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Zafar M, Manwar R, Avanaki K. Miniaturized preamplifier integration in ultrasound transducer design for enhanced photoacoustic imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3054-3057. [PMID: 38824326 DOI: 10.1364/ol.512445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) utilizes the photoacoustic effect to record both vascular and functional characteristics of a biological tissue. Photoacoustic signals have typically low amplitude that cannot be read efficiently by data acquisition systems. This necessitates the use of one or more amplifiers. These amplifiers are somewhat bulky (e.g., the ZFL-500LN+, Mini-Circuits, USA, or 351A-3-50-NI, Analog Modules Inc., USA). Here, we describe the fabrication and development process of a transducer with a built-in low-noise preamplifier that is encased within the transducer housing. This new, to the best of our knowledge, design could be advantageous for applications where a compact transducer + preamplifier is required. We demonstrate the performance of this compact detection unit in a laser scanning photoacoustic microscopy system by imaging a rat ear ex vivo and a rat brain vasculature in vivo.
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Zhang J, Hou C, Zhao TL, Shi K, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhou M, Sun X, Quan Y, Li Z, Yang Y, Fei C. 0.36BiScO 3-0.64PbTiO 3/Epoxy 1-3-2 High- Temperature Composite Ultrasonic Transducer for Nondestructive Testing Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2024; 71:638-647. [PMID: 38648136 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2024.3388552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of high-temperature nondestructive testing (NDT) requires ultrasonic transducers with good temperature resistance and high sensitivity for improved detection efficiency. Piezoelectric composite can improve the performance of transducers because of its high electromechanical coupling coefficient and adjustable acoustic impedance. In this study, 1-3-2 composites and 1-3-2 high-temperature composite ultrasonic transducers (HTCUTs) based on 0.36BiScO3-0.64PbTiO3 (BSPT), which is preferred piezoelectric materials at 200 ° C- 300 ° C, and high-temperature epoxy with a center frequency of 6 MHz were designed and fabricated. From 25 ° C to 250 ° C, 1-3-2 composites show a higher electromechanical coupling coefficient kt especially at high temperatures (~0.53 at 25 ° C and ~0.64 at 250 ° C) than monolithic BSPT (~0.5). The signal of the pulse-echo response of 1-3-2 HTCUTs is distinguishable up to 250 ° C and remains stable ( [Formula: see text] mV) below 150 ° C, exhibiting higher sensitivity (improved by 7 dB) than that of monolithic BSPT high-temperature ultrasonic transducers (HTUTs). Bandwidth has been greatly enhanced especially at high temperatures (~103% at 250 ° C) compared with that of monolithic BSPT HTUTs (~30% at 250 ° C). To verify the excellent performance, B-mode scanning imaging measurement of a stepped steel block and defect location detection of a steel block was performed, showing the potential for high-temperature NDT applications.
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Jia N, Wang T, Ning L, Ma Z, Dang Y, Li CC, Du H, Li F, Xu Z. Conformally Large-Area Single-Crystal Piezocomposites with High Performance for Acoustic Transducers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37471046 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Large-area and conformal piezoelectric elements are highly desired for acoustic transducers to possess a large power source level and wide detecting range. To date, single-crystal piezocomposites attract much attention on enhancing the power source level and bandwidth for next-generation acoustic transducers, owing to their higher piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling properties compared to traditional piezocomposites. Unfortunately, it is still challenging to achieve large-area and conformal single-crystal piezocomposites because of the fragile nature, large anisotropy, and the limited grown size of piezoelectric single crystals. Here, we successfully fabricate the conformally large-area single-crystal piezocomposite with an area of 160 × 50 mm2 and a bending angle of 162° by a modified 3D-printing-assisted inserting method. The single-crystal piezocomposite exhibits a high thickness electromechanical coupling factor kt of 85% and a large piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 1150 pC/N, surpassing those of the reported large-area piezocomposites. The influence of the volume fraction and curvature radius of single-crystal PCs and acoustic transducers was investigated. Furthermore, we designed an acoustic transducer based on the conformal single-crystal piezocomposite. Benefiting from the excellent piezoelectric and electromechanical properties of the single-crystal piezocomposite, the transducer indicates a high maximum transmitting voltage response of 171.8 dB. Especially, its bandwidth (-3 dB) achieves 60 kHz with a resonant frequency of 292 kHz, which is about 1.8 times superior to the conformal acoustic transducer based on the ceramic piezocomposite with a similar resonant frequency. This work may benefit the future design and fabrication of high-performance and complex-shape piezoelectric composites as key materials for next-generation transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxiang Jia
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Li Ning
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yujie Dang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Chun Chun Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hongliang Du
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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Avanish Babu T, Madhuri W. A hybrid microwave sintered PZT composite as a flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34454-34462. [PMID: 36545604 PMCID: PMC9710500 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05570h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in piezoelectric nanogenerators has grown extensively due to high piezoelectric coefficients. Piezoelectric ceramic-based devices have dominated research in large-scale energy harvesting. Morphotropic phase boundary PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (MPB-PZT) synthesized using Hybrid Microwave Sintering (HMS) at a low temperature (940 °C) for 20 min has emerged as a dense ceramic. The Rietveld refinement studies confirm its dual phase (tetragonal (P4mm) and rhombohedral (R3m)). The PZT ceramic is exploited as a piezoelectric material, which can improve the output piezoelectric potential of a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG). Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are evenly distributed in the PZT composite to reduce the internal resistance of the PENG. According to the percolation theory, small amounts of MWCNTs dispersed within the composite ink can significantly improve the output voltage of the PENG by acting as conductive bridges between the polymer (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) and ceramic particles. The concentration of PZT and the amount of MWCNTs are changed to enhance the device's output voltage. As a result, an optimized PENG with a PZT (1.5 g)/MWCNT (0.06 wt%)/PVP (4 g) (PVP - polyvinylpyrrolidone) composite film is obtained. The PENGs are mechanically poled. The optimised output voltage of the PENG is 16 Vpp, which could light up a series of 20 commercial light emitting diodes (LEDs). The PENG is attached to footwear and is noticed to efficiently harvest energy from daily human activities which demonstrate its practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Avanish Babu
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreTamilnadu632014India
| | - W. Madhuri
- Ceramic Composites Laboratory, Centre for Functional Materials, SAS, VITVellore-632014TamilnaduIndia
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Boonruang A, Thongchai T, Jiang Y, Demore C, Neale S, Moldovan A, Button T, Cochran S. Progress towards wafer-scale fabrication based on gel casting technique for 1–3 randomised piezocomposite μUS linear array. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Powering the WSN Node for Monitoring Rail Car Parameters, Using a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15051641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of railroad wagons is important for logistical processes, but above all for safety. One of the key parameters to be monitored is the temperature of the axle box and the bearings in the bogie. The problem with monitoring these parameters is the harsh environment and lack of power supply. In our research, we present a power supply system for a WSN node monitoring the bogie parameters. Knowing the operating conditions, we built a power supply system using a piezoelectric energy harvester. The harvester consists of three piezoelectric elements placed on a double arm pendulum beam. The circuit was modeled in the Comsol Multiphysics environment and then built and tested in laboratory conditions. After confirming energy efficiency, the system was tested on a freight car bogie during an 8 h trip. At typical car vibration frequencies (4–10 Hz), the system is able to generate 73 uW. Combined with an energy buffer of 1000 mAh (3.7 V), it can power a WSN node (based on the nRF5340 chip) for 13 years of operation.
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Sun X, Yang X, Zhao TL, Fei C, Zhu Y, Quan Y, Zhang J, Li Z, Guo R, Zhang S, Chen D, Li D, Feng W, Yang Y, Xu Z. High-Frequency 0.36BiScO 3-0.64PbTiO 3 Ultrasonic Transducer for High-Temperature Imaging Application. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:761-768. [PMID: 34705642 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3123331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
( 1- x )BiScO3- x PbTiO3 (BS-PT) ceramics have excellent piezoelectricity and high Curie temperature at its morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) ( x = 0.64 ), so it is a promising piezoelectric material for fabricating high-temperature ultrasonic transducer (HTUT). Electric properties of 0.36BS-0.64PT ceramics were characterized at different temperatures, and an HTUT with the center frequency of about 15 MHz was designed by PiezoCAD based on the measuring results. The prepared HTUT was tested in a silicone oil bath at different temperatures systematically. The test results show that the HTUT can maintain a stable electrical resonance until 290 °C and get a clear echo response until 250 °C with slight changes of the center frequency. Then, a stepped metal block submerged in silicone oil was imaged by the HTUT until 250 °C. Velocity of silicone oil and axial resolution of the HTUT at different temperatures was calculated. The results verify the capability of 0.36BS-0.64PT-based HTUT for high-temperature ultrasonic imaging applications.
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Abstract
Numerous investigations on the development of the relaxor-PbTiO3 ferroelectric crystals have been carried out since their extraordinary properties were revealed. Recent developments on these crystals have offered further advances in electromechanical applications. In this review, recent developments on relaxor-PbTiO3 crystals and their practical applications are reviewed. The single crystal growth methods are first discussed. Two different strategies, poling and doping, for piezoelectric improvement are surveyed in the following section. After this, the anisotropic features of the single crystals are discussed. Application perspectives arising from the property improvements for electromechanical devices are finally reviewed.
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Wulfmeier H, Kohlmann D, Defferriere T, Steiner C, Moos R, Tuller HL, Fritze H. Thin-film chemical expansion of ceria based solid solutions: laser vibrometry study. Z PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The chemical expansion of Pr0.1Ce0.9O2–δ
(PCO) and CeO2–δ
thin films is investigated in the temperature range between 600 °C and 800 °C by laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV). It enables non-contact determination of nanometer scale changes in film thickness at high temperatures. The present study is the first systematic and detailed investigation of chemical expansion of doped and undoped ceria thin films at temperatures above 650 °C. The thin films were deposited on yttria stabilized zirconia substrates (YSZ), operated as an electrochemical oxygen pump, to periodically adjust the oxygen activity in the films, leading to reversible expansion and contraction of the film. This further leads to stresses in the underlying YSZ substrates, accompanied by bending of the overall devices. Film thickness changes and sample bending are found to reach up to 10 and several hundred nanometers, respectively, at excitation frequencies from 0.1 to 10 Hz and applied voltages from 0–0.75 V for PCO and 0–1 V for ceria. At low frequencies, equilibrium conditions are approached. As a consequence maximum thin-film expansion of PCO is expected due to full reduction of the Pr ions. The lower detection limit for displacements is found to be in the subnanometer range. At 800 °C and an excitation frequency of 1 Hz, the LDV shows a remarkable resolution of 0.3 nm which allows, for example, the characterization of materials with small levels of expansion, such as undoped ceria at high oxygen partial pressure. As the correlation between film expansion and sample bending is obtained through this study, a dimensional change of a free body consisting of the same material can be calculated using the high resolution characteristics of this system. A minimum detectable dimensional change of 5 pm is estimated even under challenging high-temperature conditions at 800 °C opening up opportunities to investigate electro-chemo-mechanical phenomena heretofore impossible to investigate. The expansion data are correlated with previous results on the oxygen nonstoichiometry of PCO thin films, and a defect model for bulk ceria solid solutions is adopted to calculate the cation and anion radii changes in the constrained films during chemical expansion. The constrained films exhibit anisotropic volume expansion with displacements perpendicular to the substrate plane nearly double that of bulk samples. The PCO films used here generate high total displacements of several 100 nm’s with high reproducibility. Consequently, PCO films are identified to be a potential core component of high-temperature actuators. They benefit not only from high displacements at temperatures where most piezoelectric materials no longer operate while exhibiting, low voltage operation and low energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Wulfmeier
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Energy Research and Physical Technologies , 38640 Goslar , Germany
| | - Dhyan Kohlmann
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Energy Research and Physical Technologies , 38640 Goslar , Germany
| | - Thomas Defferriere
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cambridge , MA , 02139 , USA
| | - Carsten Steiner
- University of Bayreuth , Department of Functional Materials , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Ralf Moos
- University of Bayreuth , Department of Functional Materials , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Harry L. Tuller
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cambridge , MA , 02139 , USA
| | - Holger Fritze
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Energy Research and Physical Technologies , 38640 Goslar , Germany
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10
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Cold Sintering of PZT 2-2 Composites for High Frequency Ultrasound Transducer Arrays. ACTUATORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/act10090235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Medical ultrasound and other devices that require transducer arrays are difficult to manufacture, particularly for high frequency devices (>30 MHz). To enable focusing and beam steering, it is necessary to reduce the center-to-center element spacing to half of the acoustic wavelength. Conventional methodologies prevent co-sintering ceramic–polymer composites due to the low decomposition temperatures of the polymer. Moreover, for ultrasound transducer arrays exceeding 30 MHz, methods such as dice-and-fill cannot provide the dimensional tolerances required. Other techniques in which the ceramic is formed in the green state often fail to retain the required dimensions without distortion on firing the ceramic. This paper explores the use of the cold sintering process to produce dense lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics for application in high frequency transducer arrays. PZT–polymer 2-2 composites were fabricated by cold sintering tape cast PZT with Pb nitrate as a sintering aid and ZnO as the sacrificial layer. PZT beams of 35 μm width with ~5.4 μm kerfs were produced by this technique. The ZnO sacrificial layer was also found to serve as a liquid phase sintering aid that led to grain growth in adjacent PZT. This composite produced resonance frequencies of >17 MHz.
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11
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Turner BL, Senevirathne S, Kilgour K, McArt D, Biggs M, Menegatti S, Daniele MA. Ultrasound-Powered Implants: A Critical Review of Piezoelectric Material Selection and Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100986. [PMID: 34235886 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-powered implants (UPIs) represent cutting edge power sources for implantable medical devices (IMDs), as their powering strategy allows for extended functional lifetime, decreased size, increased implant depth, and improved biocompatibility. IMDs are limited by their reliance on batteries. While batteries proved a stable power supply, batteries feature relatively large sizes, limited life spans, and toxic material compositions. Accordingly, energy harvesting and wireless power transfer (WPT) strategies are attracting increasing attention by researchers as alternative reliable power sources. Piezoelectric energy scavenging has shown promise for low power applications. However, energy scavenging devices need be located near sources of movement, and the power stream may suffer from occasional interruptions. WPT overcomes such challenges by more stable, on-demand power to IMDs. Among the various forms of WPT, ultrasound powering offers distinct advantages such as low tissue-mediated attenuation, a higher approved safe dose (720 mW cm-2 ), and improved efficiency at smaller device sizes. This study presents and discusses the state-of-the-art in UPIs by reviewing piezoelectric materials and harvesting devices including lead-based inorganic, lead-free inorganic, and organic polymers. A comparative discussion is also presented of the functional material properties, architecture, and performance metrics, together with an overview of the applications where UPIs are being deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L. Turner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr. Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Seedevi Senevirathne
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University 97 Lisburn Rd Belfast BT9 7AE UK
| | - Katie Kilgour
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Darragh McArt
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University 97 Lisburn Rd Belfast BT9 7AE UK
| | - Manus Biggs
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices National University of Ireland Newcastle Road Galway H91 W2TY Ireland
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Michael A. Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr. Raleigh NC 27695 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University 890 Oval Dr. Raleigh NC 27695 USA
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12
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D’Ambrogio G, Zahhaf O, Le MQ, Capsal JF, Cottinet PJ. Dielectrophoresis Structurization of PZT/PDMS Micro-Composite for Elastronic Function: Towards Dielectric and Piezoelectric Enhancement. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154071. [PMID: 34361265 PMCID: PMC8346992 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Piezoelectric materials have been used for decades in the field of sensors as transducers and energy harvesters. Among these, piezoelectric composites are emerging being extremely advantageous in terms of production, costs, and versatility. However, the piezoelectric performances of a composite with randomly dispersed filler are not comparable with bulk ferroelectric ceramics and electroactive polymers. In order to achieve highly performing and low-cost materials, this work aims to develop flexible composites made of Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) filler in Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, with a specific internal structure called quasi-1–3 connectivity. Such a structure, comprising particles arranged in columns along a preferred direction, is performed through dielectrophoresis by applying an alternating electric field on the composite before and during the polymerization. The developed flexible material could be introduced into complex structures in various application fields, as sensors for structural monitoring.
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Xu Q, Gao X, Zhao S, Liu YN, Zhang D, Zhou K, Khanbareh H, Chen W, Zhang Y, Bowen C. Construction of Bio-Piezoelectric Platforms: From Structures and Synthesis to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008452. [PMID: 34033180 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric materials, with their unique ability for mechanical-electrical energy conversion, have been widely applied in important fields such as sensing, energy harvesting, wastewater treatment, and catalysis. In recent years, advances in material synthesis and engineering have provided new opportunities for the development of bio-piezoelectric materials with excellent biocompatibility and piezoelectric performance. Bio-piezoelectric materials have attracted interdisciplinary research interest due to recent insights on the impact of piezoelectricity on biological systems and their versatile biomedical applications. This review therefore introduces the development of bio-piezoelectric platforms from a broad perspective and highlights their design and engineering strategies. State-of-the-art biomedical applications in both biosensing and disease treatment will be systematically outlined. The relationships between the properties, structure, and biomedical performance of the bio-piezoelectric materials are examined to provide a deep understanding of the working mechanisms in a physiological environment. Finally, the development trends and challenges are discussed, with the aim to provide new insights for the design and construction of future bio-piezoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Senfeng Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - You-Nian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Dou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Kechao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Hamideh Khanbareh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA27AY, UK
| | - Wansong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Chris Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA27AY, UK
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Large-Scale Piezoelectric-Based Systems for More Electric Aircraft Applications. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020140. [PMID: 33525635 PMCID: PMC7912372 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new approach in the development of aircraft and aerospace industry is geared toward increasing use of electric systems. An electromechanical (EM) piezoelectric-based system is one of the potential technologies that can produce a compactable system with a fast response and a high power density. However, piezoelectric materials generate a small strain, of around 0.1-0.2% of the original actuator length, limiting their potential in large-scale applications. This paper reviews the potential amplification mechanisms for piezoelectric-based systems targeting aerospace applications. The concepts, structural designs, and operation conditions of each method are summarized and compared. This review aims to provide a good understanding of piezoelectric-based systems toward selecting suitable designs for potential aerospace applications and an outlook for novel designs in the near future.
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15
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Qiao J, Zuo K, Sun Y, Song W, Zhang X, Dai L, Wang W, Jian C. Experimental studies on the effect of ultrasonic treatment and hydrogen donors on residual oil characteristics. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 69:105266. [PMID: 32739731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Residual oil, the residue after the distillation of crude oil, imposes deleterious effects on refinery due to its high viscosity and asphaltene content. In this context, ultrasonic technology has been widely applied in refining processes given its high efficiency and minimal environmental impacts. To guide the selection of operation parameters, in this work, we probed the effect of treatment duration, power, and hydrogen donor on the characteristics of residual oil under ultrasonic treatments. Underlying mechanisms of ultrasonic treatments, in the absence and presence of hydrogen donors, were verified through systematically analyzing viscosity, component conversion, molecular weight, hydrogen distribution, and functional groups of residual oil. While viscosity reductions under low-power density treatment are caused by colloidal system disaggregation, high-power density treatment can bring in both chemical bond cleavage and colloidal system disaggregation. In addition, adding hydrogen donor can effectively prevent radical recombination, and thus increases the yield of saturate. These results provide fundamental understandings on the effects of ultrasonic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Qiao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Kai Zuo
- China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China; CNOOC EnerTech-Drilling & Production Co., Tianjin 300452, China
| | - Yudong Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Wenping Song
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Lizhou Dai
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wuyi Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Cuiying Jian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Rathod VT. A Review of Acoustic Impedance Matching Techniques for Piezoelectric Sensors and Transducers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4051. [PMID: 32708159 PMCID: PMC7411934 DOI: 10.3390/s20144051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of waves between the piezoelectric generators, detectors, and propagating media is challenging due to mismatch in the acoustic properties. The mismatch leads to the reverberation of waves within the transducer, heating, low signal-to-noise ratio, and signal distortion. Acoustic impedance matching increases the coupling largely. This article presents standard methods to match the acoustic impedance of the piezoelectric sensors, actuators, and transducers with the surrounding wave propagation media. Acoustic matching methods utilizing active and passive materials have been discussed. Special materials such as nanocomposites, metamaterials, and metasurfaces as emerging materials have been presented. Emphasis is placed throughout the article to differentiate the difference between electric and acoustic impedance matching and the relation between the two. Comparison of various techniques is made with the discussion on capabilities, advantages, and disadvantages. Acoustic impedance matching for specific and uncommon applications has also been covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek T Rathod
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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17
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Manwar R, Kratkiewicz K, Avanaki K. Overview of Ultrasound Detection Technologies for Photoacoustic Imaging. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E692. [PMID: 32708869 PMCID: PMC7407969 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound detection is one of the major components of photoacoustic imaging systems. Advancement in ultrasound transducer technology has a significant impact on the translation of photoacoustic imaging to the clinic. Here, we present an overview on various ultrasound transducer technologies including conventional piezoelectric and micromachined transducers, as well as optical ultrasound detection technology. We explain the core components of each technology, their working principle, and describe their manufacturing process. We then quantitatively compare their performance when they are used in the receive mode of a photoacoustic imaging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayyan Manwar
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Karl Kratkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Kamran Avanaki
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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18
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Li PZ, Zhang DF, Hu JY, Lennox B, Arvin F. Hysteresis Modelling and Feedforward Control of Piezoelectric Actuator Based on Simplified Interval Type-2 Fuzzy System. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092587. [PMID: 32370109 PMCID: PMC7249067 DOI: 10.3390/s20092587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The piezoelectric actuator is indispensable for driving the micro-manipulator. In this paper, a simplified interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy system is proposed for hysteresis modelling and feedforward control of a piezoelectric actuator. The partial derivative of the output of IT2 fuzzy system with respect to the modelling parameters can be analytically computed with the antecedent part of IT2 fuzzy rule specifically designed. In the experiments, gradient based optimization was used to identify the IT2 fuzzy hysteresis model. Results showed that the maximum error of model identification is 0.42% with only 3 developed IT2 fuzzy rules. Moreover, the model validation was conducted to demonstrate the generalization performance of the identified model. Based on the analytic inverse of the developed model, feedforward control experiment for tracking sinusoidal trajectory of 20 Hz was carried out. As a result, the hysteresis effect of the piezoelectric actuator was reduced with the maximum tracking error being 4.6%. Experimental results indicated an improved performance of the proposed IT2 fuzzy system for hysteresis modelling and feedforward control of the piezoelectric actuator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Zhi Li
- Robotics for Extreme Environments Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.-Y.H.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (P.-Z.L.); (F.A.)
| | - De-Fu Zhang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China;
| | - Jun-Yan Hu
- Robotics for Extreme Environments Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.-Y.H.); (B.L.)
| | - Barry Lennox
- Robotics for Extreme Environments Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.-Y.H.); (B.L.)
| | - Farshad Arvin
- Robotics for Extreme Environments Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.-Y.H.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (P.-Z.L.); (F.A.)
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Characterization of 1-3 Piezoelectric Composite with a 3-Tier Polymer Structure. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13020397. [PMID: 31952194 PMCID: PMC7014056 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to boost the electromechanical coupling factor and decrease the characteristic impedance, a 1-3 piezoelectric composite with a 3-tier polymer structure was designed and fabricated, in which epoxy resin constitutes the middle layer and silicone rubber is used to clamp the epoxy. The effective parameters of the composite, such as resonant frequency, electromechanical coupling factor, and characteristic impedance, were studied by the finite element method and experiment. The experimental results indicate that the electromechanical coupling factor of the composite is enhanced by 8.4% and the characteristic impedance is decreased by 52.8%, compared with the traditional 1-3 ceramic/epoxy composite.
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Lee H, Park H, Park KK, Yi H. Application of Adaptive Wave Cancellation Underwater to a Piezoelectric-Material-Based Multilayer Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 20:E134. [PMID: 31878227 PMCID: PMC6983039 DOI: 10.3390/s20010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper concerns the use of adaptive wave cancellation in a new multilayer smart skin sensor to attenuate the primary low-frequency noise underwater. The proposed multilayered system is designed with a piezoelectric actuator (Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 composite) and two layers of polyvinylidene fluoride to accelerate wave absorption. Furthermore, the use of a combination of an adaptive control scheme and a time-delay signal separation method has the potential to provide the proposed absorber system with a wave cancellation capability and thereby enable the absorber system to respond to environmental changes underwater. The use of smart piezoelectric materials and an adaptive control approach enables the absorber system to achieve the high attenuation level of the reflected waves, unlike typical absorber systems based on active noise control. Echo reduction experiments showed that the proposed piezoelectric-based multilayer sensor with an adaptive controller could attenuate reflected wave signals effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyodong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Hwijin Park
- Department of Robot Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Kwan Kyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133791, Korea;
| | - Hak Yi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Dhutti A, Tumin SA, Balachandran W, Kanfoud J, Gan TH. Development of Ultrasonic Guided Wave Transducer for Monitoring of High Temperature Pipelines. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19245443. [PMID: 31835544 PMCID: PMC6960565 DOI: 10.3390/s19245443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature (HT) ultrasonic transducers are of increasing interest for structural health monitoring (SHM) of structures operating in harsh environments. This article focuses on the development of an HT piezoelectric wafer active sensor (HT-PWAS) for SHM of HT pipelines using ultrasonic guided waves. The PWAS was fabricated using Y-cut gallium phosphate (GaPO4) to produce a torsional guided wave mode on pipes operating at temperatures up to 600 °C. A number of confidence-building tests on the PWAS were carried out. HT electromechanical impedance (EMI) spectroscopy was performed to characterise piezoelectric properties at elevated temperatures and over long periods of time (>1000 h). Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) was used to verify the modes of vibration. A finite element model of GaPO4 PWAS was developed to model the electromechanical behaviour of the PWAS and the effect of increasing temperatures, and it was validated using EMI and LDV experimental data. This study demonstrates the application of GaPO4 for guided-wave SHM of pipelines and presents a model that can be used to evaluate different transducer designs for HT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Dhutti
- Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (T.-H.G.); Tel.: +44-7938-16-3560 (A.D.); +44-12-2389-9000 (T.-H.G.)
| | | | | | - Jamil Kanfoud
- Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Tat-Hean Gan
- Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
- TWI Lt, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6AL, UK
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (T.-H.G.); Tel.: +44-7938-16-3560 (A.D.); +44-12-2389-9000 (T.-H.G.)
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Three-Dimensional Printed Piezoelectric Array for Improving Acoustic Field and Spatial Resolution in Medical Ultrasonic Imaging. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10030170. [PMID: 30823480 PMCID: PMC6471007 DOI: 10.3390/mi10030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric arrays are widely used in non-destructive detecting, medical imaging and therapy. However, limited by traditional manufacturing methods, the array’s element is usually designed in simple geometry such as a cube or rectangle, restricting potential applications of the array. This work demonstrates an annular piezoelectric array consisting of different concentric elements printed by Mask-Image-Projection-based Stereolithography (MIP-SL) technology. The printed array displays stable piezoelectric and dielectric properties. Compared to a traditional single element transducer, the ultrasonic transducer with printed array successfully modifies the acoustic beam and significantly improves spatial resolution.
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Wang J, Qin L, Li W, Song W. Parametric Analysis and Optimization of Radially Layered Cylindrical Piezoceramic/Epoxy Composite Transducers. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E585. [PMID: 30424025 PMCID: PMC6267350 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Radially layered cylindrical piezoceramic/epoxy composite transducers have been designed by integrating the excellent performance of piezoelectric/polymer composites and the radial radiation ability of cylindrical configurations, which are promising in developing novel ultrasonic and underwater sound techniques. Our previous study has explored the effects of the external resistance on the electromechanical characteristics of the transducer, and obtained some valuable findings. To clearly understand the electromechanical characteristics of the transducer and to guide the device design, in this paper, parametric analysis was performed to reveal the effects of multiple key factors on the electromechanical characteristics. These factors include material parameters of epoxy layers, piezoceramic material types, and locations of piezoceramic rings. In order to better analyze the influence of these factors, a modified theoretical model, in which every layer has different geometric and material parameters, was developed based on the model given in the previous work. Furthermore, the reliability of the model was validated by the ANSYS simulation results and the experimental results. The present investigation provides some helpful guidelines to design and optimize the radially layered cylindrical piezoceramic/epoxy composite transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Applied Mechanics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lei Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Sensors, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Weijie Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Weibin Song
- Department of Mechanics, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
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24
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Wild M, Bring M, Halvorsen E, Hoff L, Hjelmervik K. The challenge of distinguishing mechanical, electrical and piezoelectric losses. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:2128. [PMID: 30404463 DOI: 10.1121/1.5057443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the energy loss in piezoelectric materials is of significant importance for manufacturers of acoustic transducers. The contributions to the power dissipation due to nonzero phase angles of the mechanical, electrical, and piezoelectric constants can be separated in the expression for power dissipation density. However, this division into separate contributions depends on the piezoelectric constitutive equation form used. Thus, it is problematic to identify any of the three terms with a specific physical domain, electric or mechanical, or to a coupling as is common in the discussion of loss in piezoelectric materials. Therefore, assumptions on the phase of the material constants based on this distinction could be erroneous and lead to incorrect piezoelectric models. This study demonstrates the challenge of distinguishing mechanical, electrical, and piezoelectric losses by investigating the power dissipation density and its contributions in a piezoelectric rod for all four piezoelectric constitutive equation forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Wild
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Campus Vestfold, Raveien 215, Borre 3184, Norway
| | - Martin Bring
- Subsea Division, Kongsberg Maritime, Strandpromenaden 50, Horten 3183, Norway
| | - Einar Halvorsen
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Campus Vestfold, Raveien 215, Borre 3184, Norway
| | - Lars Hoff
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Campus Vestfold, Raveien 215, Borre 3184, Norway
| | - Karina Hjelmervik
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Campus Vestfold, Raveien 215, Borre 3184, Norway
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25
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Wang J, Qin L, Song W, Shi Z, Song G. Electromechanical Characteristics of Radially Layered Piezoceramic/Epoxy Cylindrical Composite Transducers: Theoretical Solution, Numerical Simulation, and Experimental Verification. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2018; 65:1643-1656. [PMID: 29994204 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2018.2844881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper derives theoretical solutions for three radially layered piezoceramic/epoxy cylindrical composite transducers, which are composed of a solid epoxy disk, two axially polarized piezoceramic rings, and two epoxy rings. Two piezoceramic rings are the functional components, which can actuate and adjust the composite's performance. According to different functions, three typical transducers are developed. The first one involves both of the two piezoceramic rings acting as actuating elements with parallel connections electrically. The other two involve only one piezoceramic ring as an actuating element, while the other ring that is connected to a resistor acts as a sensing element to adjust the electromechanical characteristics. Based on the plane stress assumption, theoretical solutions of these three transducers in radial vibration are derived, and performance differences of their electromechanical characteristics are analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, the solutions are validated by comparing with the ANSYS simulation results and the experimental data. The simulated and the measured first resonance and antiresonance frequencies are in a good agreement with the theoretical results, which validates the accuracy of the directed solution. This paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the proposed cylindrical composite's electromechanical performance, which is helpful for further application in underwater sound and ultrasonic fields.
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26
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Improved thermal stability of ferro/piezo-electric properties of Mn-doped Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-PbTiO3 ceramics. Ann Ital Chir 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Kaspar TC, Hong S, Bowden ME, Varga T, Yan P, Wang C, Spurgeon SR, Comes RB, Ramuhalli P, Henager CH. Tuning piezoelectric properties through epitaxy of La 2Ti 2O 7 and related thin films. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3037. [PMID: 29445173 PMCID: PMC5813004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current piezoelectric sensors and actuators are limited to operating temperatures less than ~200 °C due to the low Curie temperature of the piezoelectric material. Strengthening the piezoelectric coupling of high-temperature piezoelectric materials, such as La2Ti2O7 (LTO), would allow sensors to operate across a broad temperature range. The crystalline orientation and piezoelectric coupling direction of LTO thin films can be controlled by epitaxial matching to SrTiO3(001), SrTiO3(110), and rutile TiO2(110) substrates via pulsed laser deposition. The structure and phase purity of the films are investigated by x-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Piezoresponse force microscopy is used to measure the in-plane and out-of-plane piezoelectric coupling in the films. The strength of the out-of-plane piezoelectric coupling can be increased when the piezoelectric direction is rotated partially out-of-plane via epitaxy. The strongest out-of-plane coupling is observed for LTO/STO(001). Deposition on TiO2(110) results in epitaxial La2/3TiO3, an orthorhombic perovskite of interest as a microwave dielectric material and an ion conductor. La2/3TiO3 can be difficult to stabilize in bulk form, and epitaxial stabilization on TiO2(110) is a promising route to realize La2/3TiO3 for both fundamental studies and device applications. Overall, these results confirm that control of the crystalline orientation of epitaxial LTO-based materials can govern the resulting functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Kaspar
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States.
| | - Seungbum Hong
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark E Bowden
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Tamas Varga
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Pengfei Yan
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Steven R Spurgeon
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Ryan B Comes
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States.,Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, United States
| | - Pradeep Ramuhalli
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Charles H Henager
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
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Kalibatas M, Nauber R, Kupsch C, Czarske J. Flow Field Imaging With Ultrasonic Guided Waves for Exploring Metallic Melts. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2018; 65:112-119. [PMID: 29283353 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2017.2771525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic guided waves enable flow measurements under harsh conditions, which are important, for instance, to monitor and optimize industrial solidification processes. The usage of single mode waveguides overcomes the problem of overheating the transducers, but requires a mechanical scanning for imaging. A multimode waveguide can carry the information of an image, but a scrambling of the signals occurs due to multiple reflections at the waveguide's boundaries. We propose a new approach to overcome the scrambling and enable flow imaging through a short waveguide: the time-reversal virtual array (TRVA) method. The time invariance of the wave equation in a linear medium allows the refocusing on a limited set of calibrated points, which form the virtual array. This virtual array can conceptually be treated as a phased array. In this paper, the TRVA has been characterized theoretically, numerically, and experimentally. For the first time, a planar velocity measurement of a rotating flow in liquid gallium-indium-tin is demonstrated through a borosilicate waveguide at room temperature. A comparison with reference measurements showed good agreement.
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Chang CY, Chen TL. Design, Fabrication, and Modeling of a Novel Dual-Axis Control Input PZT Gyroscope. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112505. [PMID: 29088084 PMCID: PMC5713184 DOI: 10.3390/s17112505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional gyroscopes are equipped with a single-axis control input, limiting their performance. Although researchers have proposed control algorithms with dual-axis control inputs to improve gyroscope performance, most have verified the control algorithms through numerical simulations because they lacked practical devices with dual-axis control inputs. The aim of this study was to design a piezoelectric gyroscope equipped with a dual-axis control input so that researchers may experimentally verify those control algorithms in future. Designing a piezoelectric gyroscope with a dual-axis control input is more difficult than designing a conventional gyroscope because the control input must be effective over a broad frequency range to compensate for imperfections, and the multiple mode shapes in flexural deformations complicate the relation between flexural deformation and the proof mass position. This study solved these problems by using a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) material, introducing additional electrodes for shielding, developing an optimal electrode pattern, and performing calibrations of undesired couplings. The results indicated that the fabricated device could be operated at 5.5±1 kHz to perform dual-axis actuations and position measurements. The calibration of the fabricated device was completed by system identifications of a new dynamic model including gyroscopic motions, electromechanical coupling, mechanical coupling, electrostatic coupling, and capacitive output impedance. Finally, without the assistance of control algorithms, the “open loop sensitivity” of the fabricated gyroscope was 1.82 μV/deg/s with a nonlinearity of 9.5% full-scale output. This sensitivity is comparable with those of other PZT gyroscopes with single-axis control inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yang Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Lin Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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Chen X, Chen R, Chen Z, Chen J, Shung KK, Zhou Q. Transparent Lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramic fibers for High-frequency Ultrasonic Transducer Applications. CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL 2016; 42:18554-18559. [PMID: 37397568 PMCID: PMC10312139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.08.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents fabrication of transparent lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) fibers using extrusion technique. The diameter of the sintered PLZT fiber is about 400-µm, and the fibers exhibit very good transparency. Measured dielectric constant, remnant polarization and coercive field of PLZT fiber were found to be 2340, 22.5-µC/cm2, and 9.8-kV/cm, respectively. The transparent piezoelectric materials may exhibit great potential for Photoacoustic (PA) imaging and hybrid intravascular imaging combining OCT and ultrasound imaging by using the transparent fiber as the path of light propagation and ultrasonic transducer material. In our study, these transparent PLZT fibers were designed to fabricate two types of high-frequency ultrasonic transducers: small aperture single PLZT fiber/epoxy composite and large aperture 1-3 PLZT fiber/epoxy composite ultrasonic transducers. Besides, a 20-µm tungsten wire phantom and the cornea of the porcine eye were also imaged with the 1-3 PLZT fiber/epoxy composite ultrasonic transducer to demonstrate its imaging capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruimin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Jiping Chen
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and NIH Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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31
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Design and Fabrication of Double-Focused Ultrasound Transducers to Achieve Tight Focusing. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16081248. [PMID: 27509500 PMCID: PMC5017413 DOI: 10.3390/s16081248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Beauty treatment for skin requires a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer to generate coagulative necrosis in a small focal volume (e.g., 1 mm3) placed at a shallow depth (3–4.5 mm from the skin surface). For this, it is desirable to make the F-number as small as possible under the largest possible aperture in order to generate ultrasound energy high enough to induce tissue coagulation in such a small focal volume. However, satisfying both conditions at the same time is demanding. To meet the requirements, this paper, therefore, proposes a double-focusing technique, in which the aperture of an ultrasound transducer is spherically shaped for initial focusing and an acoustic lens is used to finally focus ultrasound on a target depth of treatment; it is possible to achieve the F-number of unity or less while keeping the aperture of a transducer as large as possible. In accordance with the proposed method, we designed and fabricated a 7-MHz double-focused ultrasound transducer. The experimental results demonstrated that the fabricated double-focused transducer had a focal length of 10.2 mm reduced from an initial focal length of 15.2 mm and, thus, the F-number changed from 1.52 to 1.02. Based on the results, we concluded that the proposed double-focusing method is suitable to decrease F-number while maintaining a large aperture size.
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Non-Linear Piezoelectric Actuator with a Preloaded Cantilever Beam. MICROMACHINES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6081066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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