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Kotiuk V, Ziółek T, Kostrub O, Blonskyi R, Podik V, Smirnov D. Smith machine squats pose high risk to ACL graft integrity after the ACL reconstruction and conventional squats are a safer alternative. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024; 32:1902-1910. [PMID: 38751107 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of squats after the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction on the ACL graft, considering new data on biomechanics, posterior tibial slope (PTS) and anterolateral ligament (ALL). METHODS Utilising finite element analysis on the new 14-component knee joint model, we have evaluated stresses on the knee elements separately for the knee with a native double-bundle ACL and with a single-bundle ACL graft for the 5° and 14° PTS variants during both conventional and Smith machine horizontal squats. RESULTS Replacing a native ACL with a single-bundle graft causes an overstrain on the graft compared to the intact ACL under all conditions. Stresses on the ACL, ACL graft and ALL are much higher during the Smith machine squats compared to the conventional ones. The stress on the menisci is 3.6-4.9 times higher with conventional squats. PTS at the squats' lowest point minimally affects ACL stress but impacts menisci. CONCLUSIONS The single-bundle ACL reconstruction (ACLR) does not reproduce the biomechanics of the native ACL and increases stresses in most knee joint elements, according to the current study. Conventional squats are relatively safe for the ACL graft at their lowest point. Passing the half-squat position is the most dangerous point. Smith machine horizontal squats produce stress on the ACL graft several times higher than its estimated breaking load and dangerous stress levels on the ALL. During the rehabilitation following ACLR, it is advisable to prioritise the conventional squats over Smith machine squats until ligamentisation is complete. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oleksandr Kostrub
- Department of Sports and Ballet Trauma of State Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Blonskyi
- Department of Sports and Ballet Trauma of State Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Podik
- Department of Sports and Ballet Trauma of State Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Smirnov
- Department of Sports and Ballet Trauma of State Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Sun PD, Zhang XX, Zhang YW, Wang Z, Wu XY, Wu YC, Yu XL, Gan HR, Liu XD, Ai ZZ, He JY, Dong XP. Stress analysis of the thoracolumbar junction in the process of backward fall: An experimental study and finite element analysis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1117. [PMID: 34504571 PMCID: PMC8383768 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biomechanical mechanism of injuries of the thoracolumbar junction by the methods of a backward fall simulation experiment and finite element (FE) analysis (FEA). In the backward fall simulation experiment, one volunteer was selected to obtain the contact force data of the sacrococcygeal region during a fall. Utilizing the fall data, the FEA simulation of the backward fall process was given to the trunk FE model to obtain the stress status of local bone structures of the thoracolumbar junction during the fall process. In the fall simulation test, the sacrococcygeal region of the volunteer landed first; the total impact time was 1.14±0.58 sec, and the impact force was up to 4,056±263 N. The stress of thoracic (T)11 was as high as 42 MPa, that of the posterior margin and the junction of T11 was as high as 70.67 MPa, and that of the inferior articular process and the superior articular process was as high as 128 MPa. The average stress of T12 and the anterior margin of lumbar 1 was 25 MPa, and that of the endplate was as high as 21.7 MPa, which was mostly distributed in the back of the endplate and the surrounding cortex. According to the data obtained from the fall experiment as the loading condition of the FE model, the backward fall process can be simulated to improve the accuracy of FEA results. In the process of backward fall, the front edge of the vertebral body and the root of vertebral arch in the thoracolumbar junction are stress concentration areas, which have a greater risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Dong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Chao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Liang Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Ran Gan
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Zheng Ai
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ying He
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xie-Ping Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Castro MN, Rasmussen J, Bai S, Andersen MS. Validation of subject-specific musculoskeletal models using the anatomical reachable 3-D workspace. J Biomech 2019; 90:92-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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