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Olgaç N, Şahin Y, Liv L. Development and characterisation of cysteine-based gold electrodes for the electrochemical biosensing of the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. Analyst 2022; 147:4462-4472. [PMID: 36052711 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01225a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article describes three novel electrochemical biosensing platforms developed to determine the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike antigen protein: glutaraldehyde, SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody and bovine serum albumin; N,N-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide/4-(dimethylamino)pyridine functionalised SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody and bovine serum albumin; and 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]-carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide functionalised SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody and bovine serum albumin modified cysteine-based gold-flower modified glassy carbon electrodes. Two of the produced biosensors having better signals were used to determine the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen in spiked-saliva and clinical samples containing gargle and mouthwash liquids and characterised using cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The study provides highly significant information in terms of how coupling reagents ought to be used with linkers consisting of both amine and carboxylic acid terminals (i.e. cysteine). The electrochemical cathodic signals based on antibody-antigen protein interactions at approximately -270 mV were evaluated as a response using square wave voltammetry, and they increased in proportion to the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. The limit of detection values were 0.93 and 46.3 ag mL-1 in a linear range from 1 ag mL-1 to 100 pg mL-1 and from 100 ag mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1 and the recovery and relative standard deviation values for spiked-saliva samples were 99.50% and 99.40%, and 3.87% and 0.13% for BSA/S-AB/GluAl/Cys/Au/GCE and BSA/S-AB/f-Cys/Au/GCE, respectively. The results showed that both biosensing platforms could be selectively and accurately used to diagnose COVID-19 in RT-PCR-approved clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursel Olgaç
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Group, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME), 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey. .,Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yücel Şahin
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Lokman Liv
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Group, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME), 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Liv L, Baş A. Discriminative electrochemical biosensing of wildtype and omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein with single platform. Anal Biochem 2022; 657:114898. [PMID: 36100035 PMCID: PMC9464311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors for determining wildtype and omicron variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid antigen in nasopharyngeal swab samples were produced by using functionalised graphene oxide and the wildtype and omicron types of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody modified glassy carbon electrodes. The developed biosensors characterised by cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were able to detect 0.76 and 0.24 ag/mL of the wildtype and omicron SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen protein in linear ranges varied from 1 ag/mL to 100 fg/mL and from 1 ag/mL to 10 fg/mL, respectively. The performance of both biosensors produced was compared in nasopharyngeal swab samples containing the wildtype and omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2, and it was evaluated whether they could be used interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Liv
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Group, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, National Metrology Institute, (TUBITAK UME), 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Aysu Baş
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Group, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, National Metrology Institute, (TUBITAK UME), 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Protein-assisted biomimetic synthesis of nanoscale gadolinium-integrated polypyrrole for synergetic and ultrasensitive electrochemical assays of nicardipine in biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1199:339567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lu JY, Yu YS, Chen TB, Chang CF, Tamulevičius S, Erts D, Wu KCW, Gu Y. Fabrication of an Extremely Cheap Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Modified Pencil Lead Electrode for Effective Hydroquinone Sensing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030343. [PMID: 33498983 PMCID: PMC7866211 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ) is one of the major deleterious metabolites of benzene in the human body, which has been implicated to cause various human diseases. In order to fabricate a feasible sensor for the accurate detection of HQ, we attempted to electrochemically modify a piece of common 2B pencil lead (PL) with the conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or PEDOT film to construct a PEDOT/PL electrode. We then examined the performance of PEDOT/PL in the detection of hydroquinone with different voltammetry methods. Our results have demonstrated that PEDOT film was able to dramatically enhance the electrochemical response of pencil lead electrode to hydroquinone and exhibited a good linear correlation between anodic peak current and the concentration of hydroquinone by either cyclic voltammetry or linear sweep voltammetry. The influences of PEDOT film thickness, sample pH, voltammetry scan rate, and possible chemical interferences on the measurement of hydroquinone have been discussed. The PEDOT film was further characterized by SEM with EDS and FTIR spectrum, as well as for stability with multiple measurements. Our results have demonstrated that the PEDOT modified PL electrode could be an attractive option to easily fabricate an economical sensor and provide an accurate and stable approach to monitoring various chemicals and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yu Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (J.-Y.L.); (T.-B.C.)
| | - Yu-Sheng Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-S.Y.); (K.C.-W.W.)
| | - Tung-Bo Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (J.-Y.L.); (T.-B.C.)
| | - Chiung-Fen Chang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan;
| | - Sigitas Tamulevičius
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, 59 K. Barˇsausko St., LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Donats Erts
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., LV-1586 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Kevin C.-W. Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-S.Y.); (K.C.-W.W.)
| | - Yesong Gu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (J.-Y.L.); (T.-B.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-0423590121 (ext. 33215); Fax: +886-0423590009
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Gu Y, Tseng PY, Bi X, Yang JHC. Quantification of DNA by a Thermal-Durable Biosensor Modified with Conductive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). SENSORS 2018; 18:s18113684. [PMID: 30380711 PMCID: PMC6264125 DOI: 10.3390/s18113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The general clinical procedure for viral DNA detection or gene mutation diagnosis following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) often involves gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing, which is usually time-consuming. In this study, we have proposed a facile strategy to construct a DNA biosensor, in which the platinum electrode was modified with a dual-film of electrochemically synthesized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) resulting in immobilized gold nanoparticles, with the gold nanoparticles easily immobilized in a uniform distribution. The DNA probe labeled with a SH group was then assembled to the fabricated electrode and employed to capture the target DNA based on the complementary sequence. The hybridization efficiency was evaluated with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in the presence of daunorubicin hydrochloride. Our results demonstrated that the peak current in DPV exhibited a linear correlation the concentration of target DNA that was complementary to the probe DNA. Moreover, the electrode could be reused by heating denaturation and re-hybridization, which only brought slight signal decay. In addition, the addition of the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) could dramatically enhance the sensitivity by more than 5.45-fold, and the limit-of-detection reached about 100 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesong Gu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Yuan Tseng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan.
| | - Xiang Bi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan.
| | - Jason H C Yang
- Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
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