Femtosecond-Pulsed Laser Written and Etched Fiber Bragg Gratings for Fiber-Optical Biosensing

Influence of Annealing on Polymer Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Inscription, Stability and Sensing: A Review

This article reviews recent research progress on the annealing effects on polymer optical fibers (POFs), which are of great importance for inscription, stability and sensing applications of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in POFs due to their unique properties related to polymer molecular chains. In this review, the principle of annealing to reduce frozen-in stress in POFs drawing and different annealing timings are firstly summarized. Then, the annealing methods for POFs are introduced under several different conditions (temperature, humidity, strain, stress and solution). Afterwards, the principle of FBGs and several inscription techniques are reported. Subsequently, the annealing effects on the properties of POFs and polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings (POFBGs) quality are discussed. Finally, the influence of annealing on POFBG sensitivity is summarized. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of annealing techniques and their impact on both POFs and POFBGs. We hope that it will highlight the important progress made in this field.

Plasmonic biosensing with tilted fiber Bragg gratings interrogated using a 512-pixel spectrometer

Plasmonic tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs) are very efficient for fast, accurate, and minimally invasive biosensing. Their transmitted amplitude spectrum is a dense comb of narrowband cladding mode resonances (full width at half maximum < 1 nm) that is usually demodulated using highly resolved (wavelength resolution < 10 pm) devices. This work demonstrates the possibility of using a coarsely resolved spectrometer (166 pm) to read out the amplitude spectrum of a gold-coated TFBG. A refined analysis of the spectral content has allowed us to develop signal processing that provides a refractometric sensitivity of 2656 nm/RIU. This is a fivefold improvement compared to previously reported read-out techniques. Biosensing has then been successfully implemented with gold-coated TFBGs implemented in reflection mode for the detection of insulin, with specific antibodies grafted on the gold surface. Our experimental work is a first step toward the industrialization of the FBG technology, as it opens the door to fast parallel biosensing, profiting from the multiple sensing channels (up to 64) of the interrogator and its high processing speed (repetition rate up to 3 kHz).

Applications of Optical Fiber in Label-Free Biosensors and Bioimaging: A Review

Biosensing and bioimaging are essential in understanding biological and pathological processes in a living system, for example, in detecting and understanding certain diseases. Optical fiber has made remarkable contributions to the biosensing and bioimaging areas due to its unique advantages of compact size, immunity to electromagnetic interference, biocompatibility, fast response, etc. This review paper will present an overview of seven common types of optical fiber biosensors and optical fiber-based ultrasound detection in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and the applications of these technologies in biosensing and bioimaging areas. Of course, there are many types of optical fiber biosensors. Still, this paper will review the most common ones: optical fiber grating, surface plasmon resonance, Sagnac interferometer, Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Michelson interferometer, Fabry-Perot Interferometer, lossy mode resonance, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Furthermore, different optical fiber techniques for detecting ultrasound in PAI are summarized. Finally, the main challenges and future development direction are briefly discussed.

Advances in aptamer-based sensing assays for C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein (CRP), a non-specific acute-phase indicator of inflammation, has been widely recognized for its value in clinical diagnostic applications. With the advancement of testing technologies, there have been many reports on fast, simple, and reliable methods for CRP testing. Among these, the aptamer-based biosensors are the focus and hotspot of research for achieving high-sensitivity analysis of CRP. This review summarizes the progress of in vitro aptamer screening for CRP and the recent advances in aptamer-based CRP sensor applications, thus developing insight for the new CRP aptasensor design strategy.

Long period grating in double cladding fiber coated with graphene oxide as high-performance optical platform for biosensing

In this work, the development and testing of a novel fiber-optic based label-free biosensor is presented, whose performance were verified through the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum. The device is based on a long period grating fabricated in a double cladding fiber with a W-shaped refractive index (RI) profile. As a result, the working point of the device was tuned to the mode transition region by chemical etching of the outer fiber cladding, obtaining a significant enhancement of the RI sensitivity and an excellent visibility of the grating resonances due to the mode transition in an all-silica structure. The fiber transducer was coated with a nanometric thin layer of graphene oxide in order to provide functional groups for the covalent immobilization of the biological recognition element. A very low limit of detection of about 0.15 ng/mL was obtained during the detection of CRP in serum, and a large working range (1 ng/mL - 100 μg/mL) of clinical relevance has been also achieved.

Hybrid LPG-FBG Based High-Resolution Micro Bending Strain Sensor

Sensitivity and reliability are essential factors for the practical implementation of a wearable sensor. This study explores the possibility of using a hybrid high-resolution Bragg grating sensor for achieving a fast response to dynamic, continuous motion and Bragg signal pattern monitoring measurement. The wavelength shift pattern for real-time monitoring in picometer units was derived by using femtosecond laser Bragg grating processing on an optical wave path with long-period grating. The possibility of measuring the demodulation system's Bragg signal pattern on the reflection spectrum of the femtosecond laser precision Bragg process and the long-period grating was confirmed. By demonstrating a practical method of wearing the sensor, the application of wearables was also explored. It is possible to present the applicability of sophisticated micro transformation measurement applications in picometer units.

Optical Biosensors for the Detection of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Biomarkers: A Comprehensive Review

A comprehensive review of optical biosensors for the detection of biomarkers associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is presented here, including microRNAs (miRNAs), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and histidine, which are biomarkers that enable RA detection and/or monitoring. An overview of the different optical biosensors (based on fluorescence, plasmon resonances, interferometry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) among other optical techniques) used to detect these biomarkers is given, describing their performance and main characteristics (limit of detection (LOD) and dynamic range), as well as the connection between the respective biomarker and rheumatoid arthritis. It has been observed that the relationship between the corresponding biomarker and rheumatoid arthritis tends to be obviated most of the time when explaining the mechanism of the optical biosensor, which forces the researcher to look for further information about the biomarker. This review work attempts to establish a clear association between optical sensors and rheumatoid arthritis biomarkers as well as to be an easy-to-use tool for the researchers working in this field.