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Chen G, Zhao F, Zeng Y, Su Z, Xu L, Shao C, Wu C, He G, Chen Q, Zhao Y, Sun D, Hai Z. Conformal Fabrication of Thick Film Platinum Strain Gauge Via Error Regulation Strategies for In Situ High-Temperature Strain Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:966-974. [PMID: 38109359 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring high-temperature strain on curved components in harsh environments is a challenge for a wide range of applications, including in aircraft engines, gas turbines, and hypersonic vehicles. Although there are significant improvements in the preparation of high-temperature piezoresistive film on planar surfaces using 3D printing methods, there are still difficulties with poor surface compatibility and high-temperature strain testing on curved surfaces. Herein, a conformal direct ink writing (CDIW) system coupled with an error feedback regulation strategy was used to fabricate high-precision, thick films on curved surfaces. This strategy enabled the maximum amount of error in the distance between the needle and the substrate on a curved surface to be regulated from 155 to 4 μm. A conformal Pt thick-film strain gauge (CPTFSG) with a room-temperature strain coefficient of 1.7 was created on a curved metallic substrate for the first time. The resistance drift rate at 800 °C for 1 h was 1.1%, which demonstrated the excellent stability and oxidation resistance of the CPTFSG. High-temperature dynamic strain tests up to 769 °C revealed that the sensor had excellent high-temperature strain test performance. Furthermore, the CPTFSG was conformally deposited on an aero-engine turbine blade to perform in situ tensile and compressive strain testing at room temperature. High-temperature strain tests were conducted at 100 and 200 °C for 600 and 580 με, respectively, demonstrating a high steady-state response consistent with the commercial high-temperature strain transducer. In addition, steady-state strain tests at high temperatures up to 496 °C were tested. The CDIW error modulation strategy provides a highly promising approach for the high-precision fabrication of Pt thick films on complex surfaces and driving in situ sensing of high-temperature parameters on curved components toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochun Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Fuxin Zhao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Yingjun Zeng
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Zhixuan Su
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lida Xu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Chenhe Shao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Gonghan He
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Qinnan Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Daoheng Sun
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyin Hai
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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Cheraghi Bidsorkhi H, Faramarzi N, Ali B, Ballam LR, D'Aloia AG, Tamburrano A, Sarto MS. Wearable Graphene-based smart face mask for Real-Time human respiration monitoring. MATERIALS & DESIGN 2023; 230:111970. [PMID: 37162811 PMCID: PMC10151252 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
After the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, the use of face-masks is considered the most effective way to prevent the spread of virus-containing respiratory fluid. As the virus targets the lungs directly, causing shortness of breath, continuous respiratory monitoring is crucial for evaluating health status. Therefore, the need for a smart face mask (SFM) capable of wirelessly monitoring human respiration in real-time has gained enormous attention. However, some challenges in developing these devices should be solved to make practical use of them possible. One key issue is to design a wearable SFM that is biocompatible and has fast responsivity for non-invasive and real-time tracking of respiration signals. Herein, we present a cost-effective and straightforward solution to produce innovative SFMs by depositing graphene-based coatings over commercial surgical masks. In particular, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are integrated into a polycaprolactone (PCL) polymeric matrix. The resulting SFMs are characterized morphologically, and their electrical, electromechanical, and sensing properties are fully assessed. The proposed SFM exhibits remarkable durability (greater than1000 cycles) and excellent fast response time (∼42 ms), providing simultaneously normal and abnormal breath signals with clear differentiation. Finally, a developed mobile application monitors the mask wearer's breathing pattern wirelessly and provides alerts without compromising user-friendliness and comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Cheraghi Bidsorkhi
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Negin Faramarzi
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Babar Ali
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lavanya Rani Ballam
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giuseppe D'Aloia
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Tamburrano
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sabrina Sarto
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Mu Q, Wang J, Kuang X. Modeling the resistive viscoelasticity of conductive polymer composites for sensor usage. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1025-1033. [PMID: 36648093 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01463g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the development of fully printed electronics, soft sensors are in demand in various fields, such as wearable electronics, soft machines, etc. Most soft resistive sensors are made of conductive elements dispersed in a viscoelastic polymer binder, exhibiting resistive viscoelastic behavior. The resistance of soft resistive sensors is time-dependent due to the viscoelastic response of polymer binder and structural rearrangement of the conductive pathway. In this paper, experiments and theoretical modeling are used to study the resistive viscoelastic behavior of printed silver wires. The printed silver wire belongs to conductive polymer composites (CPCs) consisting of conductive silver-nanoparticle pathways in an elastic polymer binder. Based on tunneling theory, a multi-branch model is developed to capture the resistance variation of the printed silver wire under mechanical loading. Our experiment-validated model uses only a single set of parameters to predict the resistive relaxation behaviors of CPCs under different strain and different loading rates. Moreover, we demonstrated this numerical model could describe the resistance response under complex loading conditions, such as cyclic loading, similar to the sensor's working condition. The multi-branch model can be extended to any other soft resistive sensor, such as a strain sensor, and provide a new avenue to calibrate these soft sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyi Mu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing for Desert Information, School of Physics and Electronic-Electrical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikun Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Xiao Kuang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhao D, Cao L, Fan L, Lin A, Wang S, Gu F, Yu A. Droplets Patterning of Structurally Integrated 3D Conductive Networks-Based Flexible Strain Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:181. [PMID: 36616092 PMCID: PMC9824308 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors with significant extensibility, stability, and durability are essential for public healthcare due to their ability to monitor vital health signals noninvasively. However, thus far, the conductive networks have been plagued by the inconsistent interface states of the conductive components, which hampered the ultimate sensitivity performance. Here, we demonstrate structurally integrated 3D conductive networks-based flexible strain sensors of hybrid Ag nanorods/nanoparticles(AgNRs/NPs) by combining a droplet-based aerosol jet printing(AJP) process and a feasible transfer process. Structurally integrated 3D conductive networks have been intentionally developed by tweaking droplets deposition behaviors at multi-scale for efficient hybridization and ordered assembly of AgNRs/NPs. The hybrid AgNRs/NPs enhance interfacial conduction and mechanical properties during stretching. In a strain range of 25%, the developed sensor demonstrates an ideal gauge factor of 23.18. When real-time monitoring of finger bending, arm bending, squatting, and vocalization, the fabricated sensors revealed effective responses to human movements. Our findings demonstrate the efficient droplet-based AJP process is particularly capable of developing advanced flexible devices for optoelectronics and wearable electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Danjiao Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Lanlan Fan
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Aiping Lin
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Shufen Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- Institute for Process Modelling and Optimization, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aibing Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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Integrated Fabrication of Novel Inkjet-Printed Silver Nanoparticle Sensors on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nylon Composites. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101185. [PMID: 34683236 PMCID: PMC8541134 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inkjet-printing technology enables the contactless deposition of functional materials such as conductive inks on surfaces, hence reducing contamination and the risk of substrate damage. In printed electronics, inkjet technology offers the significant advantage of controlling the volume of material deposited, and therefore the fine-tuning of the printed geometry, which is crucial for the performance of the final printed electronics. Inkjet printing of functional inks can be used to produce sensors to detect failure of mechanical structures such as carbon fiber reinforced composite (CFRC) components, instead of using attached sensors, which are subject to delamination. Here, silver nanoparticle-based strain sensors were embedded directly in an insulated carbon-fiber laminate by using inkjet printing to achieve an optimized conductive and adhesive geometry, forming a piezoresistive strain sensor. Following the inkjet-printing optimization process, the sensor conductivity and adhesion performance were evaluated. Finally, the sensor was quantified by using a bending rig which applied a pre-determined strain, with the response indicating an accurate sensitivity as the resistance increased with an increased strain. The ability to embed the sensor directly on the CFRC prevents the use of interfacial adhesives which is the main source of failure due to delamination.
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Rich SI, Jiang Z, Fukuda K, Someya T. Well-rounded devices: the fabrication of electronics on curved surfaces - a review. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1926-1958. [PMID: 34846471 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00143d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the arrival of the internet of things and the rise of wearable computing, electronics are playing an increasingly important role in our everyday lives. Until recently, however, the rigid angular nature of traditional electronics has prevented them from being integrated into many of the organic, curved shapes that interface with our bodies (such as ergonomic equipment or medical devices) or the natural world (such as aerodynamic or optical components). In the past few years, many groups working in advanced manufacturing and soft robotics have endeavored to develop strategies for fabricating electronics on these curved surfaces. This is their story. In this work, we describe the motivations, challenges, methodologies, and applications of curved electronics, and provide a outlook for this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven I Rich
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Efimov AA, Arsenov PV, Borisov VI, Buchnev AI, Lizunova AA, Kornyushin DV, Tikhonov SS, Musaev AG, Urazov MN, Shcherbakov MI, Spirin DV, Ivanov VV. Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Spark Discharge as a Facile and Versatile Technique of Preparing Highly Conductive Pt Nano-Ink for Printed Electronics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:234. [PMID: 33477440 PMCID: PMC7830501 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A cost-effective, scalable and versatile method of preparing nano-ink without hazardous chemical precursors is a prerequisite for widespread adoption of printed electronics. Precursor-free synthesis by spark discharge is promising for this purpose. The synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) using a spark discharge under Ar, N2, and air has been investigated to prepare highly conductive nano-ink. The size, chemical composition, and mass production rate of PtNPs significantly depended on the carrier gas. Pure metallic PtNPs with sizes of 5.5 ± 1.8 and 7.1 ± 2.4 nm were formed under Ar and N2, respectively. PtNPs with sizes of 18.2 ± 9.0 nm produced using air consisted of amorphous oxide PtO and metallic Pt. The mass production rates of PtNPs were 53 ± 6, 366 ± 59, and 490 ± 36 mg/h using a spark discharge under Ar, N2, and air, respectively. It was found that the energy dissipated in the spark gap is not a significant parameter that determines the mass production rate. Stable Pt nano-ink (25 wt.%) was prepared only on the basis of PtNPs synthesized under air. Narrow (about 30 μm) and conductive Pt lines were formed by the aerosol jet printing with prepared nano-ink. The resistivity of the Pt lines sintered at 750 °C was (1.2 ± 0.1)·10-7 Ω·m, which is about 1.1 times higher than that of bulk Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Efimov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Pavel V. Arsenov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Vladislav I. Borisov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Arseny I. Buchnev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Anna A. Lizunova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Denis V. Kornyushin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Sergey S. Tikhonov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Andrey G. Musaev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Maxim N. Urazov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Mikhail I. Shcherbakov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 125009 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Victor V. Ivanov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
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Future Sensors for Smart Objects by Printing Technologies in Industry 4.0 Scenario. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13225916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Industry 4.0 has radically been transforming the production processes and systems with the adoption of enabling technologies, such as Internet of things (IoT), big data, additive manufacturing (AM), and cloud computing. In this context, sensors are essential to extract information about production, spare parts, equipment health, and environmental conditions necessary for improving many aspects of industrial processes (flexibility, efficiency, costs, etc.). Sensors should be placed everywhere (on machines, smart devices, objects, and tools) inside the factory to monitor in real-time physical quantities such as temperature, vibrations, deformations that could affect the production. Printed electronics (PE) offers techniques to produce unconventional sensor and systems or to make conventional objects “smart”. This work aims to analyze innovative PE technologies—inkjet printing and aerosol jet printing in combination with photonic curing—as manufacturing technologies for electronics and sensors to be integrated into objects, showing a series of sensors fabricated by PE as applications that will be adopted for smart objects and Industry 4.0.
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Losaria PM, Yim J. Enhancement of Strain‐Sensing Performance through Gas Phase Incorporation of Siloxane into Thermoplastic Polyurethane‐Conducting Polymer Composite. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline May Losaria
- Division of Advanced Materials EngineeringKongju National University Budaedong 275, Seobuk‐gu Cheonan‐si Chungnam 31080 South Korea
| | - Jin‐Heong Yim
- Division of Advanced Materials EngineeringKongju National University Budaedong 275, Seobuk‐gu Cheonan‐si Chungnam 31080 South Korea
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Herbert R, Lim HR, Yeo WH. Printed, Soft, Nanostructured Strain Sensors for Monitoring of Structural Health and Human Physiology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25020-25030. [PMID: 32393022 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soft strain sensors that are mechanically flexible or stretchable are of significant interest in the fields of structural health monitoring, human physiology, and human-machine interfaces. However, existing deformable strain sensors still suffer from complex fabrication processes, poor reusability, limited adhesion strength, or structural rigidity. In this work, we introduce a versatile, high-throughput fabrication method of nanostructured, soft material-enabled, miniaturized strain sensors for both structural health monitoring and human physiology detection. Aerosol jet printing of polyimide and silver nanowires enables multifunctional strain sensors with tunable resistance and gauge factor. Experimental study of soft material compositions and multilayered structures of the strain sensor demonstrates the capabilities of strong adhesion and conformal lamination on different surfaces without the use of conventional fixtures and/or tapes. A two-axis, printed strain gauge enables the detection of force-induced strain changes on a curved stem valve for structural health management while offering reusability over 10 times without losing the sensing performance. Direct comparison with a commercial film sensor captures the advantages of the printed soft sensor in enhanced gauge factor and sensitivity. Another type of a stretchable strain sensor in skin-wearable applications demonstrates a highly sensitive monitoring of a subject's motion, pulse, and breathing, validated by comparing it with a clinical-grade system. Overall, the presented comprehensive study of materials, mechanics, printing-based fabrication, and interfacial adhesion shows a great potential of the printed soft strain sensor for applications in continuous structural health monitoring, human health detection, machine-interfacing systems, and environmental condition monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Herbert
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Efimov A, Arsenov P, Kornyushin D, Lizunova A, Volkov I, Ivanov V. Aerosol Jet Printing of Silver Lines with A High Aspect Ratio on A Heated Silicon Substrate. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030730. [PMID: 32033471 PMCID: PMC7040915 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the formation of conductive silver lines with high aspect ratios (AR = thickness/width) > 0.1 using the modernized method of aerosol jet printing on a heated silicon substrate. The geometric (AR) and electrical (resistivity) parameters of the formed lines were investigated depending on the number of printing layers (1–10 layers) and the temperature of the substrate (25–300 °C). The AR of the lines increased as the number of printing layers and the temperature of the substrate increased. An increase in the AR of the lines with increasing substrate temperature was associated with a decrease in the ink spreading as a result of an increase in the rate of evaporation of nano-ink. Moreover, with an increase in the substrate temperature of more than 200 °C, a significant increase in the porosity of the formed lines was observed, and as a result, the electrical resistivity of the lines increased significantly. Taking into account the revealed regularities, it was demonstrated that the formation of silver lines with a high AR > 0.1 and a low electrical resistivity of 2–3 μΩ∙cm is advisable to be carried out at a substrate temperature of about 100 °C. The adhesion strength of silver films formed on a heated silicon substrate is 2.8 ± 0.9 N/mm2, which further confirms the suitability of the investigated method of aerosol jet printing for electronic applications.
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