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Wang Q, Lu Z, Wang D, Wang K. Mechanosensor for Proprioception Inspired by Ultrasensitive Trigger Hairs of Venus Flytrap. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2024; 5:0065. [PMID: 38268766 PMCID: PMC10807870 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensors, as the core component of a proprioceptive system, can detect many types of mechanical signals in their surroundings, such as force signals, displacement signals, and vibration signals. It is understandable that the development of an all-new mechanosensory structure that can be widely used is highly desirable. This is because it can markedly improve the detection performance of mechanosensors. Coincidentally, in nature, optimized microscale trigger hairs of Venus flytrap are ingeniously used as a mechanosensory structure. These trigger hairs are utilized for tactile mechanosensilla to efficiently detect external mechanical stimuli. Biological trigger hair-based mechanosensilla offer an all-new bio-inspired strategy. This strategy utilizes the notch structure and variable stiffness to enhance the perceptual performance of mechanosensors. In this study, the structure-performance-application coupling relationship of trigger hair-based mechanosensors is explored through experiment and analysis. An artificial trigger hair-based mechanosensor is developed by mimicking the deformation properties of the Venus flytrap trigger hair. This bio-inspired mechanosensor shows excellent performance in terms of mechanical stability, response time, and sensitivity to mechanical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kejun Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics,
Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, P.R. China
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2
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Soozanipour A, Ejeian F, Boroumand Y, Rezayat A, Moradi S. Biotechnological advancements towards water, food and medical healthcare: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137185. [PMID: 36368538 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The global health status is highly affected by the growing pace of urbanization, new lifestyles, climate changes, and resource exploitation. Modern technologies pave a promising way to deal with severe concerns toward sustainable development. Herein, we provided a comprehensive review of some popular biotechnological advancements regarding the progress achieved in water, food, and medicine, as the most substantial fields related to public health. The emergence of novel organic/inorganic materials has brought about significant improvement in conventional water treatment techniques, anti-fouling approaches, anti-microbial agents, food processing, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and implants. Particularly, a growing interest has been devoted to nanomaterials and their application for developing novel structures or improving the characteristics of standard components. Also, bioinspired materials have been widely used to improve the performance, efficiency, accuracy, stability, safety, and cost-effectiveness of traditional systems. On the other side, the fabrication of innovative devices for precisely monitoring and managing various ecosystem and human health issues is of great importance. Above all, exceptional advancements in designing ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), microelectromechanical systems (MEMs), and implantable medical devices have altered the future landscape of environmental and biomedical research. This review paper aimed to shed light on the wide-ranging materials and devices that have been developed for health applications and mainly focused on the impact of nanotechnology in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Soozanipour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ejeian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Yasaman Boroumand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Azam Rezayat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, 68151-44316, Iran
| | - Sina Moradi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; Artificial Intelligence Centre of Excellence (AI CoE), NCSI Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia.
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Zhang L, Yang Y, Bertos GA, Liu C, Hu H. Bio-Inspired Micromachined Volumetric Flow Sensor with a Big Dynamic Range for Intravenous Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:234. [PMID: 36616831 PMCID: PMC9823585 DOI: 10.3390/s23010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of drug delivery in an intravenous infusion system can prevent injury caused by improper drug doses. As the medicine must be administered into the vein at different rates and doses in different people, an ideal intravenous infusion system requires both a low flow rate and large dynamic range monitoring. In this study, a bio-inspired and micromachined volumetric flow sensor is presented for the biomedical application of an intravenous system. This was realized by integrating two sensing units with different sensitivities on one silicon die to achieve a large dynamic range of the volumetric flow rate. The sensor was coated with a parylene layer for waterproofing and biocompatibility purposes. A new packaging scheme incorporating a silicon die into a flow channel was employed to demonstrate the working prototype. The test results indicate that the sensor can detect a volumetric flow rate as low as 2 mL/h, and its dynamic range is from 2 mL/h to 200 mL/h. The sensor performed better than the other two commercial sensors for low-flow detection. The high sensitivity, low cost, and small size of this flow sensor make it promising for intravenous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lansheng Zhang
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Yingchen Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Georgios A. Bertos
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Prosthetics Orthotics Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
- Applied Sciences and Technology, Baxter Healthcare Inc., Round Lake, IL 60073, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Electrics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Huan Hu
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Shimada K. Morphological Fabrication of Equilibrium and Auditory Sensors through Electrolytic Polymerization on Hybrid Fluid Rubber (HF Rubber) for Smart Materials of Robotics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22145447. [PMID: 35891135 PMCID: PMC9319743 DOI: 10.3390/s22145447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of auditory sensors and systems is essential in smart materials of robotics and is placed at the strategic category of mutual communication between humans and robots. We designed prototypes of the rubber-made equilibrium and auditory sensors, mimicking hair cells in the saccule and the cochlea at the vestibule of the human ear by utilizing our previously proposed technique of electrolytic polymerization on the hybrid fluid rubber (HF rubber). The fabricated artificial hair cells embedded with mimicked free nerve endings and Pacinian corpuscles, which are well-known receptors in the human skin and have already been elucidated effective in the previous study, have the intelligence of equilibrium and auditory sensing. Moreover, they have a voltage that is generated from built-in electricity caused by the ionized particles and molecules in the HF rubber due to piezoelectricity. We verified the equilibrium and auditory characteristics by measuring the changes in voltage with inclination, vibration over a wide frequency range, and sound waves. We elucidated experimentally that the intelligence has optimum morphological conditions. This work has the possibility of advancing the novel technology of state-of-the-art social robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Shimada
- Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Sciences, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
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Measurement of Pulsating Flow Using a Self-Attachable Flexible Strain Sensor Based on Adhesive PDMS and CNT. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Accurate monitoring is needed for pulsating flow in many healthcare and bio applications. Specifically, real-time monitoring of pulsating blood flow provides rich information regarding a patient’s health conditions. This paper proposes a flexible strain sensor capable of detecting the pulsating fluid flow by directly measuring the circumferential strain induced by a rapid change in the flow rate. The thin and flexible strain sensor consists of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a Triton-X treatment to enhance the adhesive property and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as the piezoresistive sensing layer. MWCNT integration implements a simple spray-coating method. The adhesive PDMS/CNT strain sensor exhibits a highly adhesive nature and can be attached to a silicone tube’s curved surface. By analyzing the theoretical modeling based on fluid energy equation and solid mechanics, strains induced on the soft tube by the change in flow rate, viscosity, and fluid density can be predicted. We performed the flow rate measurement at varying fluid-flow rates and liquid viscosities, and the results match our prediction. The sensitivity and limit of detection of the presented strain sensor are about 0.55 %min/L and 0.4 L/min, respectively. Both the calculation and experiment confirm that the sensor resistance is most sensitive to the fluid-flow rate, thus, enabling the accurate tracking of pulsating fluids’ flow rate, regardless of the viscosity or density.
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Li T, Jayawardhana B, Kamat AM, Kottapalli AGP. Source-Seeking Control of Unicycle Robots With 3-D-Printed Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors. IEEE T ROBOT 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2021.3076964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ilami M, Bagheri H, Ahmed R, Skowronek EO, Marvi H. Materials, Actuators, and Sensors for Soft Bioinspired Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003139. [PMID: 33346386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems can perform complex tasks with high compliance levels. This makes them a great source of inspiration for soft robotics. Indeed, the union of these fields has brought about bioinspired soft robotics, with hundreds of publications on novel research each year. This review aims to survey fundamental advances in bioinspired soft actuators and sensors with a focus on the progress between 2017 and 2020, providing a primer for the materials used in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ilami
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hosain Bagheri
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Reza Ahmed
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - E Olga Skowronek
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hamid Marvi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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Zhang X, Shen N, Xu Q, Pei Y, Lian Y, Wang W, Zhang G, Zhang W. Design and implementation of anulus-shaped ciliary structure for four-unit MEMS vector hydrophone. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METROLOGY AND QUALITY ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/ijmqe/2021002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Inspired from fish bionics, an anulus-shaped ciliary structure for four-unit MEMS vector hydrophone (AFUVH) is proposed in this paper. It replaces the previous bionic cilium-shaped structure and becomes a novel sensing structure in the four-unit MEMS vector hydrophone (FUVH), which realizes the complete simulation of the fish lateral line neuromasts structurally and functionally. It not only improves the sensitivity of FUVH, but also retains a sufficient bandwidth, which improves the overall performance of FUVH for monitoring remote ships noise. Meanwhile, this paper theoretically analyzes the performance of AFUVH for detecting acoustic signals. ANSYS 17.0 simulation is used to derive the parameters of effective structure and optimum dimension structure of annulus-shaped ciliary structure. Finally, the experimental results show that comparing with cilium-structured FUVH, the sensitivity of AFUVH with effective structure is increased by 3.92 dB, and the sensitivity of AFUVH with optimum dimension structure is increased by 5.87 dB, reaching up to −177.53 dB.
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Sundin J, Kokmanian K, Fu MK, Bagheri S, Hultmark M. A Soft Material Flow Sensor for Micro Air Vehicles. Soft Robot 2020; 8:119-127. [PMID: 32320328 PMCID: PMC8082728 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2019.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To control and navigate micro air vehicles (MAVs) efficiently, there is a need for small, lightweight, durable, sensitive, fast, and low-power airspeed sensors. When designing sensors to meet these requirements, soft materials are promising alternatives to more traditional materials due to the large deformations they can withstand. In this article, a new concept of a soft material flow sensor is presented based on elastic filament velocimetry, which fulfills all necessary criteria. This technique measures flow velocity by relating it to the strain of a soft ribbon suspended between two static supports and subjected to a flow of interest. The ribbon is manufactured from polydimethylsiloxane and can be made piezoresistive by the addition of silver nanowires. With the described manufacturing method, the sensor can be made using common laboratory tools, outside of a clean room, significantly reducing its complexity. Furthermore, it can be operated using a simple and lightweight circuit, making it a convenient alternative for MAVs. Using a piezoresistive material allows for the flow velocity to be calibrated to the resistance change of the strained ribbon. Although certain challenges remain unsolved, such as polymer creep, the sensor has demonstrated its ability to measure flow velocities down to 4 m/s in air through experiments. A time-dependent analytical model is also provided. The model shows that the current sensor has a bandwidth of 480 Hz. Most importantly, the sensitivity and the bandwidth of the sensor can be varied strictly by modifying the geometry and the material properties of the ribbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Sundin
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Linné FLOW Centre, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine Kokmanian
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew K Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shervin Bagheri
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Linné FLOW Centre, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Hultmark
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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A New Self-Powered Sensor Using the Radial Field Piezoelectric Diaphragm in d 33 Mode for Detecting Underwater Disturbances. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19040962. [PMID: 30813503 PMCID: PMC6412899 DOI: 10.3390/s19040962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new sensor based on a radial field bulk piezoelectric diaphragm to provide energy-efficient and high-performance situational sensing for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). This sensor is self-powered, does not need an external power supply, and works efficiently in d33 mode by using inter-circulating electrodes to release the radial in-plane poling. Finite element analysis was conducted to estimate the sensor behavior. Sensor prototypes were fabricated by microfabrication technology. The dynamic behaviors of the piezoelectric diaphragm were examined by the impedance spectrum. By imitating the underwater disturbance and generating the oscillatory flow velocities with a vibrating sphere, the performance of the sensor in detecting the oscillatory flow was tested. Experimental results show that the sensitivity of the sensor is up to 1.16 mV/(mm/s), and the detectable oscillatory flow velocity is as low as 4 mm/s. Further, this sensor can work well under a disturbance with low frequency. The present work provides a good application prospect for the underwater sensing of AUVs.
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Haehnel-Taguchi M, Akanyeti O, Liao JC. Behavior, Electrophysiology, and Robotics Experiments to Study Lateral Line Sensing in Fishes. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 58:874-883. [PMID: 29982706 PMCID: PMC6204992 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral line system is a sensory system unique to fishes and amphibians. It is composed of distributed mechanosensory hair cell organs on the head and body (neuromasts), which are sensitive to pressure gradients and water movements. Over the last decade, we have pursued an interdisciplinary approach by combining behavioral, electrophysiology, and robotics experiments to study this fascinating sensory system. In behavioral and electrophysiology experiments, we have studied the larval lateral line system in the model genetic organism, zebrafish (Danio rerio). We found that the lateral line system, even in 5-day-old larvae, is involved in an array of behaviors that are critical to survival, and the deflection of a single neuromast can elicit a swimming response. In robotics experiments, we used a range of physical models with distributed pressure sensors to better understand the hydrodynamic environments from the local perspective of a fish or robot. So far, our efforts have focused on extracting control-related information for a range of application scenarios including characterizing unsteady flows such as Kármán vortex streets for station holding. We also used robot models to test biological hypotheses on how morphology and movement of fishes affect lateral line sensing. Overall, with this review we aim to increase the visibility and accessibility of this multi-disciplinary research approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Haehnel-Taguchi
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Otar Akanyeti
- Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3FL, UK
| | - James C Liao
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
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Liu Z, Qi D, Leow WR, Yu J, Xiloyannnis M, Cappello L, Liu Y, Zhu B, Jiang Y, Chen G, Masia L, Liedberg B, Chen X. 3D-Structured Stretchable Strain Sensors for Out-of-Plane Force Detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707285. [PMID: 29774617 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors, as the soft mechanical interface, provide the key mechanical information of the systems for healthcare monitoring, rehabilitation assistance, soft exoskeletal devices, and soft robotics. Stretchable strain sensors based on 2D flat film have been widely developed to monitor the in-plane force applied within the plane where the sensor is placed. However, to comprehensively obtain the mechanical feedback, the capability to detect the out-of-plane force, caused by the interaction outside of the plane where the senor is located, is needed. Herein, a 3D-structured stretchable strain sensor is reported to monitor the out-of-plane force by employing 3D printing in conjunction with out-of-plane capillary force-assisted self-pinning of carbon nanotubes. The 3D-structured sensor possesses large stretchability, multistrain detection, and strain-direction recognition by one single sensor. It is demonstrated that out-of-plane forces induced by the air/fluid flow are reliably monitored and intricate flow details are clearly recorded. The development opens up for the exploration of next-generation 3D stretchable sensors for electronic skin and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiancan Yu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Michele Xiloyannnis
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Leonardo Cappello
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ying Jiang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Geng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lorenzo Masia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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