasive health and activity monitoring systems that were reported in recent years. A survey on textile-based sensors that can potentially be used in wearable systems is also presented. Finally, compatibility of several communication technologies as well as future perspectives and research challenges in remote monitoring systems will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Majumder
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Tapas Mondal
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - M Jamal Deen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Medical smart textiles based on fiber optic technology: an overview. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:204-21. [PMID: 25871010 PMCID: PMC4493508 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in the development of smart textiles for medical applications is driven by the aim to increase the mobility of patients who need a continuous monitoring of such physiological parameters. At the same time, the use of fiber optic sensors (FOSs) is gaining large acceptance as an alternative to traditional electrical and mechanical sensors for the monitoring of thermal and mechanical parameters. The potential impact of FOSs is related to their good metrological properties, their small size and their flexibility, as well as to their immunity from electromagnetic field. Their main advantage is the possibility to use textile based on fiber optic in a magnetic resonance imaging environment, where standard electronic sensors cannot be employed. This last feature makes FOSs suitable for monitoring biological parameters (e.g., respiratory and heartbeat monitoring) during magnetic resonance procedures. Research interest in combining FOSs and textiles into a single structure to develop wearable sensors is rapidly growing. In this review we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art of textiles, which use FOSs for monitoring of mechanical parameters of physiological interest. In particular we briefly describe the working principle of FOSs employed in this field and their relevant advantages and disadvantages. Also reviewed are their applications for the monitoring of mechanical parameters of physiological interest.
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Quandt BM, Scherer LJ, Boesel LF, Wolf M, Bona GL, Rossi RM. Body-monitoring and health supervision by means of optical fiber-based sensing systems in medical textiles. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:330-55. [PMID: 25358557 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Long-term monitoring with optical fibers has moved into the focus of attention due to the applicability for medical measurements. Within this Review, setups of flexible, unobtrusive body-monitoring systems based on optical fibers and the respective measured vital parameters are in focus. Optical principles are discussed as well as the interaction of light with tissue. Optical fiber-based sensors that are already used in first trials are primarily selected for the section on possible applications. These medical textiles include the supervision of respiration, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood flow and its saturation with hemoglobin as well as oxygen, pressure, shear stress, mobility, gait, temperature, and electrolyte balance. The implementation of these sensor concepts prompts the development of wearable smart textiles. Thus, current sensing techniques and possibilities within photonic textiles are reviewed leading to multiparameter designs. Evaluation of these designs should show the great potential of optical fibers for the introduction into textiles especially due to the benefit of immunity to electromagnetic radiation. Still, further improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio is often necessary to develop a commercial monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit M. Quandt
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Laboratory for Protection and Physiology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9016 St. Gallen Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Luciano F. Boesel
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Laboratory for Protection and Physiology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9016 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Martin Wolf
- Division of Neonatology; University Hospital Zurich; Frauenklinikstrasse 10 8091 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Gian-Luca Bona
- ETH Zurich, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - René M. Rossi
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Laboratory for Protection and Physiology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9016 St. Gallen Switzerland
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Krehel M, Wolf M, Boesel LF, Rossi RM, Bona GL, Scherer LJ. Development of a luminous textile for reflective pulse oximetry measurements. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2537-47. [PMID: 25136484 PMCID: PMC4132987 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a textile-based sensing principle for long term photopletysmography (PPG) monitoring is presented. Optical fibers were embroidered into textiles such that out-coupling and in-coupling of light was possible. The "light-in light-out" properties of the textile enabled the spectroscopic characterization of human tissue. For the optimization of the textile sensor, three different carrier fabrics and different fiber modifications were compared. The sample with best light coupling efficiency was successfully used to measure heart rate and SpO2 values of a subject. The latter was determined by using a modified Beer-Lambert law and measuring the light attenuation at two different wavelengths (632 nm and 894 nm). Moreover, the system was adapted to work in reflection mode which makes the sensor more versatile. The measurements were additionally compared with commercially available system and showed good correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Krehel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Gloriastrasse 35, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wolf
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Clinic of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luciano F. Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - René M. Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Gian-Luca Bona
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Gloriastrasse 35, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Lukas J. Scherer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
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Krehel M, Schmid M, Rossi RM, Boesel LF, Bona GL, Scherer LJ. An optical fibre-based sensor for respiratory monitoring. SENSORS 2014; 14:13088-101. [PMID: 25051033 PMCID: PMC4168468 DOI: 10.3390/s140713088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a textile-based respiratory sensing system is presented. Highly flexible polymeric optical fibres (POFs) that react to applied pressure were integrated into a carrier fabric to form a wearable sensing system. After the evaluation of different optical fibres, different setups were compared. To demonstrate the feasibility of such a wearable sensor, the setup featuring the best performance was placed on the human torso, and thus it was possible to measure the respiratory rate. Furthermore, we show that such a wearable system enables to keep track of the way of breathing (diaphragmatic, upper costal and mixed) when the sensor is placed at different positions of the torso. A comparison of the results with the output of some commercial respiratory measurements devices confirmed the utility of such a monitoring device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Krehel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Michel Schmid
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Luciano F Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Gian-Luca Bona
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Lukas J Scherer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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