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Kaymaz SV, Nobar HM, Sarıgül H, Soylukan C, Akyüz L, Yüce M. Nanomaterial surface modification toolkit: Principles, components, recipes, and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 322:103035. [PMID: 37931382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface-functionalized nanostructures are at the forefront of biotechnology, providing new opportunities for biosensors, drug delivery, therapy, and bioimaging applications. The modification of nanostructures significantly impacts the performance and success of various applications by enabling selective and precise targeting. This review elucidates widely practiced surface modification strategies, including click chemistry, cross-coupling, silanization, aldehyde linkers, active ester chemistry, maleimide chemistry, epoxy linkers, and other protein and DNA-based methodologies. We also delve into the application-focused landscape of the nano-bio interface, emphasizing four key domains: therapeutics, biosensing, environmental monitoring, and point-of-care technologies, by highlighting prominent studies. The insights presented herein pave the way for further innovations at the intersection of nanotechnology and biotechnology, providing a useful handbook for beginners and professionals. The review draws on various sources, including the latest research articles (2018-2023), to provide a comprehensive overview of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sümeyra Vural Kaymaz
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | | | - Hasan Sarıgül
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Caner Soylukan
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Lalehan Akyüz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Meral Yüce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.
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Demkiv O, Nogala W, Stasyuk N, Grynchyshyn N, Vus B, Gonchar M. The Peroxidase-like Nanocomposites as Hydrogen Peroxide-Sensitive Elements in Cholesterol Oxidase-Based Biosensors for Cholesterol Assay. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:315. [PMID: 37367279 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14060315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytically active nanomaterials, in particular, nanozymes, are promising candidates for applications in biosensors due to their excellent catalytic activity, stability and cost-effective preparation. Nanozymes with peroxidase-like activities are prospective candidates for applications in biosensors. The purpose of the current work is to develop cholesterol oxidase-based amperometric bionanosensors using novel nanocomposites as peroxidase (HRP) mimetics. To select the most electroactive chemosensor on hydrogen peroxide, a wide range of nanomaterials were synthesized and characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. Pt NPs were deposited on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in order to improve the conductivity and sensitivity of the nanocomposites. The most HRP-like active bi-metallic CuFe nanoparticles (nCuFe) were placed on a previously nano-platinized electrode, followed by conjugation of cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) in a cross-linking film formed by cysteamine and glutaraldehyde. The constructed nanostructured bioelectrode ChOx/nCuFe/nPt/GCE was characterized by CV and chronoamperometry in the presence of cholesterol. The bionanosensor (ChOx/nCuFe/nPt/GCE) shows a high sensitivity (3960 A·M-1·m-2) for cholesterol, a wide linear range (2-50 µM) and good storage stability at a low working potential (-0.25 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl). The constructed bionanosensor was tested on a real serum sample. A detailed comparative analysis of the bioanalytical characteristics of the developed cholesterol bionanosensor and the known analogs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Demkiv
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene, Ecology and Law, Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nataliya Stasyuk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Nadiya Grynchyshyn
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene, Ecology and Law, Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Bohdan Vus
- Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo Gonchar
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
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Cutri AR, Sundaresan V, Shrout JD, Bohn PW. Spectroelectrochemical behavior of parallel arrays of single vertically oriented Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2023; 4:101368. [PMID: 37469850 PMCID: PMC10355145 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic human pathogen responsible for a number of healthcare-associated infection. It is currently difficult to assess single cell behaviors of P. aeruginosa that might contribute to acquisition of antibiotic resistance, intercellular communication, biofilm development, or virulence, because mechanistic behavior is inferred from ensemble collections of cells, thus averaging effects over a population. Here, we develop and characterize a device that can capture and trap arrays of single P. aeruginosa cells in individual micropores in order to study their behaviors using spectroelectrochemistry. Focused ion beam milling is used to fabricate an array of micropores in a Au/dielectric/Au/SiO2-containing multilayer substrate, in which individual micropores are formed with dimensions that facilitate the capture of single P. aeruginosa cells in a predominantly vertical orientation. The bottom Au ring is then used as a working electrode to explore the spectroelectrochemical behavior of parallel arrays of individual P. aeruginosa cells. Application of step-potential or swept-potential waveforms produces changes in the fluorescence emission that can be imaged and correlated with applied potential. Arrays of P. aeruginosa cells typically exhibit three characteristic fluorescence behaviors that are sensitive to nutritional stress and applied potential. The device developed here enables the study of parallel collections of single bacterial cells with well-defined orientational order and should facilitate efforts to elucidate methods of bacterial communication and multidrug resistance at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Cutri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Joshua D. Shrout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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Zhang M, Liu H, Wang X. Cholesterol oxidase-immobilized MXene/sodium alginate/silica@ n-docosane hierarchical microcapsules for ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensing detection of cholesterol. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1506-1522. [PMID: 36655921 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors usually suffer from the deterioration of detection sensitivity and determination accuracy in a high-temperature environment due to protein denaturation and inactivation of their biological recognition elements such as enzymes. Focusing on an effective solution to this crucial issue, we have developed cholesterol oxidase-immobilized MXene/sodium alginate/silica@n-docosane hierarchical microcapsules as a thermoregulatory electrode material for electrochemical biosensors to meet the requirement of ultrasensitive detection of cholesterol at high temperature. The microcapsules were first fabricated by microencapsulating n-docosane as a phase change material (PCM) in a silica shell, followed by depositing a biocompatible sodium alginate layer, wrapping with electroactive MXene nanosheets and then immobilizing cholesterol oxidase as a biological recognition element for electrochemical biosensing. The fabricated composites not only exhibited a layer-by-layer hierarchical microstructure with the desired chemical and biological components, but also obtained a high latent-heat capacity of over 133 J g-1 for thermal management through reversible phase transitions of its PCM core. A bare glassy carbon electrode was modified with the developed composites to serve for the cholesterol biosensor. This enables the modified electrode to obtain an in situ thermoregulatory ability to regulate the microenvironmental temperature surrounding the electrode, effectively preventing the protein denaturation of cholesterol oxidase and minimizing heat impact on biosensing performance. Compared to conventional cholesterol biosensors without a PCM, the developed biosensor achieved a higher sensitivity of 4.63 μA μM-1 cm-2 and a lower limit of detection of 0.081 μM at high temperature, providing highly accurate and reliable detection of cholesterol for real biological samples over a wide temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
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Electrochemical devices for cholesterol detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 224:115195. [PMID: 36493575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol can be considered as a biomarker of illnesses such as heart and coronary artery diseases or arteriosclerosis. Therefore, the fast determination of its concentration in blood is interesting as a means of achieving an early diagnosis of these unhealthy conditions. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have become a potential tool for selective and sensitive detection of this biomolecule, combining the analytical advantages of electrochemical techniques with the selective recognition features of modified electrodes. This review covers the different approaches carried out in the development of electrochemical sensors for cholesterol, differentiating between enzymatic biosensors and non-enzymatic systems, highlighting lab-on-a-chip devices. A description of the different modification procedures of the working electrode has been included and the role of the different functional materials used has been discussed.
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Oh C, Park B, Sundaresan V, Schaefer JL, Bohn PW. Closed Bipolar Electrode-Enabled Electrochromic Sensing of Multiple Metabolites in Whole Blood. ACS Sens 2023; 8:270-279. [PMID: 36547518 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a closed bipolar electrode (CBE)-based sensing platform for the detection of diagnostic metabolites in undiluted whole human blood. The sensor is enabled by electrode chemistry based on: (1) a mixed layer of blood-compatible adsorption-resistant phosphorylcholine (PPC) and phenylbutyric acid (PBA), (2) ferrocene (Fc) redox mediators, and (3) immobilized redox-active enzymes. This scheme is designed to overcome nonspecific protein adsorption and amplify sensing currents in whole human fluids. The scheme also incorporates a diffusing mediator to increase electronic communication between the immobilized redox enzyme and the working electrode. The use of both bound and freely diffusing mediators is synergistic in producing the electrochemical response. The sensor is realized by linking the analyte cell, containing the specific electrode surface architecture, through a CBE to a reporter cell containing the electrochromic reporter, methyl viologen (MV). The colorless-to-purple color change accompanying the 1e- reduction of MV2+ is captured using a smartphone camera. Subsequent red-green-blue analysis is performed on the acquired images to determine cholesterol, glucose, and lactate concentrations in whole blood. The CBE blood metabolite sensor produces a linear color change at clinically relevant concentration ranges for all metabolites with good reproducibility (∼5% or better) and with limits of detection of 79 μM for cholesterol, 59 μM for glucose, and 86 μM for lactate. Finally, metabolite concentration measurements from the CBE blood metabolite sensor are compared with results from commercially available FDA-approved blood cholesterol, glucose, and lactate meters, with an average difference of ∼3.5% across all three metabolites in the ranges studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Bumjun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Jennifer L Schaefer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
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Kosri E, Ibrahim F, Thiha A, Madou M. Micro and Nano Interdigitated Electrode Array (IDEA)-Based MEMS/NEMS as Electrochemical Transducers: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234171. [PMID: 36500794 PMCID: PMC9741053 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Micro and nano interdigitated electrode array (µ/n-IDEA) configurations are prominent working electrodes in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors/biosensors, as their design benefits sensor achievement. This paper reviews µ/n-IDEA as working electrodes in four-electrode electrochemical sensors in terms of two-dimensional (2D) planar IDEA and three-dimensional (3D) IDEA configurations using carbon or metal as the starting materials. In this regard, the enhancement of IDEAs-based biosensors focuses on controlling the width and gap measurements between the adjacent fingers and increases the IDEA's height. Several distinctive methods used to expand the surface area of 3D IDEAs, such as a unique 3D IDEA design, integration of mesh, microchannel, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT), and nanoparticles, are demonstrated and discussed. More notably, the conventional four-electrode system, consisting of reference and counter electrodes will be compared to the highly novel two-electrode system that adopts IDEA's shape. Compared to the 2D planar IDEA, the expansion of the surface area in 3D IDEAs demonstrated significant changes in the performance of electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, the challenges faced by current IDEAs-based electrochemical biosensors and their potential solutions for future directions are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyana Kosri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre of Printable Electronics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Aung Thiha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Marc Madou
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico
- Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, Ciudad de México 14400, CDMX, Mexico
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Dahlan NA, Thiha A, Ibrahim F, Milić L, Muniandy S, Jamaluddin NF, Petrović B, Kojić S, Stojanović GM. Role of Nanomaterials in the Fabrication of bioNEMS/MEMS for Biomedical Applications and towards Pioneering Food Waste Utilisation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12224025. [PMID: 36432311 PMCID: PMC9692896 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
bioNEMS/MEMS has emerged as an innovative technology for the miniaturisation of biomedical devices with high precision and rapid processing since its first R&D breakthrough in the 1980s. To date, several organic including food waste derived nanomaterials and inorganic nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, silica, gold, and magnetic nanoparticles) have steered the development of high-throughput and sensitive bioNEMS/MEMS-based biosensors, actuator systems, drug delivery systems and implantable/wearable sensors with desirable biomedical properties. Turning food waste into valuable nanomaterials is potential groundbreaking research in this growing field of bioMEMS/NEMS. This review aspires to communicate recent progress in organic and inorganic nanomaterials based bioNEMS/MEMS for biomedical applications, comprehensively discussing nanomaterials criteria and their prospects as ideal tools for biomedical devices. We discuss clinical applications for diagnostic, monitoring, and therapeutic applications as well as the technological potential for cell manipulation (i.e., sorting, separation, and patterning technology). In addition, current in vitro and in vivo assessments of promising nanomaterials-based biomedical devices will be discussed in this review. Finally, this review also looked at the most recent state-of-the-art knowledge on Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as nanosensors, nanoantennas, nanoprocessors, and nanobattery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuraina Anisa Dahlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Aung Thiha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Printable Electronics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Lazar Milić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Shalini Muniandy
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Fauzani Jamaluddin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Bojan Petrović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja Kojić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Goran M. Stojanović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Broad-Spectrum Theranostics and Biomedical Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061221. [PMID: 35335551 PMCID: PMC8956086 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an important branch of science in therapies known as “nanomedicine” and is the junction of various fields such as material science, chemistry, biology, physics, and optics. Nanomaterials are in the range between 1 and 100 nm in size and provide a large surface area to volume ratio; thus, they can be used for various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, bacterial infections, and diabetes. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in therapy as they can enhance the accumulation and release of pharmacological agents, improve targeted delivery and ultimately decrease the intensity of drug side effects. In this review, we discussthe types of nanomaterials that have various biomedical applications. Biomolecules that are often conjugated with nanoparticles are proteins, peptides, DNA, and lipids, which can enhance biocompatibility, stability, and solubility. In this review, we focus on bioconjugation and nanoparticles and also discuss different types of nanoparticles including micelles, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, nanospheres, dendrimers, quantum dots, and metallic nanoparticles and their crucial role in various diseases and clinical applications. Additionally, we review the use of nanomaterials for bio-imaging, drug delivery, biosensing tissue engineering, medical devices, and immunoassays. Understandingthe characteristics and properties of nanoparticles and their interactions with the biological system can help us to develop novel strategies for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of many diseases including cancer, pulmonary diseases, etc. In this present review, the importance of various kinds of nanoparticles and their biomedical applications are discussed in much detail.
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Tavana B, Chen A. Determination of Drugs in Clinical Trials: Current Status and Outlook. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22041592. [PMID: 35214505 PMCID: PMC8875021 DOI: 10.3390/s22041592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
All pharmaceutical drugs, vaccines, cosmetic products, and many medical breakthroughs must first be approved through clinical research and trials before advancing to standard practice or entering the marketplace. Clinical trials are sets of tests that are required to determine the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds, drugs, and treatments. There is one pre-phase and four main clinical phase requirements that every drug must pass to obtain final approval. Analytical techniques play a unique role in clinical trials for measuring the concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds in biological matrices and monitoring the conditions of patients (or volunteers) during various clinical phases. This review focuses on recent analytical methods that are employed to determine the concentrations of drugs and medications in biological matrices, including whole blood, plasma, urine, and breast milk. Four primary analytical techniques (extraction, spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemical) are discussed, and their advantages and limitations are assessed. Subsequent to a survey of evidence and results, it is clear that microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based electrochemical sensor and biosensor technologies exhibit several notable advantages over other analytical methods, and their future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-8244120 (ext. 54764); Fax: +1-519-7661499
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Ultra-Sensitive Immuno-Sensing Platform Based on Gold-Coated Interdigitated Electrodes for the Detection of Parathion. SURFACES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces5010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are unavoidable in agriculture to protect crops from pests and insects. Organophosphates (OPs) are a class of pesticides that are more harmful because of the irreversible inhibition reaction with acetylcholinesterase enzyme, thereby posing serious health hazards in human beings. In the present work, a sensitive and selective immuno-sensing platform is developed using gold inter-digitized electrodes (Au-IDEs) as substrates, integrated with a microfluidic platform having the microfluidic well capacity of 10 µL. Au-IDE having digit width of 10 µm and gap length of 5 µm was used in this study. The surface morphological analysis by field-effect scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the direct information regarding the modification of Au-IDEs with anti-parathion (Anti-PT) antibodies. In SEM analysis, it was seen that the Au-IDE surface was smooth in contrast to the Anti-PT modified surface, which is supported by the AFM studies showing the surface roughness of ~2.02 nm for Au-IDE surface and ~15.86 nm for Anti-PT modified surface. Further, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis confirms the immobilization of Anti-PT by the bond vibrations upon the successive modification of Au-IDE with –OH groups, amine groups after modifying with APTES, and the amide bond formation after incubation in Anti-PT antibody. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out for the electrochemical characterization and for testing the sensing performances of the fabricated electrode. The developed immuno-sensor provided a linear range of detection from 0.5 pg/L–1 µg/L, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.66 ng/L and sensitivity of 4.1 MΩ/ngL−1/cm2. The sensor response was also examined with real samples (pomegranate juice) with good accuracy, exhibiting a shelf life of 25 days. The miniaturized sensing platform, along with its better sensing performance, has huge potential to be integrated into portable electronics, leading to suitable field applications of pesticide screening devices.
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Lee M, Park SJ, Kim G, Park C, Lee MH, Ahn JH, Lee T. A pretreatment-free electrical capacitance biosensor for exosome detection in undiluted serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 199:113872. [PMID: 34902643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The exosome is considered a useful biomarker for the early diagnosis of cancer. However, pretreatment of samples used in diagnosis is time-consuming. Herein, we fabricated a capacitance-based electrical biosensor that requires no pretreatment of the sample; it is composed of a DNA aptamer/molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) heterolayer on an interdigitated micro-gap electrode (IDMGE)/printed circuit board (PCB) system for detecting exosomes in an undiluted serum sample. The DNA aptamer detects the CD63 protein on the exosome as the biomarker, while the MoS2 nanoparticle enhances electrical sensitivity. In this study, for the first time, the IDMGE system was used to amplify the electrical signal efficiently for exosome detection. The IDMGE amplifies the capacitance signal as the gap between electrodes decreases, making it easy to detect the target by utilizing the heightened sensitivity. Moreover, it is possible to immobilize a bio-probe more efficiently than with an electrical sensitivity-enhancing electrode with the same area. The thiol-modified (SH-) CD63 DNA aptamer was introduced as the bio-probe that selectively binds to the CD63 protein on the exosome surface. The capacitance signal from the IDMGE electrical sensor increased linearly with the increase in the concentration of exosomes in human serum expressed on a logarithmic scale, the detection limit being 2192.6 exosomes/mL. The proposed biosensor can detect exosomes in undiluted human serum with high selectivity and sensitivity. A blind test was also carried out to test the reliability of the biosensor. The capacitance-based electrical biosensor thus offers a new platform for cancer diagnosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungro Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jun Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Gahyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hyuk Ahn
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 99, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
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Evtyugin GA, Porfir’eva AV. Determination of Organic Compounds in Aqueous–Organic and Dispersed Media Using Electrochemical Methods of Analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Wu Y, Wang J, Zhou Y, Qi Y, Ma L, Wang X, Tao X. Quantitative Determination of Nitrofurazone Metabolites in Animal-Derived Foods Based on a Background Fluorescence Quenching Immunochromatographic Assay. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071668. [PMID: 34359539 PMCID: PMC8307092 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their facile synthesis and friendly functionalization, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been applied in all kinds of biosensors. More importantly, these biosensors, with the combination of AuNPs and immunoassay, are expected to be used for the detection of different compounds with low concentrations in complex samples. In this study, a AuNPs-labeled antibody immunoprobe was prepared and combined with a fluorescence-quenching principle and a background fluorescence-quenching immunochromatographic assay (bFQICA), achieving rapid on-site detection. By using a portable fluorescence immunoquantitative analyzer and a QR code with a built-in standard curve, the rapid quantitative determination for nitrofurazone metabolite of semicarbazide (SEM) in animal-derived foods was realized. The limits of detection (LODs) for bFQICA in egg, chicken, fish, and shrimp were 0.09, 0.10, 0.12, and 0.15 μg kg−1 for SEM, respectively, with the linear range of 0.08–0.41 μg L−1, the recoveries ranging from 73.5% to 109.2%, and the coefficient of variation <15%, only taking 13 min for the SEM detection. The analysis of animal-derived foods by bFQICA complied with that of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wu
- College of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Yong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yonghua Qi
- College of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Licai Ma
- Beijing WDWK Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China;
| | - Xuannian Wang
- College of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (X.T.); Tel.: +86-150-9009-8008 (X.W.); +86-183-0600-8102 (X.T.)
| | - Xiaoqi Tao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (X.T.); Tel.: +86-150-9009-8008 (X.W.); +86-183-0600-8102 (X.T.)
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Forouzanfar S, Pala N, Madou M, Wang C. Perspectives on C-MEMS and C-NEMS biotech applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 180:113119. [PMID: 33711652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon microelectromechanical system (C-MEMS) and carbon nanoelectromechanical system (C-NEMS) have been identified as promising technologies for a range of biotech applications, including electrochemical biosensors, biofuel cells, neural probes, and dielectrophoretic cell trapping. Research teams around the world have devoted more and more time to this field. After almost two decades of efforts on developing C-MEMS and C-NEMS, a review of the relevant progress and addressing future research opportunities and critical issues is in order. This review first introduces C-MEMS and C-NEMS fabrication processes that fall into two categories: photolithography- and non-photolithography- based techniques. Next, a detailed discussion of the state of the art, and technical challenges and opportunities associated with C-MEMS and C-NEMS devices used in biotech applications are presented. These devices are discussed in the relevant sub-sections of biosensors, biofuel cells, intracorporeal neural probe, dielectrophoresis cell trapping, and cell culture. The review concludes with an exposition of future perspectives in C-MEMS and C-NEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Forouzanfar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, United States
| | - Nezih Pala
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, United States
| | - Marc Madou
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, United States
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, United States; Center for Study of Matter at Extreme Conditions, Florida International University, United States.
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Lee J, Kim S, Shin H. Hierarchical Porous Carbon Electrodes with Sponge-Like Edge Structures for the Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metals. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041346. [PMID: 33672846 PMCID: PMC7917916 DOI: 10.3390/s21041346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the development of a highly sensitive electrochemical heavy metal sensor based on hierarchical porous carbon electrodes with sponge-like edge structures. Micrometer-scale hierarchical nanoporous carbon electrodes were fabricated at a wafer-scale using cost-effective batch microfabrication technologies, including the carbon microelectromechanical systems technology and oxygen plasma etching. The sponge-like hierarchical porous structure and sub-micrometer edges of the nanoporous carbon electrodes facilitate fast electron transfer rate and large active sites, leading to the efficient formation of dense heavy metal alloy particles of small sizes during the preconcentration step. This enhanced the peak current response during the square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, enabling the detection of Cd(II) and Pb(II) at concentrations as low as 0.41 and 0.7 μg L−1, respectively, with high sensitivity per unit sensing area (Cd: 109.45 nA μg−1 L mm−2, Pb: 100.37 nA μg−1 L mm−2).
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17
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Development of an Interdigitated Electrode-Based Disposable Enzyme Sensor Strip for Glycated Albumin Measurement. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030734. [PMID: 33572552 PMCID: PMC7866809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycated albumin (GA) is an important glycemic control marker for diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to develop a highly sensitive disposable enzyme sensor strip for GA measurement by using an interdigitated electrode (IDE) as an electrode platform. The superior characteristics of IDE were demonstrated using one microelectrode of the IDE pair as the working electrode (WE) and the other as the counter electrode, and by measuring ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox couple. The oxidation current was immediately reached at the steady state when the oxidation potential was applied to the WE. Then, an IDE enzyme sensor strip for GA measurement was prepared. The measurement of fructosyl lysine, the protease digestion product of GA, exhibited a high, steady current immediately after potential application, revealing the highly reproducible measurement. The sensitivity (2.8 nA µM−1) and the limit of detection (1.2 µM) obtained with IDE enzyme sensor strip were superior compared with our previously reported sensor using screen printed electrode. Two GA samples, 15 or 30% GA, corresponding to healthy and diabetic levels, respectively, were measured after protease digestion with high resolution. This study demonstrated that the application of an IDE will realize the development of highly sensitive disposable-type amperometric enzyme sensors with high reproducibility.
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18
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Selective and sensitive detection of cholesterol using intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of biogenic palladium nanoparticles. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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González-Fuentes FJ, Molina GA, Silva R, López-Miranda JL, Esparza R, Hernandez-Martinez AR, Estevez M. Developing a CNT-SPE Sensing Platform Based on Green Synthesized AuNPs, Using Sargassum sp. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6108. [PMID: 33121053 PMCID: PMC7662439 DOI: 10.3390/s20216108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of diverse analytes such as molecules, cells receptor and even particles and nanoparticles, play an important role in biomedical research, particularly in electrochemical sensing platform technologies. In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) prepared by green synthesis from Sargassum sp. were characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ζ) obtaining organic capped face-centered cubic 80-100 nm AuNPs with an excellent stability in a wide range of pH. The AuNPs were used to modify a carbon nanotubes-screen printed electrode (CNT-SPE), through the drop-casting method, to assemble a novel portable electrochemical sensing platform for glucose, using a novel combination of components, which together have not been employed. The ability to sense and measure glucose was demonstrated, and its electrochemical fundamentals was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) to glucose were 50 μM and 98 μM, respectively, and these were compared to those of other sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny J. González-Fuentes
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (F.J.G.-F.); (J.L.L.-M.); (R.E.); (A.R.H.-M.)
| | - Gustavo A. Molina
- Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Rodolfo Silva
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edificio 17, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico;
| | - José Luis López-Miranda
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (F.J.G.-F.); (J.L.L.-M.); (R.E.); (A.R.H.-M.)
| | - Rodrigo Esparza
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (F.J.G.-F.); (J.L.L.-M.); (R.E.); (A.R.H.-M.)
| | - Angel R. Hernandez-Martinez
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (F.J.G.-F.); (J.L.L.-M.); (R.E.); (A.R.H.-M.)
| | - Miriam Estevez
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (F.J.G.-F.); (J.L.L.-M.); (R.E.); (A.R.H.-M.)
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20
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Chen H, Simoska O, Lim K, Grattieri M, Yuan M, Dong F, Lee YS, Beaver K, Weliwatte S, Gaffney EM, Minteer SD. Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Directions of Bioelectrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12903-12993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Koun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matteo Grattieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mengwei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Fangyuan Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yoo Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Samali Weliwatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Erin M. Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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21
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Nano-Rods Structured Cerium Oxide Platform for Cholesterol Biosensor. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Cu 2O/PEDOT:PSS/ZnO Nanocomposite Material Biosensor for Esophageal Cancer Detection. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092455. [PMID: 32357418 PMCID: PMC7249009 DOI: 10.3390/s20092455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor without external bias was developed in this study. The biosensor was configured with a p-Cu2O and n-ZnO heterostructure. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) was used to improve the crystal structure of Cu2O and ZnO and reduce the defects in the Cu2O/ZnO interface. This fabrication method provided the highly crystallized Cu2O/ZnO structure with excellent electrical property and photoresponse in visible light. The structure was applied to a biosensor for detecting two different cancerous levels of esophageal cells, namely, OE21 and OE21-1, with a high gain in photocurrent (5.8 and 6.2 times, respectively) and a low detection limit (3000 cells in 50 μL). We believe that such a p-n heterojunction PEC biosensor could advance biosensor development and provide a promising candidate for biomedical applications.
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23
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High-Frequency Interdigitated Array Electrode-Based Capacitive Biosensor for Protein Detection. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-019-3412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Electrochemical Deposition of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Sensing. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19051186. [PMID: 30857146 PMCID: PMC6427742 DOI: 10.3390/s19051186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most commonly used methods to electrodeposit nanomaterials on conductive supports or to obtain electrosynthesis nanomaterials are described. Au, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), metal oxides, and polymers are the classes of compounds taken into account. The electrochemical approach for the synthesis allows one to obtain nanostructures with well-defined morphologies, even without the use of a template, and of variable sizes simply by controlling the experimental synthesis conditions. In fact, parameters such as current density, applied potential (constant, pulsed or ramp) and duration of the synthesis play a key role in determining the shape and size of the resulting nanostructures. This review aims to describe the most recent applications in the field of electrochemical sensors of the considered nanomaterials and special attention is devoted to the analytical figures of merit of the devices.
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25
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Poly-L-Lysine functionalised MWCNT-rGO nanosheets based 3-d hybrid structure for femtomolar level cholesterol detection using cantilever based sensing platform. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3686. [PMID: 30842576 PMCID: PMC6403341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we have developed a novel rGO-MWCNT (reduced graphene oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotube) nanocomposite material with Poly-L-Lysine functionalization which can be used for detection of biomolecules with enhanced sensitivity. The reduced GO sheets are found to play a major role as a connector and helps in the assembly of bundles of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which may sometime play a role of upstanding nanostructures. The overall composite structure is further fully functionalized resulting in an overall high density of amino groups that can be used to capture biomolecules. The sensitivity of the as synthesized film is tested by the oxidation of cholesterol through cholesterol oxidase enzyme that is biochemically immobilized over these composite films. The test for the immobilization density of the novel films are carried out by mounting these films on sensitive thin section static micro/nano-cantilever platforms. The platforms have capability to measure cholesterol traces in blood upto an extent of 100 femto molar through deflection /bending of the cantilevers due to surface reaction. The films developed show a promise of high immobilization density which is further confirmed through fluorescence studies using FITC labeling of functionalized MWCNT-PLL and rGO-PLL films respectively.
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26
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Cardenas-Benitez B, Eschenbaum C, Mager D, Korvink JG, Madou MJ, Lemmer U, Leon ID, Martinez-Chapa SO. Pyrolysis-induced shrinking of three-dimensional structures fabricated by two-photon polymerization: experiment and theoretical model. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:38. [PMID: 31636928 PMCID: PMC6799819 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of two-photon polymerization (TPP) into the area of Carbon Micro Electromechanical Systems (C-MEMS) has enabled the fabrication of three-dimensional glassy carbon nanostructures with geometries previously unattainable through conventional UV lithography. Pyrolysis of TPP structures conveys a characteristic reduction of feature size-one that should be properly estimated in order to produce carbon microdevices with accuracy. In this work, we studied the volumetric shrinkage of TPP-derived microwires upon pyrolysis at 900 °C. Through this process, photoresist microwires thermally decompose and shrink by as much as 75%, resulting in glassy carbon nanowires with linewidths between 300 and 550 nm. Even after the thermal decomposition induced by the pyrolysis step, the linewidth of the carbon nanowires was found to be dependent on the TPP exposure parameters. We have also found that the thermal stress induced during the pyrolysis step not only results in axial elongation of the nanowires, but also in buckling in the case of slender carbon nanowires (for aspect ratios greater than 30). Furthermore, we show that the calculated residual mass fraction that remains after pyrolysis depends on the characteristic dimensions of the photoresist microwires, a trend that is consistent with several works found in the literature. This phenomenon is explained through a semi-empirical model that estimates the feature size of the carbon structures, serving as a simple guideline for shrinkage evaluation in other designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Cardenas-Benitez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, NL Mexico
| | - Carsten Eschenbaum
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan G. Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marc J. Madou
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, NL Mexico
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Israel De Leon
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, NL Mexico
| | - Sergio O. Martinez-Chapa
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, NL Mexico
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27
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Abdelrasoul GN, MacKay S, Salim SY, Ismond KP, Tamura M, Khalifa C, Mannan E, Lin D, Mandal T, Montgomery RR, Wishart DS, Chen J, Khadaroo RG. Non-invasive Point-of-Care Device To Diagnose Acute Mesenteric Ischemia. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2296-2302. [PMID: 30335977 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate blood supply to the intestine can lead to acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI), with a mortality rate ranging from 60% to 90%. This high mortality rate is partially due to late detection and the lack of efficient early diagnostic tests. There is an urgent need for a point-of-care tool for immediate bedside diagnosis. Here we present for the first time a rapid and non-invasive electrochemical biosensor device based on non-faradic impedance spectroscopy to detect intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (I-FABP) as an indication of AMI. The electrochemical biosensors consist of gold interdigitated electrodes that were fabricated using photolithographic techniques on top of silicon dioxide substrates. The electrode surfaces were functionalized with an I-FABP capture antibody (CAnB) to entice the target protein, while gold nanoparticles (GNPs) functionalized with detection antibodies (DAnB-GNPs) were utilized as a novel mechanism to enhance the detection signal. Quantification of the I-FABP concentration in the medium depended on its attachment to CAnB and DAnB-GNPs in a sandwich manner, where the latter boosts the impedance signal through its binding to the I-FABP. This non-invasive non-faradic electric biosensor device demonstrates the potential for bench-to-bedside translation with the goal of decreasing morbidity and mortality from AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaser N. Abdelrasoul
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Scott MacKay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Saad Y. Salim
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Kathleen P. Ismond
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Marcus Tamura
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Charfeddine Khalifa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Emma Mannan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Donghai Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Tanushree Mandal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - David S. Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Rachel G. Khadaroo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
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28
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Mokwebo KV, Oluwafemi OS, Arotiba OA. An Electrochemical Cholesterol Biosensor Based on A CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe Quantum Dots-Poly (Propylene Imine) Dendrimer Nanocomposite Immobilisation Layer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3368. [PMID: 30304820 PMCID: PMC6209991 DOI: 10.3390/s18103368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the preparation of poly (propylene imine) dendrimer (PPI) and CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) as a suitable platform for the development of an enzyme-based electrochemical cholesterol biosensor with enhanced analytical performance. The mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-capped CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe QDs was synthesized in an aqueous phase and characterized using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray power diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The absorption and emission maxima of the QDs red shifted as the reaction time and shell growth increased, indicating the formation of CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe QDs. PPI was electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode followed by the deposition (by deep coating) attachment of the QDs onto the PPI dendrimer modified electrode using 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) as a coupling agent. The biosensor was prepared by incubating the PPI/QDs modified electrode into a solution of cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) for 6 h. The modified electrodes were characterized by voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Since efficient electron transfer process between the enzyme cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and the PPI/QDs-modified electrode was achieved, the cholesterol biosensor (GCE/PPI/QDs/ChOx) was able to detect cholesterol in the range 0.1⁻10 mM with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.075 mM and sensitivity of 111.16 μA mM-1 cm-2. The biosensor was stable for over a month and had greater selectivity towards the cholesterol molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefilwe Vanessa Mokwebo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Omotayo Ademola Arotiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Sharma S. Glassy Carbon: A Promising Material for Micro- and Nanomanufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1857. [PMID: 30274225 PMCID: PMC6213281 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When certain polymers are heat-treated beyond their degradation temperature in the absence of oxygen, they pass through a semi-solid phase, followed by the loss of heteroatoms and the formation of a solid carbon material composed of a three-dimensional graphenic network, known as glassy (or glass-like) carbon. The thermochemical decomposition of polymers, or generally of any organic material, is defined as pyrolysis. Glassy carbon is used in various large-scale industrial applications and has proven its versatility in miniaturized devices. In this article, micro and nano-scale glassy carbon devices manufactured by (i) pyrolysis of specialized pre-patterned polymers and (ii) direct machining or etching of glassy carbon, with their respective applications, are reviewed. The prospects of the use of glassy carbon in the next-generation devices based on the material's history and development, distinct features compared to other elemental carbon forms, and some large-scale processes that paved the way to the state-of-the-art, are evaluated. Selected support techniques such as the methods used for surface modification, and major characterization tools are briefly discussed. Barring historical aspects, this review mainly covers the advances in glassy carbon device research from the last five years (2013⁻2018). The goal is to provide a common platform to carbon material scientists, micro/nanomanufacturing experts, and microsystem engineers to stimulate glassy carbon device research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76334 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Rashidi K, Mahmoudi M, Mohammadi G, Zangeneh MM, Korani S, Goicoechea HC, Gu HW, Jalalvand AR. Simultaneous co-immobilization of three enzymes onto a modified glassy carbon electrode to fabricate a high-performance amperometric biosensor for determination of total cholesterol. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:587-595. [PMID: 30170050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have fabricated a novel amperometric cholesterol (CHO) biosensor because of the importance of determination of CHO levels in blood which is an important parameter for diagnosis and prevention of disease. To achieve this goal, cholesterol oxidase, cholesterol esterase and horseradish peroxidase were simultaneously co-immobilized onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with gold nanoparticles/chitin-ionic liquid/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole)/graphene-multiwalled carbon nanotubes-1,1'-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid-ionic liquid. Modifications applied to the bare GCE were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The biosensor detected CHO in linear ranges of 0.1-25 μM and 25-950 μM with a detection limit of 0.07 μM. The sensitivity of the biosensor was estimated to be 6.6 μA μM-1 cm-2, its response time was <5 s and Michaelis-Menten constant was calculated to be 0.12 μM. Results obtained in this study revealed that the biosensor was selective, sensitive, stable, repeatable and reproducible. Finally, the biosensor was successfully applied to the determination of CHO levels in rats plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khodabakhsh Rashidi
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Majid Mahmoudi
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ghobad Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Zangeneh
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahla Korani
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hector C Goicoechea
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Catedra de Química Analítica I, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, CC 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hui-Wen Gu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Ali R Jalalvand
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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