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Liu C, Gao S, Han X, Tian Y, Ma J, Wang W, Chen XW, Chen ML, Zhang Y. A violet light-emitting diode-based gas-phase molecular absorption device for measurement of nitrate and nitrite in environmental water. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 317:124423. [PMID: 38759395 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive device for the detection of nitrite and nitrate in environmental waters was developed based on visible light gas-phase molecular absorption spectrometry. By integrating a detection cell (DC), semiconductor refrigeration temperature-controlling system (SRTCY), and nitrite reactor into a sequential injection analysis system, trace levels of nitrite and nitrate in complex matrices were successfully measured. A low energy-consuming light-emitting diode (violet, 400-405 nm) was coupled with a visible light-to-voltage converter (TSL257) to measure the gas-phase molecular absorption. To reduce the interference of water vapor, an SRTCY was used to condense the water vapor on-line before the gas-phase analyte entered the DC. The DC was radiatively heated by the SRTCY to avoid water vapor condensation in the light path. As a result, the obtained baseline noise reduced 3.75 times than that of without SRTCY. Under the optimized conditions, the device achieved limits of detection (3σ/k) of 0.055 and 0.36 mmol/L (0.77 and 5.04 mg N/L) for nitrite and nitrate, respectively, and the linear calibration ranges were 0.1-15 mmol/L (R2 = 0.9946) and 1-10 mmol/L (R2 = 0.9995), respectively. Precisions of 5.2 % and 9.0 % were achieved for ten successive determinations of 0.3 mmol/L nitrite and 1.0 mmol/L nitrate, and the analytical times for nitrite and nitrate determination were 5 and 13 min, respectively. This method was validated against standard methods and recovery tests, and it was applied to the measurement of nitrite and nitrate in environmental waters. Moreover, a device was designed to enable the field measurement of nitrite and nitrate in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Liu
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Shuo Gao
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Han
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yong Tian
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China.
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Weiliang Wang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Xu-Wei Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Ming-Li Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Intelligent Policing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China.
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2
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Qi H, Zhao X, Xu Y, Yang L, Liu J, Chen K. Rapid Photoacoustic Exhaust Gas Analyzer for Simultaneous Measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5258-5264. [PMID: 38501986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
A rapid photoacoustic (PA) exhaust gas analyzer is presented for simultaneous measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). A laser diode (LD) emitting at 450 nm and a light-emitting diode (LED) with a peak wavelength of 275 nm operated simultaneously, producing PA signals of NO2 and SO2, respectively. The LD and LED were modulated at different frequencies of 2568 and 2570 Hz, and their emission light beams were transmitted through two resonant tubes in a differential PA cell (DPAC), respectively. A self-made dual-channel digital lock-in amplifier was used to realize the simultaneous detection of dual-frequency PA signals. Cross interference between the PA signals at the two different frequencies was reduced to 0.02% by using a lock-in amplifier. In order to achieve a rapid dynamic measurement, gas sampling was accelerated by an air pump. The use of mufflers and the differential PA detection technique significantly reduced the gas sampling noise. When the gas flow rate was 1000 sccm, the response time of the PA dual-gas analyzer was 8 and 17 s for NO2 and SO2, respectively. The minimum detection limits of NO2 and SO2 were 1.7 and 26.1 ppb when the averaging time of the system was 10 s, respectively. Due to the wide spectral bandwidth of the LED, NO2 produced an interference to the detection of SO2. The interference was reduced by the precise detection of NO2. Since the radiations of the LD and LED passed through two different PA tubes, the impact of NO2 photochemical dissociation caused by UV LED luminescence on NO2 gas detection was negligible. The sharing of the PA cell, the gas lines, and the signal processing modules significantly reduced the size and cost of the PA dual-gas analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Qi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Yufu Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Purification Equipment Research Institute of CSIC, Handan, Hebei 056004, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Chengshan Group Co., Ltd., Rongcheng, Shandong 264300, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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Xiong S, Yin X, Wang Q, Xia J, Chen Z, Lei H, Yan X, Zhu A, Qiu F, Chen B, Wang Q, Zhang L, Zhang K. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Gas Detection Technology Research Progress. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:139-158. [PMID: 37936290 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231208712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) can be utilized as an ultrasensitive gas detection method. The basic principles of gas detection using PAS are discussed in this paper. First, the basic instrumentation for a PAS gas detection system is introduced focusing on the photoacoustic cell. The discussion includes non-resonant photoacoustic cells and the different types of resonant photoacoustic cells, including the longitudinal photoacoustic cell, the Helmholtz photoacoustic cell, the T-type photoacoustic cell, and the high-frequency resonant photoacoustic cell. The basic working principles of each of these, cells as well as the advantages and disadvantages of photoacoustic cells are discussed, and the development of newer types of photoacoustic cells in recent years is outlined in detail. This review provides detailed reference information and guidance for interested researchers who would like to design and build advanced photoacoustic cells for gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuidong Xiong
- College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyu Yin
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Ji Xia
- College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongwei Lei
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Yan
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aisong Zhu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengmei Qiu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binhai Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Emergency Management Department of Shenyang Fire Research Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- Institute of Ocean Instruments Qilu, University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, China
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4
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Qi H, Zhang G, Xu L, Yang L, Wang Z, Xu Y, Chen K. High-Precision Photoacoustic Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Analyzer for Fast Dynamic Measurement. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1354-1361. [PMID: 38194439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
A high-precision photoacoustic (PA) gas analyzer for fast dynamic measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was developed. The PA analyzer used a differential PA cell combined with two mufflers to achieve rapid gas flow gas detection. A high-power laser diode (LD) with a center wavelength of 450 nm was used as the PA signal excitation source. To reduce the saturated absorption effect of NO2, ambient air was pumped into the analyzer at a flow rate of 900 sccm. Two mufflers were combined with the differential PA cell to reduce the noise caused by the airflow and pump. The parameters of the mufflers were optimized by using a finite element method. The experimental results showed that the gas flow noise was suppressed by 95%. The response time of the PAS analyzer was 34 s. The detection limits of the analyzer were 0.64 and 0.17 ppb when the integration times were 1 and 15 s, respectively. A 120 h continuous monitoring result was compared with the data from the National Environmental Monitoring Station to demonstrate the high reliability of the analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Qi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Guangyin Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Purification Equipment Research Institute of CSIC, Handan, Hebei 056004, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Yufu Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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Weber C, Kapp J, Wöllenstein J, Schmitt K. Novel approach for efficient resonance tracking in photoacoustic gas sensor systems based on a light-induced wall signal. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100495. [PMID: 37113271 PMCID: PMC10126925 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic gas sensing is a method suited for the detection of radiation absorbing molecular species in the gas phase. Due to the backgroand-free detection, it has considerable benefits in the measurement of very low concentrations down to the parts-per-trillion range. Yet in resonant systems, the resonance frequency depends on several parameters like temperature or gas composition and therefore must be continuously determined. In the present work, we propose a new method of tracking the resonance frequency using a photoacoustic signal generated at the walls of the resonant cell. The method has been evaluated with two different photoacoustic setups intended for the detection of NO2. We further propose an algorithm for finding the resonance frequency and evaluated the performance thereof. With this method, it is possible to detect the resonance frequency of a cylindrical and a dumbbell-shaped cell in less than two seconds and with an accuracy < 0.06% and < 0.2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Weber
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J. Kapp
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J. Wöllenstein
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Schmitt
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Li Z, Si G, Ning Z, Liu J, Fang Y, Si B, Cheng Z, Yang C. Highly Sensitive Sphere-Tube Coupled Photoacoustic Cell Suitable for Detection of a Variety of Trace Gases: NO 2 as an Example. SENSORS 2021; 22:s22010281. [PMID: 35009823 PMCID: PMC8749625 DOI: 10.3390/s22010281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of trace gases in the atmospheric environment is extremely low, but it has a great impact on the living environment of organisms. Photoacoustic spectroscopy has attracted extensive attention in the field of trace gas detection because of its high sensitivity, good selectivity, and fast response. As the core of a photoacoustic detection setup, the photoacoustic cell has a significant impact on detection performance. To improve detection sensitivity, a sphere-tube coupled photoacoustic cell (STPAC) was developed, which was mainly composed of a diffuse-reflective sphere and an acoustic resonance tube. Modulated light was reflected multiple times in the sphere to increase optical path, and photoacoustic (PA) signals were further amplified by the tube. Based on STPAC, a PA gas detection setup was built with a laser diode (LD) at 450 nm as the light source. The experimental results showed that the minimum detection limit (noise equivalent concentration, NEC) of NO2 was ~0.7 parts per billion (ppb). Compared with the T-type PA cell (TPAC) in which the modulated light passed through the sphere, the signal-to-noise ratio of STPAC was increased by an order of magnitude at the same concentration of the NO2 sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ganshang Si
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiaxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yonghua Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Beibei Si
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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7
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Yao Q, Guo X, Xie L, Sun L, Yu F, Zhao X. A Miniature Fabry-Pérot Fiber Interference Sensor Based on Polyvinyl Chloride Membrane for Acoustic Pressure Sensing in Mid-High-Frequency Band. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247605. [PMID: 34947199 PMCID: PMC8706167 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a Fabry–Pérot interference fiber sensor was fabricated by using a Polyvinyl chloride membrane (20 μm in thickness) attached at the end of a ferrule with an inner diameter of 1.1 mm. In consideration of the vibration response of the membrane, the feature of the first-order natural frequency of membrane was analyzed by COMSOL Multiphysics. The acoustic sensing performance of the Fabry–Pérot fiber interference sensor was studied in air. The results reveal that the sensor possessed good acoustic pressure sensitivity, in the order of 33.26 mV/Pa. In addition, the noise-limited minimum detectable pressure level was determined to be 58.9 μPa/Hz1/2 and the pressure-induced deflection obtained was 105 nm/Pa at the frequency of 1 kHz. The response of the sensor was approximately consistent with the reference sensor from 1 to 7 kHz. All these results support that the fabricated Fabry–Pérot fiber interference sensor may be applied for ultra-sensitive pressure sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkai Yao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; (Q.Y.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Xing Guo
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; (Q.Y.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Linfang Xie
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; (Q.Y.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Li Sun
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; (Q.Y.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Fapeng Yu
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; (Q.Y.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (L.S.)
- Shandong Original Crystal Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xian Zhao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; (Q.Y.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (X.Z.)
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8
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Karhu J, Hieta T, Manoocheri F, Vainio M, Ikonen E. LED-Based Photoacoustic NO 2 Sensor with a Sub-ppb Detection Limit. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3303-3307. [PMID: 34506110 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A high-sensitivity light-emitting diode (LED)-based photoacoustic NO2 sensor is demonstrated. Sensitive photoacoustic gas sensors based on incoherent light sources are typically limited by background noise and drifts due to a strong signal generated by light absorbed at the photoacoustic cell walls. Here, we reach a sub-ppb detection limit and excellent stability using cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic detection and perform a two-channel relative measurement. A white-light LED is used as a light source, and the spectrum is divided into two wavelength channels with a dichroic filter. The photoacoustic signals generated by the two wavelength channels are measured simultaneously and used to solve the NO2 concentration. The background signal is highly correlated between the two channels, and its variations are suppressed in the relative measurement. A noise level below 1 ppb is reached with an averaging time of 70 s. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first time a sub-ppb detection limit is demonstrated with an LED-based photoacoustic NO2 sensor. As LEDs are available at a wide selection of emission wavelengths, the results show great potential for development of cost-effective and sensitive detectors for a variety of other trace gasses as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Karhu
- Metrology Research Institute, Aalto University, Maarintie 8, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tuomas Hieta
- Gasera Ltd., Lemminkäisenkatu 59, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Farshid Manoocheri
- Metrology Research Institute, Aalto University, Maarintie 8, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Markku Vainio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Photonics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Erkki Ikonen
- Metrology Research Institute, Aalto University, Maarintie 8, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
- VTT MIKES, VTT Technical Research Centre Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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9
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Keeratirawee K, Hauser PC. Piezoelectric tube as resonant transducer for gas-phase photoacoustics. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1147:165-169. [PMID: 33485575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of a piezoelectric tube for the photoacoustic gas-phase determination of NO2 as a model analyte is demonstrated. The tube is made from lead zirconate titanate with 30 mm length and 5.35 mm internal diameter. Its inner and outer surfaces are coated with electrodes. The tube serves as both, resonance body and transducer. The design is thus simpler than the usual combination of resonance tube and microphone as the two functions are embodied in the same component. The main resonance frequency of the tube was found to be 5341 Hz. A blue laser diode emitting at 450 nm was employed as light source for the determination of NO2. The limit of detection was determined as 83 ppbV and the calibration curve was linear with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.9998 up to the highest concentration of 15 ppmV tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchalar Keeratirawee
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland; Department of General Sciences, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, Chumphon, 86160, Thailand
| | - Peter C Hauser
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Palzer S. Photoacoustic-Based Gas Sensing: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2745. [PMID: 32403451 PMCID: PMC7248969 DOI: 10.3390/s20092745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of the photoacoustic effect to gauge the concentration of gases is an attractive alternative in the realm of optical detection methods. Even though the effect has been applied for gas sensing for almost a century, its potential for ultra-sensitive and miniaturized devices is still not fully explored. This review article revisits two fundamentally different setups commonly used to build photoacoustic-based gas sensors and presents some distinguished results in terms of sensitivity, ultra-low detection limits, and miniaturization. The review contrasts the two setups in terms of the respective possibilities to tune the selectivity, sensitivity, and potential for miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Palzer
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 11, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Dong Y, Gu M, Zhu G, Tan T, Liu K, Gao X. Fully Integrated Photoacoustic NO 2 Sensor for Sub-ppb Level Measurement. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20051270. [PMID: 32110962 PMCID: PMC7085709 DOI: 10.3390/s20051270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fully integrated photoacoustic nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensor is developed and demonstrated. In this sensor, an embedded photoacoustic cell was manufactured by using an up-to-date 3D printing technique. A blue laser diode was used as a light source for excitation of photoacoustic wave in the photoacoustic cell. The photoacoustic wave is detected by a sensitive microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microphone. Homemade circuits are integrated into the sensor for laser diode driving and signal processing. The sensor was calibrated by using a chemiluminescence NO–NO2–NOX gas analyzer. And the performance of this sensor was evaluated. The linear relationship between photoacoustic signals and NO2 concentrations was verified in a range of below 202 ppb. The limit of detection was determined to 0.86 ppb with an integration time of 1 s. The corresponding normalized noise equivalent absorption was 2.0 × 10−8 cm−1∙W∙Hz−1/2. The stability and the optimal integration time were evaluated with an Allan deviation analysis, from which a detection limit of 0.25 ppb at the optimal integration time of 240 s was obtained. The sensor was used to measure outdoor air and the results agree with that obtained from the NO–NO2–NOX gas analyzer. The low-cost and portable photoacoustic NO2 sensor has a potential application for atmospheric NO2 monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dong
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Y.D.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (T.T.); (K.L.)
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mingsi Gu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Y.D.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (T.T.); (K.L.)
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gongdong Zhu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Y.D.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (T.T.); (K.L.)
| | - Tu Tan
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Y.D.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (T.T.); (K.L.)
| | - Kun Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Y.D.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (T.T.); (K.L.)
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Y.D.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (T.T.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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