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Capuano R, Ciotti M, Catini A, Bernardini S, Di Natale C. Clinical applications of volatilomic assays. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-20. [PMID: 39129534 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2387038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The study of metabolomics is revealing immense potential for diagnosis, therapy monitoring, and understanding of pathogenesis processes. Volatilomics is a subcategory of metabolomics interested in the detection of molecules that are small enough to be released in the gas phase. Volatile compounds produced by cellular processes are released into the blood and lymph, and can reach the external environment through different pathways, such as the blood-air interface in the lung that are detected in breath, or the blood-water interface in the kidney that leads to volatile compounds detected in urine. Besides breath and urine, additional sources of volatile compounds such as saliva, blood, feces, and skin are available. Volatilomics traces its roots back over fifty years to the pioneering investigations in the 1970s. Despite extensive research, the field remains in its infancy, hindered by a lack of standardization despite ample experimental evidence. The proliferation of analytical instrumentations, sample preparations and methods of volatilome sampling still make it difficult to compare results from different studies and to establish a common standard approach to volatilomics. This review aims to provide an overview of volatilomics' diagnostic potential, focusing on two key technical aspects: sampling and analysis. Sampling poses a challenge due to the susceptibility of human samples to contamination and confounding factors from various sources like the environment and lifestyle. The discussion then delves into targeted and untargeted approaches in volatilomics. Some case studies are presented to exemplify the results obtained so far. Finally, the review concludes with a discussion on the necessary steps to fully integrate volatilomics into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Capuano R, Mansi A, Paba E, Marcelloni AM, Chiominto A, Proietto AR, Gordiani A, Catini A, Paolesse R, Tranfo G, Di Natale C. A Pilot Study for Legionella pneumophila Volatilome Characterization Using a Gas Sensor Array and GC/MS Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1401. [PMID: 36772440 PMCID: PMC9920052 DOI: 10.3390/s23031401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Legionellosis is a generic term describing the pneumonic (Legionnaires' disease, LD) and non-pneumonic (Pontiac fever, PF) forms of infection with bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella. Currently, the techniques used to detect Legionella spp. in water samples have certain limitations and drawbacks, and thus, there is a need to identify new tools to carry out low-cost and rapid analysis. In this regard, several studies demonstrated that a volatolomics approach rapidly detects and discriminates different species of microorganisms via their volatile signature. In this paper, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pattern emitted in vitro by Legionella pneumophila cultures is characterized and compared to those produced by other Legionella species and by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using a gas sensor array and gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Bacterial cultures were measured at the 3rd and 7th day after the incubation. Sensor array data analyzed via the K-nearest neighbours (k-NN) algorithm showed a sensitivity to Legionella pneumophila identification at around 89%. On the other hand, GC-MS identified a bouquet of VOCs, mainly alcohols and ketones, that enable the differentiation of Legionella pneumophila in respect to other waterborne microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Volatilomics ‘A. D’Amico’, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Mansi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Paba
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Marcelloni
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Chiominto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Proietto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gordiani
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Volatilomics ‘A. D’Amico’, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Interdepartmental Centre for Volatilomics ‘A. D’Amico’, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Volatilomics ‘A. D’Amico’, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Capacitive and Conductometric Type Dual-Mode Relative Humidity Sensor Based on 5,10,15,20-tetra Phenyl Porphyrinato Nickel (II) (TPPNi). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193336. [PMID: 34641151 PMCID: PMC8512481 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: A quest for a highly sensitive and reliable humidity monitoring system for a diverse variety of applications is quite vital. Specifically, the ever-increasing demand of humidity sensors in applications ranging from agriculture to healthcare equipment (to cater the current demand of COVID-19 ventilation systems), calls for a selection of suitable humidity sensing material. (2) Methods: In the present study, the TPPNi macromolecule has been synthesized by using a microwave-assisted synthesis process. The layer structure of the fabricated humidity sensor (Al/TPPNi/Al) consists of pair of planar 120 nm thin aluminum (Al) electrodes (deposited by thermal evaporation) and ~160 nm facile spin-coated solution-processable organic TPPNi as an active layer between the ~40 µm electrode gap. (3) Results: Electrical properties (capacitance and impedance) of sensors were found to be substantially sensitive not only on relative humidity but also on the frequency of the input bias signal. The proposed sensor exhibits multimode (capacitive and conductometric) operation with significantly higher sensitivity ~146.17 pF/%RH at 500 Hz and 48.23 kΩ/%RH at 1 kHz. (4) Conclusions: The developed Al/TPPNi/Al surface type humidity sensor’s much-improved detecting properties along with reasonable dynamic range and response time suggest that it could be effective for continuous humidity monitoring in multi environmental applications.
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Bąk B, Wilk J, Artiemjew P, Wilde J. Recording the Presence of Peanibacillus larvae larvae Colonies on MYPGP Substrates Using a Multi-Sensor Array Based on Solid-State Gas Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21144917. [PMID: 34300655 PMCID: PMC8309915 DOI: 10.3390/s21144917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
American foulbrood is a dangerous disease of bee broods found worldwide, caused by the Paenibacillus larvae larvae L. bacterium. In an experiment, the possibility of detecting colonies of this bacterium on MYPGP substrates (which contains yeast extract, Mueller-Hinton broth, glucose, K2HPO4, sodium pyruvate, and agar) was tested using a prototype of a multi-sensor recorder of the MCA-8 sensor signal with a matrix of six semiconductors: TGS 823, TGS 826, TGS 832, TGS 2600, TGS 2602, and TGS 2603 from Figaro. Two twin prototypes of the MCA-8 measurement device, M1 and M2, were used in the study. Each prototype was attached to two laboratory test chambers: a wooden one and a polystyrene one. For the experiment, the strain used was P. l. larvae ATCC 9545, ERIC I. On MYPGP medium, often used for laboratory diagnosis of American foulbrood, this bacterium produces small, transparent, smooth, and shiny colonies. Gas samples from over culture media of one- and two-day-old foulbrood P. l. larvae (with no colonies visible to the naked eye) and from over culture media older than 2 days (with visible bacterial colonies) were examined. In addition, the air from empty chambers was tested. The measurement time was 20 min, including a 10-min testing exposure phase and a 10-min sensor regeneration phase. The results were analyzed in two variants: without baseline correction and with baseline correction. We tested 14 classifiers and found that a prototype of a multi-sensor recorder of the MCA-8 sensor signal was capable of detecting colonies of P. l. larvae on MYPGP substrate with a 97% efficiency and could distinguish between MYPGP substrates with 1–2 days of culture, and substrates with older cultures. The efficacy of copies of the prototypes M1 and M2 was shown to differ slightly. The weighted method with Canberra metrics (Canberra.811) and kNN with Canberra and Manhattan metrics (Canberra. 1nn and manhattan.1nn) proved to be the most effective classifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Bąk
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.W.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jakub Wilk
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Piotr Artiemjew
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Wilde
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.W.); (J.W.)
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Oprea A, Weimar U. Gas sensors based on mass-sensitive transducers. Part 2: Improving the sensors towards practical application. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6707-6776. [PMID: 32737549 PMCID: PMC7496080 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework outlined in the first part of the review, the second part addresses attempts to increase receptor material performance through the use of sensor systems and chemometric methods, in conjunction with receptor preparation methods and sensor-specific tasks. Conclusions are then drawn, and development perspectives for gravimetric sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Oprea
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Udo Weimar
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Özbek O, Isildak Ö, Berkel C. The use of porphyrins in potentiometric sensors as ionophores. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-020-01004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Aspergillus Species Discrimination Using a Gas Sensor Array. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20144004. [PMID: 32708481 PMCID: PMC7412133 DOI: 10.3390/s20144004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of electronic noses in detecting and identifying microorganisms has been proven by several studies. Since volatile compounds change with the growth of colonies, the identification of strains is highly dependent on the growing conditions. In this paper, the effects of growth were investigated with different species of Aspergillus, which is one of the most studied microorganisms because of its implications in environmental and food safety. For this purpose, we used an electronic nose previously utilized for volatilome detection applications and based on eight porphyrins-functionalized quartz microbalances. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by cultured fungi were measured at 3, 5, and 10 days after the incubation. The signals from the sensors showed that the pattern of VOCs evolve with time. In particular, the separation between the three studied strains progressively decreases with time. The three strains could still be identified despite the influence of culture time. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) showed an overall accuracy of 88% and 71% in the training and test sets, respectively. These results indicate that the presence of microorganisms is detectable with respect to background, however, the difference between the strains changes with the incubation time.
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Bulk and Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Arrays for Multi-Analyte Detection: A Review. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19245382. [PMID: 31817599 PMCID: PMC6960530 DOI: 10.3390/s19245382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bulk acoustic wave (BAW) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor devices have successfully been used in a wide variety of gas sensing, liquid sensing, and biosensing applications. Devices include BAW sensors using thickness shear modes and SAW sensors using Rayleigh waves or horizontally polarized shear waves (HPSWs). Analyte specificity and selectivity of the sensors are determined by the sensor coatings. If a group of analytes is to be detected or if only selective coatings (i.e., coatings responding to more than one analyte) are available, the use of multi-sensor arrays is advantageous, as the evaluation of the resulting signal patterns allows qualitative and quantitative characterization of the sample. Virtual sensor arrays utilize only one sensor but combine it with enhanced signal evaluation methods or preceding sample separation, which results in similar results as obtained with multi-sensor arrays. Both array types have shown to be promising with regard to system integration and low costs. This review discusses principles and design considerations for acoustic multi-sensor and virtual sensor arrays and outlines the use of these arrays in multi-analyte detection applications, focusing mainly on developments of the past decade.
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Kladsomboon S, Thippakorn C, Seesaard T. Development of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Optical Gas Sensors for the Non-Invasive Monitoring of Pathogenic Bacteria. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103189. [PMID: 30241405 PMCID: PMC6210542 DOI: 10.3390/s18103189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid optical gas sensors, based on different organic and inorganic materials, are proposed in this paper, with the aim of using them as optical artificial nose systems. Three types of organic and inorganic dyes, namely zinc-porphyrin, manganese-porphyrin, and zinc-phthalocyanine, were used as gas sensing materials to fabricate a thin-film coating on glass substrates. The performance of the gas sensor was enhanced by a thermal treatment process. The optical absorption spectra and morphological structure of the sensing films were confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and atomic force microscope, respectively. The optical gas sensors were tested with various volatile compounds, such as acetic acid, acetone, ammonia, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and formaldehyde, which are commonly found to be released during the growth of bacteria. These sensors were used to detect and discriminate between the bacterial odors of three pathogenic species (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) grown in Luria-Bertani medium. Based on a pattern recognition (PARC) technique, we showed that the proposed hybrid optical gas sensors can discriminate among the three pathogenic bacterial odors and that the volatile organic compound (VOC) odor pattern of each bacterium was dependent on the phase of bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Kladsomboon
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Chadinee Thippakorn
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Thara Seesaard
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kanchanaburi Rajabhat University, Kanchanaburi 71000, Thailand.
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Zetola NM, Modongo C, Matsiri O, Tamuhla T, Mbongwe B, Matlhagela K, Sepako E, Catini A, Sirugo G, Martinelli E, Paolesse R, Di Natale C. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and assessment of treatment response through analyses of volatile compound patterns in exhaled breath samples. J Infect 2016; 74:367-376. [PMID: 28017825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We determined the performance of a sensor array (an electronic nose) made of 8 metalloporphyrins coated quartz microbalances sensors for the diagnosis and prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) using exhaled breath samples. METHODS TB cases and healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. Signals from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath samples were measured at days 0, 2, 7, 14, and 30 of TB therapy and correlated with clinical and microbiological measurements. RESULTS Fifty one pulmonary TB cases and 20 healthy HIV-uninfected controls were enrolled in the study. 31 (61%) of the 51 pulmonary TB cases were coinfected with HIV. At day 0 (before TB treatment initiation) the sensitivity of our device was estimated at 94.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 83.8-98.8%) and specificity was 90.0% (95% CI, 68.3-98.8%) for distinguishing TB cases from controls. Time-dependent changes in the breath signals were identified as time on TB treatment progressed. Time-dependent signal changes were more pronounced among HIV-uninfected patients. CONCLUSION The identification of VOCs' signals in breath samples using a sensor array achieved high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of TB and allowed following signal changes during TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Zetola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Chawangwa Modongo
- Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Ogopotse Matsiri
- Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Tsaone Tamuhla
- Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Bontle Mbongwe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | | | - Enoch Sepako
- School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Sirugo
- Centro di Ricerca, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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