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Kim MJ, Yu WH, Song DJ, Chun SW, Kim MS, Lee A, Kim G, Shin BS, Mo C. Prediction of Soluble-Solid Content in Citrus Fruit Using Visible-Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Based on Effective-Wavelength Selection Algorithm. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1512. [PMID: 38475048 DOI: 10.3390/s24051512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Citrus fruits were sorted based on external qualities, such as size, weight, and color, and internal qualities, such as soluble solid content (SSC), acidity, and firmness. Visible and near-infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral imaging techniques were used as rapid and nondestructive techniques for determining the internal quality of fruits. The applicability of the VNIR hyperspectral imaging technique for predicting the SSC in citrus fruits was evaluated in this study. A VNIR hyperspectral imaging system with a wavelength range of 400-1000 nm and 100 W light source was used to acquire hyperspectral images from citrus fruits in two orientations (i.e., stem and calyx ends). The SSC prediction model was developed using partial least-squares regression (PLSR). Spectrum preprocessing, effective wavelength selection through competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and outlier detection were used to improve the model performance. The performance of each model was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). In the present study, the PLSR model was developed using only a citrus cultivar. The SSC prediction CARS-PLSR model with outliers removed exhibited R2 and RMSE values of approximatively 0.75 and 0.56 °Brix, respectively. The results of this study are expected to be useful in similar fields such as agricultural and food post-harvest management, as well as in the development of an online system for determining the SSC of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jee Kim
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Hyeong Yu
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Chun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon S Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Ahyeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoung Kim
- Protected Horticulture Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Haman 52054, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Soo Shin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyeun Mo
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zhang B, Ou Y, Yu S, Liu Y, Liu Y, Qiu W. Gray mold and anthracnose disease detection on strawberry leaves using hyperspectral imaging. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:148. [PMID: 38115023 PMCID: PMC10729489 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gray mold and anthracnose are the main factors affecting strawberry quality and yield. Accurate and rapid early disease identification is of great significance to achieve precise targeted spraying to avoid large-scale spread of diseases and improve strawberry yield and quality. However, the characteristics between early disease infected and healthy leaves are very similar, making the early identification of strawberry gray mold and anthracnose still a challenge. RESULTS Based on hyperspectral imaging technology, this study explored the potential of combining spectral fingerprint features and vegetation indices (VIs) for early detection (24-h infected) of strawberry leaves diseases. The competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) algorithm and ReliefF algorithm were used for the extraction of spectral fingerprint features and VIs, respectively. Three machine learning models, Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF), were developed for the early identification of strawberry gray mold and anthracnose, using spectral fingerprint, VIs and their combined features as inputs respectively. The results showed that the combination of spectral fingerprint features and VIs had better recognition accuracy compared with individual features as inputs, and the accuracies of the three classifiers (BPNN, SVM and RF) were 97.78%, 94.44%, and 93.33%, respectively, which indicate that the fusion features approach proposed in this study can effectively improve the early detection performance of strawberry leaves diseases. CONCLUSIONS This study provided an accurate, rapid, and nondestructive recognition of strawberry gray mold and anthracnose disease in early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Zhang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 40, Dianjiangtai Road, Taishan Street, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210031, P.R. China
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yunmeng Ou
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Shuwan Yu
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qiu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 40, Dianjiangtai Road, Taishan Street, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210031, P.R. China.
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Park JW, Jeon J, Kim GB, Jeong KH. Fully Integrated Ultrathin Solid Immersion Grating Microspectrometer for Handheld Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304320. [PMID: 37849223 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in microfabrication, compact spectrometers still face challenges in shrinking their size without sacrificing optical performance. Here, the solid immersion grating microspectrometer (SIG-µSPEC) for high spectral resolution in a broad operational wavelength range is reported. The spectroscopic module incorporates a silicon microslit, index-matched lens, plane mirrors, solid immersion grating (SIG), and a CMOS line sensor within a small form factor. The SIG facilitates high angular dispersion of light on a planar focal plane, resulting in an average spectral resolution of 5.8 nm, with over 76% maximum sensitivity from 400 to 800 nm. SIG-µSPEC measures the spectral reflectance of fruits at different ripening stages, clearly revealing changes in the chlorophyll absorption band. The measured spectrum is further utilized for the precise prediction of the soluble solid content (SSC) levels, achieving a high correlation (R2 = 0.91) and a ratio of prediction-to-deviation of 2.36. This compact microspectrometer holds the potential for precise and non-invasive spectral analysis across point-of-care fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehun Jeon
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Chanachot K, Saechua W, Posom J, Sirisomboon P. A Geographical Origin Classification of Durian (cv. Monthong) Using Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy. Foods 2023; 12:3844. [PMID: 37893737 PMCID: PMC10606537 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to classify the geographical origin of durians (cv. Monthong) based on geographical identification (GI) and regions (R) using near infrared (NIR). The samples were scanned with an FT-NIR spectrometer (12,500 to 4000 cm-1). The NIR absorbance differences among samples that were collected from different parts of the fruit, including intact peel with thorns (I-form), cut-thorn peel (C-form), stem (S-form), and the applied synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE), were also investigated. Models were developed across several classification algorithms by the classification learner app in MATLAB. The models were optimized using a featured wavenumber selected by a genetic algorithm (GA). An effective model based on GI was developed using SMOTE-I-spectra with a neural network; accuracy was provided as 95.60% and 95.00% in cross-validation and training sets. The test model was provided with a testing set value of %accuracy, and 94.70% by the testing set was obtained. Likewise, the model based on the regions was developed from SMOTE-ICS-form spectra, with the ensemble classifier showing the best result. The best result, 88.00FF% accuracy by cross validation, 86.50% by training set, and 64.90% by testing set, indicates the classification model of East (E-region), Northeast (NE-region), and South (S-region) regions could be applied for rough screening. In summary, NIR spectroscopy could be used as a rapid and nondestructive method for the accurate GI classification of durians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingdow Chanachot
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; (K.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Wanphut Saechua
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; (K.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Jetsada Posom
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Panmanas Sirisomboon
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; (K.C.); (P.S.)
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Gracia Moisés A, Vitoria Pascual I, Imas González JJ, Ruiz Zamarreño C. Data Augmentation Techniques for Machine Learning Applied to Optical Spectroscopy Datasets in Agrifood Applications: A Comprehensive Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8562. [PMID: 37896655 PMCID: PMC10610871 DOI: 10.3390/s23208562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have achieved great success in different tasks. These include computer vision, image segmentation, natural language processing, predicting classification, evaluating time series, and predicting values based on a series of variables. As artificial intelligence progresses, new techniques are being applied to areas like optical spectroscopy and its uses in specific fields, such as the agrifood industry. The performance of ML and DL techniques generally improves with the amount of data available. However, it is not always possible to obtain all the necessary data for creating a robust dataset. In the particular case of agrifood applications, dataset collection is generally constrained to specific periods. Weather conditions can also reduce the possibility to cover the entire range of classifications with the consequent generation of imbalanced datasets. To address this issue, data augmentation (DA) techniques are employed to expand the dataset by adding slightly modified copies of existing data. This leads to a dataset that includes values from laboratory tests, as well as a collection of synthetic data based on the real data. This review work will present the application of DA techniques to optical spectroscopy datasets obtained from real agrifood industry applications. The reviewed methods will describe the use of simple DA techniques, such as duplicating samples with slight changes, as well as the utilization of more complex algorithms based on deep learning generative adversarial networks (GANs), and semi-supervised generative adversarial networks (SGANs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Gracia Moisés
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, NA, Spain; (I.V.P.); (J.J.I.G.); (C.R.Z.)
- Pyroistech S.L., C/Tajonar 22, 31006 Pamplona, NA, Spain
| | - Ignacio Vitoria Pascual
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, NA, Spain; (I.V.P.); (J.J.I.G.); (C.R.Z.)
- Pyroistech S.L., C/Tajonar 22, 31006 Pamplona, NA, Spain
- Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, NA, Spain
| | - José Javier Imas González
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, NA, Spain; (I.V.P.); (J.J.I.G.); (C.R.Z.)
- Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, NA, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz Zamarreño
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, NA, Spain; (I.V.P.); (J.J.I.G.); (C.R.Z.)
- Pyroistech S.L., C/Tajonar 22, 31006 Pamplona, NA, Spain
- Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, NA, Spain
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Mancini M, Mazzoni L, Leoni E, Tonanni V, Gagliardi F, Qaderi R, Capocasa F, Toscano G, Mezzetti B. Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for the Rapid Assessment of Nutritional Quality of Different Strawberry Cultivars. Foods 2023; 12:3253. [PMID: 37685185 PMCID: PMC10486686 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Strawberry is the most cultivated berry fruit globally and it is really appreciated by consumers because of its characteristics, mainly bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. During the breeding process, it is important to assess the quality characteristics of the fruits for a better selection of the material, but the conventional approaches involve long and destructive lab techniques. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) could be considered a valid alternative for speeding up the breeding process and is not destructive. In this study, a total of 216 strawberry fruits belonging to four different cultivars have been collected and analyzed with conventional lab analysis and NIR spectroscopy. In detail, soluble solid content, acidity, vitamin C, anthocyanin, and phenolic acid have been determined. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models have been developed to classify strawberry fruits belonging to the four genotypes according to their quality and nutritional properties. NIR spectroscopy could be considered a valid non-destructive phenotyping method for monitoring the nutritional parameters of the fruit and ensuring the fruit quality, speeding up the breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.M.); (L.M.); (E.L.); (V.T.); (F.G.); (R.Q.); (F.C.); (G.T.)
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7
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Tian S, Liu W, Xu H. Improving the prediction performance of soluble solids content (SSC) in kiwifruit by means of near-infrared spectroscopy using slope/bias correction and calibration updating. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112988. [PMID: 37316062 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soluble solids content (SSC) is particularly important for kiwifruit, as it not only determines its flavor, but also helps assess its maturity. Visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy has been widely used to evaluate the SSC of kiwifruit. Still, the local calibration models may be ineffective for new batches of samples with biological variability, which limits the commercial application of this technology. Thus, a calibration model was developed using one batch of fruit and the prediction performance was tested with a different batch, which differs in origin and harvest time. Four calibration models were established with Batch 1 kiwifruit to predict SSC, which were based on full spectra (i.e., partial least squares regression (PLSR) model based on full spectra), continuous effective wavelengths (i.e., changeable size moving window-PLSR (CSMW-PLSR) model), and discrete effective wavelengths (i.e., competitive adaptive reweighted sampling-PLSR (CARS-PLSR) model and PLSR-variable importance in projection (PLSR-VIP) model) respectively. The Rv2 values of these four models in the internal validation set were 0.83, 0.92, 0.96, and 0.89, with corresponding RMSEV values of 1.08 %, 0.75 %, 0.56 %, and 0.89 %, and RPDv values of 2.49, 3.61, 4.80, and 3.02, respectively. Clearly, all four PLSR models performed acceptably in the validation set. However, these models performed very poorly in predicting the Batch 2 samples, with their RMSEP values all exceeding 1.5 %. Although the models could not be used to predict exact SSC, they could still interpret the SSC values of Batch 2 kiwifruit to some extent because the predicted SSC values could fit a specific line. To enable the CSMW-PLSR calibration model to predict the SSC of Batch 2 kiwifruit, the robustness of this model was improved by calibration updating and slope/bias correction (SBC). Different numbers of new samples were randomly selected for updating and SBC, and the minimum number of samples for updating and SBC was finally determined to be 30 and 20, respectively. After calibration updating and SBC, the new models had average Rp2, average RMSEP, and average RPDp values of 0.83 and 0.89, 0.69 % and 0.57 %, and 2.45 and 2.97, respectively, in the prediction set. Overall, the methods proposed in this study can effectively address the issue of poor performance of calibration models in predicting new samples with biological variability and make the models more robust, thus providing important guidance for the maintenance of SSC online detection models in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Tian
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huirong Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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8
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Duckena L, Alksnis R, Erdberga I, Alsina I, Dubova L, Duma M. Non-Destructive Quality Evaluation of 80 Tomato Varieties Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy. Foods 2023; 12:foods12101990. [PMID: 37238808 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional biochemical methods are resource- and time-consuming; therefore, there is a need for cost-effective alternatives. A spectral analysis is one of the non-destructive techniques that are more widely used for fruit quality determination; however, references are needed for traditional methods. In this study, visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the internal quality attributes of tomatoes. For the first time, 80 varieties with large differences in fruit size, shape, color, and internal structure were used for an analysis. The aim of this study was to develop models suitable to predict a taste index, as well as the content of lycopene, flavonoids, β-carotene, total phenols, and dry matter of intact tomatoes based on Vis-NIR reflectance spectra. The content of phytochemicals was determined in 80 varieties of tomatoes. A total of 140 Vis-NIR reflectance spectra were obtained using the portable spectroradiometer RS-3500 (Spectral Evolution Inc.). Partial least squares regression (PLS) and multiple scatter correction (MSC) were used to develop calibration models. Our results indicated that PLS models with good prediction accuracies were obtained. The present study showed the high capability of Vis-NIR spectroscopy to determine the content of lycopene and dry matter of intact tomatoes with a determination coefficient of 0.90 for both parameters. A regression fit of R2 = 0.86, R2 = 0.84, R2 = 0.82, and R2= 0.73 was also achieved for the taste index, flavonoids, β-carotene, and total phenols, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilija Duckena
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Soil and Plant Science, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2 Liela Street, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Reinis Alksnis
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2 Liela Street, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Ieva Erdberga
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Soil and Plant Science, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2 Liela Street, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Ina Alsina
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Soil and Plant Science, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2 Liela Street, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Laila Dubova
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Soil and Plant Science, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2 Liela Street, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Mara Duma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2 Liela Street, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
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9
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Grabska J, Beć KB, Ueno N, Huck CW. Analyzing the Quality Parameters of Apples by Spectroscopy from Vis/NIR to NIR Region: A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12101946. [PMID: 37238763 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectroscopic methods deliver a valuable non-destructive analytical tool that provides simultaneous qualitative and quantitative characterization of various samples. Apples belong to the world's most consumed crops and with the current challenges of climate change and human impacts on the environment, maintaining high-quality apple production has become critical. This review comprehensively analyzes the application of spectroscopy in near-infrared (NIR) and visible (Vis) regions, which not only show particular potential in evaluating the quality parameters of apples but also in optimizing their production and supply routines. This includes the assessment of the external and internal characteristics such as color, size, shape, surface defects, soluble solids content (SSC), total titratable acidity (TA), firmness, starch pattern index (SPI), total dry matter concentration (DM), and nutritional value. The review also summarizes various techniques and approaches used in Vis/NIR studies of apples, such as authenticity, origin, identification, adulteration, and quality control. Optical sensors and associated methods offer a wide suite of solutions readily addressing the main needs of the industry in practical routines as well, e.g., efficient sorting and grading of apples based on sweetness and other quality parameters, facilitating quality control throughout the production and supply chain. This review also evaluates ongoing development trends in the application of handheld and portable instruments operating in the Vis/NIR and NIR spectral regions for apple quality control. The use of these technologies can enhance apple crop quality, maintain competitiveness, and meet the demands of consumers, making them a crucial topic in the apple industry. The focal point of this review is placed on the literature published in the last five years, with the exceptions of seminal works that have played a critical role in shaping the field or representative studies that highlight the progress made in specific areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Grabska
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Krzysztof B Beć
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nami Ueno
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Ouyang Q, Rong Y, Wu J, Wang Z, Lin H, Chen Q. Application of colorimetric sensor array combined with visible near-infrared spectroscopy for the matcha classification. Food Chem 2023; 420:136078. [PMID: 37075576 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Matcha tea powder is considered as an integral part of a healthy diet due to its enormous health benefits. In the current study, visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) and colorimetric sensor array (CSA) techniques are applied to identify the matcha grades. The color-sensitive dyes reacted with their volatile compounds and the information was recorded by Vis-NIR spectroscopy, namely Vis-NIR-CSA. Specifically, three linear and three nonlinear classification models were compared, yielding the optimal identification rate by the back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) model with 99% and 98% in the calibration and prediction sets, respectively. The results indicated the sensor combined with the BPANN model could be applied satisfactorily in identification of different matcha grades. Additionally, the variations in volatile compounds between different matcha grades and eight characteristic volatile compounds were identified, which verified the sensor identification results. This study provided a scientific and novel method for the stability of matcha quality in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ouyang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Yanna Rong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Research and Development Center for Matcha Processing Technology, Jiangsu Xinpin Tea Co., Ltd, Changzhou 213254, PR China; Tea Industry Research Institute, Changzhou Academy of Modern Agricultural Sciences, Changzhou 213254, PR China
| | - Hao Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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11
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Zhang Z, Liu H, Wei Z, Lu M, Pu Y, Pan L, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Hu J. A transfer learning method for spectral model of moldy apples from different origins. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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12
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Ghanei Ghooshkhaneh N, Mollazade K. Optical Techniques for Fungal Disease Detection in Citrus Fruit: A Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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13
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Innovative non-destructive technologies for quality monitoring of pineapples: Recent advances and applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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14
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Liu X, Li N, Huang Y, Lin X, Ren Z. A comprehensive review on acquisition of phenotypic information of Prunoideae fruits: Image technology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1084847. [PMID: 36777535 PMCID: PMC9909479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1084847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit phenotypic information reflects all the physical, physiological, biochemical characteristics and traits of fruit. Accurate access to phenotypic information is very necessary and meaningful for post-harvest storage, sales and deep processing. The methods of obtaining phenotypic information include traditional manual measurement and damage detection, which are inefficient and destructive. In the field of fruit phenotype research, image technology is increasingly mature, which greatly improves the efficiency of fruit phenotype information acquisition. This review paper mainly reviews the research on phenotypic information of Prunoideae fruit based on three imaging techniques (RGB imaging, hyperspectral imaging, multispectral imaging). Firstly, the classification was carried out according to the image type. On this basis, the review and summary of previous studies were completed from the perspectives of fruit maturity detection, fruit quality classification and fruit disease damage identification. Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of various types of images in the study, and try to give the next research direction for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yirui Huang
- College of Information Engineering, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiujun Lin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhenhui Ren
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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15
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Szabo G, Vitalis F, Horvath-Mezofi Z, Gob M, Aguinaga Bosquez JP, Gillay Z, Zsom T, Nguyen LLP, Hitka G, Kovacs Z, Friedrich L. Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Monitor the Quality Change of Sour Cherry Stored under Modified Atmosphere Conditions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:479. [PMID: 36617077 PMCID: PMC9824794 DOI: 10.3390/s23010479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Determining and applying ‘good’ postharvest and quality control practices for otherwise highly sensitive fruits, such as sour cherry, is critical, as they serve as excellent media for a wide variety of microbial contaminants. The objective of this research was to report two series of experiments on the modified atmosphere storage (MAP) of sour cherries (Prunus cerasus L. var. Kántorjánosi, Újfehértói fürtös). Firstly, the significant effect of different washing pre-treatments on various quality indices was examined (i.e., headspace gas composition, weight loss, decay rate, color, firmness, soluble solid content, total plate count) in MAP-packed fruits. Subsequently, the applicability of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics was investigated to detect the effect of various storage conditions (packed as control or MAP, stored at 3 or 5 °C) on sour cherries of different perceived ripeness. Significant differences were found for oxygen concentration when two perforations were applied on the packages of ‘Kántorjánosi’ (p < 0.01); weight loss when ‘Kánorjánosi’ (p < 0.001) and ‘Újfehértói fürtös’ (p < 0.01) were packed in MAP; SSC when ‘Újfehértói fürtös’ samples were ozone-treated (p < 0.05); and total plate count when ‘Kántorjánosi’ samples were ozone-treated (p < 0.01). The difference spectra reflected the high variability in the samples, and the detectable effects of different packaging. Based on the investigations with the soft independent modelling of class analogies (SIMCA), different packaging and storage resulted in significant differences in most of the cases even on the first storage day, which in many cases increased by the end of storage. The soft independent modelling of class analogies proved to be suitable for classification with apparent error rates between 0 and 0.5 during prediction regardless of ripeness. The research findings suggest the further correlation of NIR spectroscopic and reference parameters to support postharvest handling and fast quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergo Szabo
- Department of Postharvest, Commerce, Supply Chain and Sensory Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Flora Vitalis
- Department of Food Measurement and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Horvath-Mezofi
- Department of Postharvest, Commerce, Supply Chain and Sensory Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Monika Gob
- Department of Postharvest, Commerce, Supply Chain and Sensory Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Juan Pablo Aguinaga Bosquez
- Department of Food Measurement and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Gillay
- Department of Food Measurement and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Zsom
- Department of Postharvest, Commerce, Supply Chain and Sensory Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lien Le Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Livestock Product and Preservation Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Geza Hitka
- Department of Postharvest, Commerce, Supply Chain and Sensory Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Department of Food Measurement and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Friedrich
- Department of Livestock Product and Preservation Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Rungpichayapichet P, Chaiyarattanachote N, Khuwijitjaru P, Nakagawa K, Nagle M, Müller J, Mahayothee B. Comparison of near-infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging for internal quality determination of ‘Nam Dok Mai’ mango during ripening. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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17
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Baran C, Sharma S, Tripathi A, Awasthi A, Jaiswal A, Tandon P, Singh R, Uttam KN. Non-Destructive Monitoring of Ripening Process of the Underutilized Fruit Kadam Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Confocal Micro Raman Spectroscopy. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2137523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Baran
- Centre for Environmental Science, IIDS, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Sweta Sharma
- Saha’s Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
- Department of Applied Science and Humanities, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University, Lucknow, India
| | - Aradhana Tripathi
- Saha’s Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Aishwary Awasthi
- Saha’s Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Aarti Jaiswal
- Centre for Material Sciences, IIDS, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | | | - Renu Singh
- School of Humanities and Sciences, Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad, India
| | - K. N. Uttam
- Saha’s Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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18
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Santos YJS, Malegori C, Colnago LA, Vanin FM. Application on infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of total phenolic compounds in fruits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2906-2916. [PMID: 36178354 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2128036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the metabolic benefits of phenolic compounds on human health. However, traditional analytical methods used for quantification of total phenolic compounds are time-consuming, laborious, require a high volume of reagents, mostly toxic substances, and involve several steps that can result in systematic and instrumental errors. Spectroscopic techniques have been used as alternatives to these methods for the determination of bioactive compounds directly in the food matrix by minimal sample preparation, without using toxic reagents. Therefore, this overview presents the advantages of nondestructive methods focusing on infrared spectroscopy (IR), for the quantification of total phenolic compounds in fruits. In addition, the main difficulties in applying these spectroscopic techniques are presented, as well as a comparison between the quantification of total phenolic compounds by traditional and IR methods. This review concludes by focusing on model building, highlighting that IR data are mainly processed using the partial least-squares (PLS) regression method to predict total phenolic content. The development of portable and inexpensive IR instruments, combined with multivariate data processing, could give to the consumers a straightforward technology to evaluate the total phenolic content of fruits prior to purchase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J S Santos
- Food Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (USP/FZEA), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - C Malegori
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - L A Colnago
- Brazilian Corporation for Agricultural Research - Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - F M Vanin
- Food Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (USP/FZEA), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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19
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Li L, Hu D, Tang T, Tang Y. Non‐destructive testing of the quality of different grades of creamy strawberries based on Laida algorithm. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Physics Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - De‐Yuan Hu
- School of Physics Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Tian‐Yu Tang
- School of Physics Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Yan‐Lin Tang
- School of Physics Guizhou University Guiyang China
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20
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Kim SY, Hong SJ, Kim E, Lee CH, Kim G. Application of ensemble neural-network method to integrated sugar content prediction model for citrus fruit using Vis/NIR spectroscopy. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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21
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Babu PS, Pulissery SK, Chandran SM, Mahanti NK, Pandiselvam R, Bindu J, Kothakota A. Non‐invasive and rapid quality assessment of thermal processed and canned tender jackfruit:
NIR
Spectroscopy and chemometric approach. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pritty Sushama Babu
- Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Malappuram Kerala India
| | | | | | - Naveen Kumar Mahanti
- Post Harvest Technology Research Station, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari 534 101 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - R. Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post‐Harvest Technology Division, ICAR‐Central Plantation Crops Research Institute Kasaragod 671 124 Kerala India
| | - Jaganath Bindu
- FishProcessing Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Kochi Kerala India
| | - Anjineyulu Kothakota
- AgroProduce Processing Division, ICAR‐Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Nabibagh, Berasia Road Bhopal MP 462038 India
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22
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Lamberty A, Kreyenschmidt J. Ambient Parameter Monitoring in Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Supply Chains Using Internet of Things-Enabled Sensor and Communication Technology. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121777. [PMID: 35741974 PMCID: PMC9222862 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to half of the global fruit and vegetable production is wasted or lost along the supply chain, causing wastage of resources and economic losses. Ambient parameters strongly influence quality and shelf life of fresh fruit and vegetables. Monitoring these parameters by using Internet of things (IoT)-enabled sensor and communication technology in supply chains can help to optimize product qualities and hence reduce product rejections and losses. Various corresponding technical solutions are available, but the diverse characteristics of fresh plant-based produce impede establishing valuable applications. Therefore, the aim of this review is to give an overview of IoT-enabled sensor and communication technology in relation to the specific quality and spoilage characteristics of fresh fruit and vegetables. Temperature, relative humidity (RH), O2, CO2 and vibration/shock are ambient parameters that provide most added value regarding product quality optimization, and can be monitored by current IoT-enabled sensor technology. Several wireless communication technologies are available for real-time data exchange and subsequent data processing and usage. Although many studies investigate the general possibility of monitoring systems using IoT-enabled technology, large-scale implementation in fresh fruit and vegetable supply chains is still hindered by unsolved challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lamberty
- Department of Fresh Produce Logistics, Hochschule Geisenheim University, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany;
- Projects and Innovation Department, Euro Pool System International (Deutschland) GmbH, 53332 Bornheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Judith Kreyenschmidt
- Department of Fresh Produce Logistics, Hochschule Geisenheim University, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany;
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23
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Identification of Maize with Different Moldy Levels Based on Catalase Activity and Data Fusion of Hyperspectral Images. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121727. [PMID: 35741924 PMCID: PMC9223184 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is susceptible to mold infection during growth and storage due to its large embryo and high moisture content. Therefore, it is essential to distinguish the moldy sample from healthy groups to prevent the spread of mold and avoid huger economic losses. Catalase is a metabolite in the growth of microorganisms; hence, all maize samples were accurately divided into four moldy grades (health, mild, moderate, and severe levels) by determining their catalase activity. The visible and shortwave near-infrared (Vis-SWNIR) and longwave near-infrared (LWNIR) hyperspectral images were investigated to jointly identify the moldy levels of maize. Spectra and texture information of each maize sample were extracted and used to build the classification models of maize with different moldy levels in pixel-level fusion and feature-level fusion. The result showed that the feature-level fusion of spectral and texture within Vis-SWNIR and LWNIR regions achieved the best results, overall prediction accuracy reached 95.00% for each moldy level, all healthy maize was correctly classified, and none of the moldy samples were misclassified as healthy level. This study illustrated that two hyperspectral image systems, with complementary spectral ranges, combined with feature selection and data fusion strategies, could be used synergistically to improve the classification accuracy of maize with different moldy levels.
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24
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Shiddiq M, Herman H, Arief DS, Fitra E, Husein IR, Ningsih SA. Wavelength selection of multispectral imaging for oil palm fresh fruit ripeness classification. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:5289-5298. [PMID: 36256213 DOI: 10.1364/ao.450384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral imaging has been recently proposed for high-speed sorting and grading machine vision of fruits. It is a prospective method applied in yet traditional sorting and grading of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB). The ripeness of oil palm FFBs determines the quality of crude palm oil (CPO). Implementation of multispectral imaging for the task needs wavelength selection from hyperspectral datasets. This study aimed to obtain the optimum wavelengths and use them for oil palm FFB classification based on three ripeness levels. We have selected eight optimum wavelengths using principal component analysis (PCA) regression which represented the ripeness levels.
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25
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Ghanei Ghooshkhaneh N, Golzarian MR, Mamarabadi M. Spectral pattern study of citrus black rot caused by Alternaria alternata and selecting optimal wavelengths for decay detection. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:1694-1706. [PMID: 35702301 PMCID: PMC10153684 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal decay is one of the most common diseases that affect postharvest operations and sales of citrus. Sometimes, fungal disease develops and spreads inside the fruit and in the advanced stages of the disease, it appears apparent, so the use of efficient and reliable methods for early detection of the disease is very important. In this study, early detection of citrus black rot disease caused by Alternaria genus fungus was examined using spectroscopy. Jaffa oranges were inoculated with Alternaria alternata. The samples were inspected by spectroscopy (200–1100 nm) in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks after inoculation. The classification of healthy and infected samples and selection of most important wavelengths were conducted by soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). The most important wavelengths in the detection of healthy and infected samples of the 1st week were 507, 933, 937, and 950 nm with a classification accuracy of 60%. The most important wavelengths of the 2nd week were 522 and 787 nm with a classification accuracy of 60%. Also, wavelengths of 546, 660, 691, and 839 were found to be effective in the 3rd week with a classification accuracy of 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mojtaba Mamarabadi
- Department of Plant Protection Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
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26
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Indirect Quantitative Analysis of Biochemical Parameters in Banana Using Spectral Reflectance Indices Combined with Machine Learning Modeling. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The primary issues in collecting biochemical information in a large area using chemical laboratory procedures are low throughput, hard work, time-consuming, and requiring several samples. Thus, real-time and precise estimation of biochemical variables of various fruits using a proximal remote sensing based on spectral reflectance is critical for harvest time, artificial ripening, and food processing, which might be beneficial economically and ecologically. The main goal of this study was to assess the biochemical parameters of banana fruits such as chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), respiration rate, total soluble solids (TSS), and firmness using published and newly developed spectral reflectance indices (SRIs), integrated with machine learning modeling (Artificial Neural Networks; ANN and support vector machine regression; SVMR) at different ripening degrees. The results demonstrated that there were evident and significant differences in values of SRIs at different ripening degrees, which may be attributed to the large variations in values of biochemical parameters. The newly developed two-band SRIs are more effective at measuring different biochemical parameters. The SRIs that were extracted from the visible (VIS), near-infrared (NIR), and their combination showed better R2 with biochemical parameters. SRIs combined with ANN and SVMR would be an effective method for estimating five biochemical parameters in the calibration (Cal.) and validation (Val.) datasets with acceptable accuracy. The ANN-TSS-SRI-13 model was built to determine TSS with greater performance expectations (R2 = 1.00 and 0.97 for Cal. and Val., respectively). Furthermore, the model ANN-Firmness-SRI-15 was developed for determining firmness, and it performed better (R2 = 1.00 and 0.98 for Cal. and Val., respectively). In conclusion, this study revealed that SRIs and a combination approach of ANN and SVMR models would be a useful and excellent tool for estimating the biochemical characteristics of banana fruits.
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27
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Lee A, Shim J, Kim B, Lee H, Lim J. Non-destructive prediction of soluble solid contents in Fuji apples using visible near-infrared spectroscopy and various statistical methods. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.110945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Tirado-Kulieva VA, Hernández-Martínez E, Suomela JP. Non-destructive assessment of vitamin C in foods: a review of the main findings and limitations of vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe constant increase in the demand for safe and high-quality food has generated the need to develop efficient methods to evaluate food composition, vitamin C being one of the main quality indicators. However, its heterogeneity and susceptibility to degradation makes the analysis of vitamin C difficult by conventional techniques, but as a result of technological advances, vibrational spectroscopy techniques have been developed that are more efficient, economical, fast, and non-destructive. This review focuses on main findings on the evaluation of vitamin C in foods by using vibrational spectroscopic techniques. First, the fundamentals of ultraviolet–visible, infrared and Raman spectroscopy are detailed. Also, chemometric methods, whose use is essential for a correct processing and evaluation of the spectral information, are described. The use and importance of vibrational spectroscopy in the evaluation of vitamin C through qualitative characterization and quantitative analysis is reported. Finally, some limitations of the techniques and potential solutions are described, as well as future trends related to the utilization of vibrational spectroscopic techniques.
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29
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Novel Application of NIR Spectroscopy for Non-Destructive Determination of 'Maraština' Wine Parameters. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081172. [PMID: 35454759 PMCID: PMC9025932 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the colour and standard chemical composition of must and wines produced from the grapes from Vitis vinifera L., 'Maraština', harvested from 10 vineyards located in two different viticultural subregions of the Adriatic region of Croatia: Northern Dalmatia and Central and Southern Dalmatia. The aim was to explore the use of NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to determine the characteristics of Maraština wines and to develop calibration models relating NIR spectra and physicochemical/colour data. Differences in the colour parameters (L*, a*, hue) of wines related to the subregions were confirmed. Colour difference (ΔE) of must vs. wine significantly differed for the samples from the Maraština grapes grown in both subregions. Principal component regression was used to construct the calibration models based on NIR spectra and standard physicochemical and colour data showing high prediction ability of the 13 studied parameters of must and/or wine (average R2 of 0.98 and RPD value of 6.8). Principal component analysis revealed qualitative differences of must and wines produced from the same grape variety but grown in different subregions.
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30
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Byun S. Design of an Integrated Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Module for Sugar Content Estimation of Apples. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040519. [PMID: 35457822 PMCID: PMC9030407 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An integrated near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy prototype module for sugar content estimation of apples is presented. Since this is the first attempt to design an integrated NIR spectroscopy module, we followed the design process as follows. First, we estimated the sugar content of apples using a tungsten halogen light source and a 700 nm–1000 nm NIR spectrometer with a 10 nm wavelength resolution and a 16b analog-to-digital converter (ADC) resolution. Second, we determined the most effective wavelengths among 31 evenly distributed wavelengths while observing the correlation coefficient, R2, and then we reduced the ADC resolution 1b by 1b starting from 16b while also observing the R2. Lastly, we designed an integrated NIR spectroscopy module with the selected eight wavelengths and a 13 ADC resolution. The module implemented in a 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS process occupies a die area of 0.84 mm2. By utilizing this module with eight off-chip light emitting diodes (LED) and one photo diode (PD), the measured R2 and the standard error of calibration (SEC) were 0.365 and 0.686 brix, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Byun
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
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31
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Hernández-Varela J, Chanona-Pérez J, Resendis-Hernández P, Gonzalez Victoriano L, Méndez-Méndez J, Cárdenas-Pérez S, Calderón Benavides H. Development and characterization of biopolymers films mechanically reinforced with garlic skin waste for fabrication of compostable dishes. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Does the firmness vary within a single kiwifruit? Estimation of firmness distribution in individual fruit by compressed air deformation measurement. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lan W, Baeten V, Jaillais B, Renard CM, Arnould Q, Chen S, Leca A, Bureau S. Comparison of near-infrared, mid-infrared, Raman spectroscopy and near-infrared hyperspectral imaging to determine chemical, structural and rheological properties of apple purees. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Making Sense of Light: The Use of Optical Spectroscopy Techniques in Plant Sciences and Agriculture. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12030997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the development of non-invasive optical spectroscopy, the number of prospective technologies of plant monitoring is growing. Being implemented in devices with different functions and hardware, these technologies are increasingly using the most advanced data processing algorithms, including machine learning and more available computing power each time. Optical spectroscopy is widely used to evaluate plant tissues, diagnose crops, and study the response of plants to biotic and abiotic stress. Spectral methods can also assist in remote and non-invasive assessment of the physiology of photosynthetic biofilms and the impact of plant species on biodiversity and ecosystem stability. The emergence of high-throughput technologies for plant phenotyping and the accompanying need for methods for rapid and non-contact assessment of plant productivity has generated renewed interest in the application of optical spectroscopy in fundamental plant sciences and agriculture. In this perspective paper, starting with a brief overview of the scientific and technological backgrounds of optical spectroscopy and current mainstream techniques and applications, we foresee the future development of this family of optical spectroscopic methodologies.
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Interactive Deep Learning for Shelf Life Prediction of Muskmelons Based on an Active Learning Approach. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22020414. [PMID: 35062374 PMCID: PMC8780071 DOI: 10.3390/s22020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A pivotal topic in agriculture and food monitoring is the assessment of the quality and ripeness of agricultural products by using non-destructive testing techniques. Acoustic testing offers a rapid in situ analysis of the state of the agricultural good, obtaining global information of its interior. While deep learning (DL) methods have outperformed state-of-the-art benchmarks in various applications, the reason for lacking adaptation of DL algorithms such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can be traced back to its high data inefficiency and the absence of annotated data. Active learning is a framework that has been heavily used in machine learning when the labelled instances are scarce or cumbersome to obtain. This is specifically of interest when the DL algorithm is highly uncertain about the label of an instance. By allowing the human-in-the-loop for guidance, a continuous improvement of the DL algorithm based on a sample efficient manner can be obtained. This paper seeks to study the applicability of active learning when grading 'Galia' muskmelons based on its shelf life. We propose k-Determinantal Point Processes (k-DPP), which is a purely diversity-based method that allows to take influence on the exploration within the feature space based on the chosen subset k. While getting coequal results to uncertainty-based approaches when k is large, we simultaneously obtain a better exploration of the data distribution. While the implementation based on eigendecomposition takes up a runtime of O(n3), this can further be reduced to O(n·poly(k)) based on rejection sampling. We suggest the use of diversity-based acquisition when only a few labelled samples are available, allowing for better exploration while counteracting the disadvantage of missing the training objective in uncertainty-based methods following a greedy fashion.
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Kumari N, Dwivedi RK, Bhatt AK, Belwal R. Automated fruit grading using optimal feature selection and hybrid classification by self-adaptive chicken swarm optimization: grading of mango. Neural Comput Appl 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-021-06473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Differentiation of Organic Cocoa Beans and Conventional Ones by Using Handheld NIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Classification Techniques. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:1844675. [PMID: 34845434 PMCID: PMC8627362 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1844675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The global market for organic cocoa beans continues to show sturdy growth. A low-cost handheld NIR spectrometer (900-1700 nm) combined with multivariate classification algorithms was used for rapid differentiation analysis of organic cocoa beans' integrity. In this research, organic and conventionally cultivated cocoa beans were collected from different locations in Ghana and scanned nondestructively with a handheld spectrometer. Different preprocessing treatments were employed. Principal component analysis (PCA) and classification analysis, RF (random forest), KNN (K-nearest neighbours), LDA (linear discriminant analysis), and PLS-DA (partial least squares-discriminant analysis) were performed comparatively to build classification models. The performance of the models was evaluated by accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency. Second derivative preprocessing together with PLS-DA algorithm was superior to the rest of the algorithms with a classification accuracy of 100.00% in both the calibration set and prediction set. Second derivative algorithm was found to be the best preprocessing tool. The identification rates for the calibration set and prediction set were 96.15% and 98.08%, respectively, for RF, 91.35% and 92.31% for KNN, and 90.38% and 98.08% for LDA. Generally, the results showed that a handheld NIR spectrometer coupled with an appropriate multivariate algorithm could be used in situ for the differentiation of organic cocoa beans from conventional ones to ensure food integrity along the cocoa bean value chain.
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Predicting sensitivity of recently harvested tomatoes and tomato sepals to future fungal infections. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23109. [PMID: 34848748 PMCID: PMC8633320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato is an important commercial product which is perishable by nature and highly susceptible to fungal incidence once it is harvested. Not all tomatoes are equally vulnerable to pathogenic fungi, and an early detection of the vulnerable ones can help in taking timely preventive actions, ranging from isolating tomato batches to adjusting storage conditions, but also in making right business decisions like dynamic pricing based on quality or better shelf life estimate. More importantly, early detection of vulnerable produce can help in taking timely actions to minimize potential post-harvest losses. This paper investigates Near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging (1000-1700 nm) and machine learning to build models to automatically predict the susceptibility of sepals of recently harvested tomatoes to future fungal infections. Hyperspectral images of newly harvested tomatoes (cultivar Brioso) from 5 different growers were acquired before the onset of any visible fungal infection. After imaging, the tomatoes were placed under controlled conditions suited for fungal germination and growth for a 4-day period, and then imaged using normal color cameras. All sepals in the color images were ranked for fungal severity using crowdsourcing, and the final severity of each sepal was fused using principal component analysis. A novel hyperspectral data processing pipeline is presented which was used to automatically segment the tomato sepals from spectral images with multiple tomatoes connected via a truss. The key modelling question addressed in this research is whether there is a correlation between the hyperspectral data captured at harvest and the fungal infection observed 4 days later. Using 10-fold and group k-fold cross-validation, XG-Boost and Random Forest based regression models were trained on the features derived from the hyperspectral data corresponding to each sepal in the training set and tested on hold out test set. The best model found a Pearson correlation of 0.837, showing that there is strong linear correlation between the NIR spectra and the future fungal severity of the sepal. The sepal specific predictions were aggregated to predict the susceptibility of individual tomatoes, and a correlation of 0.92 was found. Besides modelling, focus is also on model interpretation, particularly to understand which spectral features are most relevant to model prediction. Two approaches to model interpretation were explored, feature importance and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), resulting in similar conclusions that the NIR range between 1390-1420 nm contributes most to the model's final decision.
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Liu Z, Huang M, Zhu Q, Qin J, Kim MS. Nondestructive freshness evaluation of intact prawns (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) using line-scan spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cozzolino D. From consumers' science to food functionality-Challenges and opportunities for vibrational spectroscopy. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 97:119-146. [PMID: 34311898 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current available methods used to measure or estimate the composition, functionality, and sensory properties of foods and food ingredients are destructive and time consuming. Therefore, new approaches are required by both the food industry and R&D organizations. Recent years have witnessed a steady growth on the applications and utilization of vibrational spectroscopy techniques [near (NIR), mid infrared (MIR), Raman] to analyse or estimate several properties in a wide range of foods and food ingredients. This chapter will provide with an overview of vibrational spectroscopy techniques, the combination of these techniques with multivariate data analysis, and examples on the use of these techniques to measure composition, and functional properties in a wide range of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cozzolino
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Zhong Y, Bao Y, Chen Y, Zhai D, Liu J, Liu H. Nutritive quality prediction of peaches during storage. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3483-3490. [PMID: 34262708 PMCID: PMC8269546 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch) are commonly consumed fruits with high nutritional value. We evaluated the nutritive qualities of peach fruit during storage. Heatmap analysis showed that protein, ash, and crude fiber contents clustered together, whereas fat and reducing sugars clustered separately. We then classified the nutrients into two clusters; cluster 1 showed low fat and reducing sugar levels and high protein, crude fiber, and ash levels, whereas cluster 2 showed high fat and reducing sugar levels and low protein, cruder fiber, and ash levels. Partial least squares regression and random forest analyses showed accuracies of 67% and 61%, respectively. Spectra at 1,439 and 1,440 nm indicated reducing sugars, and the spectrum at 2,172 nm indicated protein. Thus, Fourier transform-near infrared spectroscopy could predict the two clusters based on five nutritive qualities. Our findings may help to establish guidelines for promoting the acceptability of peach fruits among consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and EngineeringZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Yao Bao
- College of Light Industry and FoodZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Yumin Chen
- College of Light Industry and FoodZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Dequan Zhai
- College of Light Industry and FoodZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianliang Liu
- Modern Agriculture Research CenterZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm ResourcesZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Huifan Liu
- College of Light Industry and FoodZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial KeyLaboratory of Lingnan SpecialtyFood Science and TechnologyGuangzhouChina
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Atefi A, Ge Y, Pitla S, Schnable J. Robotic Technologies for High-Throughput Plant Phenotyping: Contemporary Reviews and Future Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:611940. [PMID: 34249028 PMCID: PMC8267384 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.611940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenotyping plants is an essential component of any effort to develop new crop varieties. As plant breeders seek to increase crop productivity and produce more food for the future, the amount of phenotype information they require will also increase. Traditional plant phenotyping relying on manual measurement is laborious, time-consuming, error-prone, and costly. Plant phenotyping robots have emerged as a high-throughput technology to measure morphological, chemical and physiological properties of large number of plants. Several robotic systems have been developed to fulfill different phenotyping missions. In particular, robotic phenotyping has the potential to enable efficient monitoring of changes in plant traits over time in both controlled environments and in the field. The operation of these robots can be challenging as a result of the dynamic nature of plants and the agricultural environments. Here we discuss developments in phenotyping robots, and the challenges which have been overcome and others which remain outstanding. In addition, some perspective applications of the phenotyping robots are also presented. We optimistically anticipate that autonomous and robotic systems will make great leaps forward in the next 10 years to advance the plant phenotyping research into a new era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Atefi
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Yufeng Ge
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Santosh Pitla
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - James Schnable
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Classification of Aflatoxin B1 Concentration of Single Maize Kernel Based on Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging and Feature Selection. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21134257. [PMID: 34206281 PMCID: PMC8271414 DOI: 10.3390/s21134257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and nondestructive method is greatly important for the classification of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) concentration of single maize kernel to satisfy the ever-growing needs of consumers for food safety. A novel method for classification of AFB1 concentration of single maize kernel was developed on the basis of the near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging (1100–2000 nm). Four groups of AFB1 samples with different concentrations (10, 20, 50, and 100 ppb) and one group of control samples were prepared, which were preprocessed with Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing and first derivative (FD) algorithms for their raw NIR spectra. A key wavelength selection method, combining the variance and order of average spectral intensity, was proposed on the basis of pretreated spectra. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral data. Finally, a classification model for AFB1 concentrations was developed through linear discriminant analysis (LDA), combined with five key wavelengths and the first three PCs. The results show that the proposed method achieved an ideal performance for classifying AFB1 concentrations in a single maize kernel with overall accuracy, with an F1-score and Kappa values of 95.56%, 0.9554, and 0.9444, respectively, as well as the test accuracy yield of 88.67% for independent validation samples. The combinations of variance and order of average spectral intensity can be used for key wavelength selection which, combined with PCA, can achieve an ideal dimensionality reduction effect for model development. The findings of this study have positive significance for the classification of AFB1 concentration of maize kernels.
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Differentiation of peach cultivars by image analysis based on the skin, flesh, stone and seed textures. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe peaches belonging to different cultivars can be characterized by differentiation in properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of individual parts of fruit (skin, flesh, stone and seed) for cultivar discrimination of peaches based on textures determined using image analysis. Discriminant analysis was performed using the classifiers of Bayes net, logistic, SMO, multi-class classifier and random forest based on a set of combined textures selected from all color channels R, G, B, L, a, b, X, Y, Z and for textures selected separately for RGB, Lab and XYZ color spaces. In the case of sets of textures selected from all color channels (R, G, B, L, a, b, X, Y, Z), the accuracy of 100% was observed for flesh, stones and seeds for selected classifiers. The sets of textures selected from RGB color space produced the correctness equal to 100% in the case of flesh and seeds of peaches. In the case of Lab and XYZ color spaces, slightly lower accuracies than for RGB color space were obtained and the accuracy reaching 100% was noted only for the discrimination of seeds of peaches. The research proved the usefulness of selected texture parameters of fruit flesh, stones and seeds for successful discrimination of peach cultivars with an accuracy of 100%. The distinguishing between cultivars may be important for breeders, consumers and the peach industry for ensuring adequate processing conditions and equipment parameters. The cultivar identification of fruit by human may be characterized by large errors. The molecular or chemical methods may require special equipment or be time-consuming. The image analysis may ensure objective, rapid and relatively inexpensive procedure and high accuracy for peach cultivar discrimination.
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Qiao L, Mu Y, Lu B, Tang X. Calibration Maintenance Application of Near-infrared Spectrometric Model in Food Analysis. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1935999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Haidian, China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Mu
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Lu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Haidian, China
| | - Xiuying Tang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Haidian, China
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46
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Food and agro-product quality evaluation based on spectroscopy and deep learning: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wang B, Sun J, Xia L, Liu J, Wang Z, Li P, Guo Y, Sun X. The Applications of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology for Agricultural Products Quality Analysis: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1929297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegeable Safety and Quality Traceability, No.12 Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, PR China
- Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, Zibo, China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegeable Safety and Quality Traceability, No.12 Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, PR China
- Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, Zibo, China
| | - Lianming Xia
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegeable Safety and Quality Traceability, No.12 Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, PR China
- Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, Zibo, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegeable Safety and Quality Traceability, No.12 Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, PR China
- Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, Zibo, China
| | - Zhenhe Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegeable Safety and Quality Traceability, No.12 Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, PR China
- Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, Zibo, China
| | - Pei Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegeable Safety and Quality Traceability, No.12 Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, PR China
- Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, Zibo, China
| | - Yemin Guo
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegeable Safety and Quality Traceability, No.12 Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, PR China
- Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, Zibo, China
| | - Xia Sun
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegeable Safety and Quality Traceability, No.12 Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, PR China
- Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, Zibo, China
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Sanmartin C, Modesti M, Venturi F, Brizzolara S, Mencarelli F, Bellincontro A. Postharvest Water Loss of Wine Grape: When, What and Why. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050318. [PMID: 34069062 PMCID: PMC8156201 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In postharvest science, water loss is always considered a negative factor threatening fruit and vegetable quality, but in the wine field, this physical process is employed to provide high-quality wine, such as Amarone and Passito wines. The main reason for this is the significant metabolic changes occurring during wine grape water loss, changes that are highly dependent on the specific water loss rate and level, as well as the ambient conditions under which grapes are kept to achieve dehydration. In this review, hints on the main techniques used to induce postharvest wine grape water loss and information on the most important metabolic changes occurring in grape berries during water loss are reported. The quality of wines produced from dried/dehydrated/withered grapes is also discussed, together with an update on the application of innovative non-destructive techniques in the wine sector. A wide survey of the scientific papers published all over the world on the topic has been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sanmartin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.S.); (F.V.); (F.M.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Margherita Modesti
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Francesca Venturi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.S.); (F.V.); (F.M.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Brizzolara
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Fabio Mencarelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.S.); (F.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Andrea Bellincontro
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.B.)
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Włodarska K, Piasecki P, Lobo-Prieto A, Pawlak-Lemańska K, Górecki T, Sikorska E. Rapid screening of apple juice quality using ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics: A comparative study. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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50
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Nazarloo AS, Sharabiani VR, Gilandeh YA, Taghinezhad E, Szymanek M. Evaluation of Different Models for Non-Destructive Detection of Tomato Pesticide Residues Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3032. [PMID: 33925882 PMCID: PMC8123465 DOI: 10.3390/s21093032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the possibility of non-destructive detection of tomato pesticide residues was investigated using Vis/NIRS and prediction models such as PLSR and ANN. First, Vis/NIR spectral data from 180 samples of non-pesticide tomatoes (used as a control treatment) and samples impregnated with pesticide with a concentration of 2 L per 1000 L between 350-1100 nm were recorded by a spectroradiometer. Then, they were divided into two parts: Calibration data (70%) and prediction data (30%). Next, the prediction performance of PLSR and ANN models after processing was compared with 10 spectral preprocessing methods. Spectral data obtained from spectroscopy were used as input and pesticide values obtained by gas chromatography method were used as output data. Data dimension reduction methods (principal component analysis (PCA), Random frog (RF), and Successive prediction algorithm (SPA)) were used to select the number of main variables. According to the values obtained for root-mean-square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R) of the calibration and prediction data, it was found that the combined model SPA-ANN has the best performance (RC = 0.988, RP = 0.982, RMSEC = 0.141, RMSEP = 0.166). The investigational consequences obtained can be a reference for the development of internal content of agricultural products, based on NIR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araz Soltani Nazarloo
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran; (A.S.N.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Vali Rasooli Sharabiani
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran; (A.S.N.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Yousef Abbaspour Gilandeh
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran; (A.S.N.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Ebrahim Taghinezhad
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran;
| | - Mariusz Szymanek
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Transport Machinery, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Street Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
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