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Valenciano PJ, Monteiro PHM, Lazzaro IM, Heusi da Silva FJM, Silva FH, Mizrahi SE, Guimarães CP, Teixeira LA. Validation of the Equidyn protocol for evaluation of dynamic balance in older adults through a smartphone application. Gait Posture 2024; 111:59-64. [PMID: 38643633 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different tasks and proxy measurements have been employed to evaluate dynamic balance in older individuals. However, due to inherent limitations, results from most evaluations could hardly be taken as valid measurements of dynamic balance. RESEARCH QUESTION Is the Equidyn smartphone application-based protocol valid and sensitive for assessment of dynamic balance in older adults? METHODS Dynamic balance was evaluated in 52 physically active individuals, age range 60-80 years (M = 69.36). The dynamic tasks were one-leg sway either in the mediolateral (ML) or anteroposterior (AP) direction while supported on the contralateral leg, and cyclic sit-to-stand with a narrow support base. These tasks were performed under standardized movement amplitude and rhythm. Outcomes were correlated with unipedal quiet standing. A smartphone was attached to the trunk backside, and a custom-made application (Equidyn) was employed to provide guidance throughout evaluation, timed beeps to pace the movements, and three-dimensional trunk acceleration measurement for balance evaluation. RESULTS Our data showed (a) that both ML and AP leg sway tasks were sensitive to aging and to direction of leg sway movements; (b) referenced to quiet unipedal stance, moderate/strong correlations for the ML/AP leg sway tasks and moderate correlations for the sit-to-stand task; and (c) moderate/strong correlations between the ML and AP leg sway tasks, and moderate correlations between the sit-to-stand and the two unipedal dynamic tasks in the ML acceleration direction. SIGNIFICANCE The current results support the conclusion that the Equidyn protocol is a sensitive and valid tool to evaluate dynamic balance in healthy older individuals. The protocol tasks standardized in amplitude and rhythm favor their reproducibility and trunk acceleration data interpretation. As the whole assessment is made through a smartphone application, this dynamic balance evaluation could be made in a low-cost simple way both in the laboratory and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Janeiro Valenciano
- Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Isabela Montoro Lazzaro
- Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luis Augusto Teixeira
- Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Aghapour M, Affenzeller N, Peham C, Lutonsky C, Tichy A, Bockstahler B. Effect of Vision and Surface Slope on Postural Sway in Healthy Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:227. [PMID: 38398736 PMCID: PMC10890291 DOI: 10.3390/life14020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Postural stability requires an interaction between cognitive, perceptual, sensory, and motor functions. Thus, impairment in any of these systems may affect postural balance. This study assessed the effect of visual input and surface slope on postural stability. The study was conducted on healthy participants, 11 females and 11 males who were 24-34 years of age. They were asked to perform still upright bipedal standing on flat and +/-20° sloped surfaces with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC). Six center of pressure (COP) parameters were measured by posturography. A significant relationship was observed between COP parameters, standing conditions, and body mass index. Gender had no significant effect on the COP. The loss of visual input within each standing condition did not affect the COP parameters. In contrast, differences were observed between standing on a flat surface and uphill with EC and between standing on a flat surface and downhill with EC and EO. When the participants were standing on inclined surfaces, the loss of vision significantly increased the postural instability. Young healthy adults demonstrated the greatest difficulty in standing uphill with EC. This was followed by standing downhill with EC and standing downhill with EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Aghapour
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadja Affenzeller
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Peham
- Movement Science Group, Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Lutonsky
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department for Biomedical Services, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bockstahler
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Bahiraei S, Hosseini E, Lou RAJ. The test-retest reliability and limits of agreement of the balance evaluation systems test (BESTest) in young people with intellectual disability. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15968. [PMID: 37749177 PMCID: PMC10520014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical tests for the assessment of postural balance in people with intellectual disability have been the most commonly used single or multi-item tests, but some tests have been developed, such as the BESTest. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability and limits of agreement of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) in young people with intellectual disabilities. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 65 young people (ages 16-25 years) with intellectual disability. The participants completed the BESTest (27 items) twice. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated to determine the test-retest reliability of the BESTest. The BESTest overall scores' test-retest reliability was rated as excellent (≥ 0.75). Stability limits/verticality and reactive are fair to good (≥ 0.40- < 0.75). Biomechanical constraints, transitions and anticipatory movements, sensory orientation, and gait stability were excellent (≥ 0.75). Current evidence shows that young people with intellectual disabilities have impaired postural balance. However, there appears to be a lack of assessment tools that reliably evaluate the postural balance of this population. The results from this investigation show that BESTest provides "excellent reliability" (≥ 0.75) to assess postural balance in young people with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Bahiraei
- SciencesDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Elham Hosseini
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rahman Amiri Jomi Lou
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Winding S, Shin DGD, Rogers CJ, Ni L, Bay A, Vaughan C, Johnson T, McKay JL, Hackney ME. Referent Values for Commonly Used Clinical Mobility Tests in Black and White Adults Aged 50-95 Years. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 104:1474-1483. [PMID: 37037292 PMCID: PMC10524633 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate referent values for performance on clinical mobility tests conducted amongst racially diverse adults aged 50-95 years in the Southeast US. DESIGN This is an observational study of community-dwelling older adults from diverse racial groups who participated in observational and rehabilitative studies conducted from 2011-2019. SETTING Rehabilitation clinics around the greater metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, region. PARTICIPANTS A total of 314 adults (N=314; 222 women). Individuals were predominantly Black (n=121) or White (n=164), with some participants from other racial groups (n=29). INTERVENTIONS Clinical and demographic data were collected at individual visits for each participant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Four Square Step Test (FSST), timed Up and Go (TUG) test, dual TUG test, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), 30-second chair stand, and gait speed were all used as assessments in each cohort. RESULTS Performance slowly declines with increasing age, with a sharp drop in the ninth decade for preferred forward, backward, and fast gait speed; backward gait cadence; 6MWT, TUG test, dual-task TUG-Cognitive, and the 360° turn test. Declines were also seen in the eighth and ninth decades in the FSST. Among White participants, there were significant overall differences across age groups except in the assessment variable, preferred gait cadence. For Black individuals, there were significant overall differences across age groups for backward gait speed, fast gait speed, TUG-Cognitive, dual task, 6MWT, FSST, and 30-second chair stand. CONCLUSIONS These data enrich current referent values for brief, commonly used clinical tests in a diverse, older Southeast US cohort. These data include representatives of the oldest old cohort. This study will support race- and age-specific fall prevention and mobility-enhancing therapeutic application among older patients in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamekia Winding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dong Gun Denny Shin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Casey J Rogers
- Birmingham/Atlanta VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Liang Ni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Allison Bay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Camille Vaughan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Birmingham/Atlanta VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atlanta VA Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, GA
| | - Theodore Johnson
- Birmingham/Atlanta VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham, AL; Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - J Lucas McKay
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA
| | - Madeleine E Hackney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Birmingham/Atlanta VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atlanta VA Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, GA; Emory School of Nursing, Atlanta, GA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
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García-Liñeira J, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Romo-Pérez V, García-Soidán JL. Accelerometric analysis of trunk acceleration during gait analysis in children between 6 and 11 years old: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17541. [PMID: 37455952 PMCID: PMC10338309 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gait analysis in children with accelerometers is of special interest in daily clinical practice, as it eliminates possible biases related to the assessor and is not very sensitivity of visual analysis. The sensitivity of data collection by these instruments makes it possible to evaluate the efficiency of body movements during gait and to better understand the degree of motor development in childhood, assessing progress within normal developmental parameters or detecting possible deficits. Research question What are the accelerations of the center of mass during normal gait in children aged 6-11 years? Methods Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted with a total of 283 school children (girls = 142). The analyzed variables were the mean and maximum values obtained in each of the three body axes and their root mean square during normal gait 10 m out, turn and 10 m back over firm ground in a straight line three times. Results The accelerometric data obtained showed similar values between sexes in each of the age sub-groups analyzed. Except for the medial-lateral axis in children aged 10-11 years where differences between sexes were detected (being significantly lower in girls). A reduction in medial-lateral axis average values over the years was also identified in both sexes. The regression models generated for the average accelerometric values showed significant values only in the average value of the medial-lateral axis. However, the maximum values were significant in all cases. Significance The preferred motor strategies of boys and girls during gait include developing mainly control and adjustment movements in the frontal plane (hence the high magnitudes recorded there). Flexion-extension movements are the most reduced over the six years of age analyzed, particularly in girls. Conversely, rotational movements are the most constant in speed in both sexes and all age subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Liñeira
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez
- SALBIS Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, University of León, Ave. Astorga, 15, 24401, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Vicente Romo-Pérez
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jose L. García-Soidán
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
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Zhang D, Tian F, Gao W, Huang Y, Huang H, Tan L. The Chinese Short Version of the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale: Its Validity, Reliability, and Predictive Value for Future Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Clin Interv Aging 2022; 17:1483-1491. [PMID: 36212511 PMCID: PMC9541673 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s380921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese short version of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC-6), and its predictive value for prospective falls in community-dwelling older adults. Patients and Methods A total of 391 community older adults completed the prospective study. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, structural validity and discriminant validity were analyzed. To determine the accuracy of ABC-6 total score in predicting falls, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed, and comparisons with the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC-16) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were made. Results Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.938) and test-retest reliability (ICC=0.964, 95% CI: 0.947–0.977) were found for the ABC-6. Exploratory factor analysis suggested that ABC-6 had a one-factor structure (explained variance, 68.30%). The optimal cutoff value, sensitivity and specificity of ABC-6 to distinguish fallers from non-fallers was ≤ 60.00%, 70.83% and 84.26%, respectively, and there was no significant difference in the predictive value among the ABC-6, ABC-16, and BBS. Conclusion The Chinese version of the ABC-6 scale was a valid and reliable tool for measuring self-perceived balance confidence in community-dwelling older adults, and can be used as an effective assessment tool to predict future falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Zhang
- Department of Nursing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengmei Tian
- Department of Nursing, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Department of Nursing, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yvfeng Huang
- School of Nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Nursing, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Hui Huang; Liping Tan, Department of Nursing, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-15312187852; +86-13962514643, Email ;
| | - Liping Tan
- Department of Nursing, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Chien KY, Chang WG, Chen WC, Liou RJ. Accelerometer-based prediction of ground reaction force in head-out water exercise with different exercise intensity countermovement jump. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:1. [PMID: 34980248 PMCID: PMC8721978 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Water jumping exercise is an alternative method to achieve maintenance of bone health and reduce exercise injuries. Clarifying the ground reaction force (GRF) of moderate and high cardiopulmonary exercise intensities for jumping movements can help quantify the impact force during different exercise intensities. Accelerometers have been explored for measuring skeletal mechanical loading by estimating the GRFs. Predictive regression equations for GRF using ACC on land have already been developed and performed outside laboratory settings, whereas a predictive regression equation for GRF in water exercises is not yet established. The purpose of this study was to determine the best accelerometer wear-position for three exercise intensities and develop and validate the ground reaction force (GRF) prediction equation. Methods Twelve healthy women (23.6 ± 1.83 years, 158.2 ± 5.33 cm, 53.1 ± 7.50 kg) were recruited as participants. Triaxial accelerometers were affixed 3 cm above the medial malleolus of the tibia, fifth lumbar vertebra, and seventh cervical vertebra (C7). The countermovement jump (CMJ) cadence started at 80 beats/min and increased by 5 beats per 20 s to reach 50%, 65%, and 80% heart rate reserves, and then participants jumped five more times. One-way repeated analysis of variance was used to determine acceleration differences among wear-positions and exercise intensities. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the correlation between the acceleration and GRF per body weight on land (GRFVLBW). Backward regression analysis was used to generate GRFVLBW prediction equations from full models with C7 acceleration (C7 ACC), age, percentage of water deep divided by body height (PWDH), and bodyweight as predictors. Paired t-test was used to determine GRFVLBW differences between values from the prediction equation and force plate measurement during validation. Lin’s CCC and Bland–Altman plots were used to determine the agreement between the predicted and force plate-measured GRFVLBW. Results The raw full profile data for the resultant acceleration showed that the acceleration curve of C7 was similar to that of GRFv. The predicted formula was − 1.712 + 0.658 * C7ACC + 0.016 * PWDH + 0.008 * age + 0.003*weight. Lin’s CCC score was 0.7453, with bias of 0.369%. Conclusion The resultant acceleration measured at C7 was identified as the valid estimated GRFVLBW during CMJ in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Yu Chien
- National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
| | | | | | - Rong-Jun Liou
- National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Paolucci T, Pezzi L, La Verde R, Latessa PM, Bellomo RG, Saggini R. The Focal Mechanical Vibration for Balance Improvement in Elderly - A Systematic Review. Clin Interv Aging 2021; 16:2009-2021. [PMID: 34880607 PMCID: PMC8648022 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s328638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging has been associated with the progressive depletion of lean mass, reductions in muscle strength and the coordination of the lower extremities, accompanied by decreased gait assurance and balance control. Also, less balance control favors falling which is the leading cause of injury among the elderly. The aim of this systematic review is to identify and evaluate existing evidence regarding the use of focused vibration (FV) to improve balance and reduce the risk of falling during the rehabilitation of elderly populations. Methods The PICO question is what are the effects of focal/segmental/local vibration training on the assessment of balance and the risk of falls among the elderly population? A thorough literature review was conducted between May 1, 2009, and June 30, 2019, for studies in English, randomized clinical trials, including crossover and prospective design studies with assessing balance and the risk of falls in elderly populations (age > 60 years). Results Eight articles (N = 8) satisfied the inclusion criteria and were considered, of which 6 are RTC, one cross-sectional study and one clinical study, for a total of 635 participants. A total of 6 different vibration devices were used, each of which was associated with different FV frequency and amplitude characteristics and different treatment protocols. Conclusion In conclusion, FV can be effective in decreasing the risk of falls and improving the assessment of balance, but more evidence is necessary considering the limits of the studies; however, it does look an important promise during rehabilitative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Paolucci
- University G. d'Annunzio Chieti, Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Letizia Pezzi
- University G. d'Annunzio Chieti, Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Roberta La Verde
- S. Filippo Neri Hospital, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Grazia Bellomo
- University of Study of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Urbino, Italy
| | - Raoul Saggini
- University G. d'Annunzio Chieti, Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Azukizawa K, Hirose K, Morigami Y, Higashi N, Uchida H, Hirao K. Positive-word stimuli via a smartphone application have no immediate-term effects on multi-directional reach ability in standing position: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Med 2021; 53:1402-1409. [PMID: 34414832 PMCID: PMC8381964 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1968483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to examine the immediate-term effect of positive-word stimuli via a smartphone application on the multi-directional reach ability in standing position in young adults. METHODS This study was an immediate-term, assessor-blinded, two-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial among young adults recruited from one university in Japan. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group or control group using a computer-based random number-generating programme. Participants of the experimental group used an application on iPhone and watched 3-min videos displaying positive-word stimuli. This application repeatedly displayed positive-word stimuli every 5 s. The participants of the control group used an application on iPhone and watched the same videos as in the experimental group. However, a positive-word stimulus did not appear in the videos. The primary outcome was the multi-directional reach test (MDRT) from baseline to immediately after the intervention protocol. RESULTS Among the 62 randomized participants (experimental group, n = 31; control group, n = 31), 62 (100%) completed the MDRT immediately after the intervention protocol. There were no differences in mean group change values in MDRT between the experimental and control groups. CONCLUSIONS Among young adults, positive-word stimuli via a smartphone application did not significantly improve multi-directional reach ability in standing position. These findings do not support the superiority of this intervention among young adults. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03546218. Registered 6 June 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03546218KEY MESSAGESIn our study, among young adults, positive-word stimuli via an SPSRS application did not significantly improve the multi-directional reach ability in the standing position.These findings do not support the superiority of this intervention among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Azukizawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Oda Municipal Hospital, Oda, Japan
| | - Kodai Hirose
- Department of Rehabilitation, Ochiai Hospital, Maniwa, Japan
| | - Yuta Morigami
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
| | - Naoki Higashi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kurashiki Heisei Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hirao
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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Wu H, Wei Y, Miao X, Li X, Feng Y, Yuan Z, Zhou P, Ye X, Zhu J, Jiang Y, Xia Q. Characteristics of balance performance in the Chinese elderly by age and gender. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:596. [PMID: 34696721 PMCID: PMC8543793 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population aging has been an emerging public and health concern globally. Balance performance can be applied as an indicator of functional status and a predictor of health outcomes in the elderly. However, reference data of balance performance in the elderly generated from large scale studies have been very limited. In research and geriatric assessment settings, the age and gender specific data on balance performance are indispensable prerequisites for identifying subpopulation with and at risk of impairments and subsequently implementing targeted interventions in clinics and public health to improve their balance performance. METHODS A total of 1984 elderly subjects aged 60 to 97 years from community settings in urban China were investigated. The balance performances together with 3 individual domains and 16 items were evaluated using the X16 balance testing scale. RESULTS In the elderly, with age increases each item, individual domain, and overall balance performance scores decreased gradually. Meanwhile, individual variations of individual domains and overall balance performance were all increased over age. Relative to levels of 60- years, postural stability and overall balance performance decreased significantly since 65 years old, static balance and dynamic balance capacities started to decrease significantly since 70 years old. There was no significant difference in each balance domain and overall balance performance between men and women. Across age groups, portions of individuals able to perform task 4, 8 and 11 successfully were the lowest amongst their corresponding domains static balance, postural stability, and dynamic balance, respectively. Similar patterns were observed in both men and women. Balance performances were categorized into poor, fair, and good groups with scores of 0 to 10, 11 to 17, and 18 to 20, respectively. With increases of age, proportions with poor and fair balance capacities elevated stably. CONCLUSIONS In the elderly, with advances in age, abilities of overall balance performance, individual domains of static balance, postural stability, and dynamic balance, and successful performances on specific tasks declined gradually and stably. The deterioration started to be obvious since 65-75 years. Men and women had similar patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Wei
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqi Miao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Feng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Yuan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China.,National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qinghua Xia
- Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200051, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Barassi G, Di Simone E, Galasso P, Cristiani S, Supplizi M, Kontochristos L, Colarusso S, Visciano CP, Marano P, Antonella DI, Giancola O. Posture and Health: Are the Biomechanical Postural Evaluation and the Postural Evaluation Questionnaire Comparable to and Predictive of the Digitized Biometrics Examination? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073507. [PMID: 33800610 PMCID: PMC8038060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Postural tone alterations are expressions of myofascial and, therefore, of structural, visceral, and emotional disorders. To prevent these disorders, this study proposes a quantitative investigation method which administers a postural evaluation questionnaire and a postural biomechanical evaluation to 100 healthy subjects. Methods: The reliability of the method is studied by comparing both assessments with digitized biometrics. In addition, 50 subjects undergo the biomechanical evaluation form twice, by four different operators, to study the intraoperative repeatability. Results: The results show a satisfactory overlap between the results obtained with the postural evaluation questionnaire and the postural biomechanical evaluation compared to computerized biometrics. Furthermore, intraoperative repeatability in the use of the biomechanical evaluation form is demonstrated thanks to a minimal margin of error. Conclusions: This experience suggests the importance of undertaking this path in both the curative and the preventive sphere on a large scale and on different types of people who easily, and even unknowingly, may face dysfunctional syndromes, not only structural and myofascial but also consequently of the entire body’s homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barassi
- Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation and Reeducation Training Center (CeFiRR), Venue Gabriele d’Annunzio, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (E.D.S.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (C.P.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Edoardo Di Simone
- Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation and Reeducation Training Center (CeFiRR), Venue Gabriele d’Annunzio, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (E.D.S.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (C.P.V.)
| | | | | | - Marco Supplizi
- Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation and Reeducation Training Center (CeFiRR), Venue Gabriele d’Annunzio, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (E.D.S.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (C.P.V.)
| | - Leonidas Kontochristos
- Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation and Reeducation Training Center (CeFiRR), Venue Gabriele d’Annunzio, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (E.D.S.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (C.P.V.)
| | - Simona Colarusso
- Communication, Research, Innovation, Department of Communication and Social Research, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Christian Pasquale Visciano
- Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation and Reeducation Training Center (CeFiRR), Venue Gabriele d’Annunzio, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (E.D.S.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (C.P.V.)
| | - Pietro Marano
- Department of Neuro-Rehabilitation, Madonna del Rosario Clinic, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Di Iulio Antonella
- U.O.C. Thoracic Surgery, Santo Spirito Hospital Pescara, ASL Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy;
| | - Orazio Giancola
- Department of Social and Economic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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12
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Reliability and Validity of the Six Spot Step Test in People with Intellectual Disability. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020201. [PMID: 33562007 PMCID: PMC7914911 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical tests for the evaluation of balance in people with intellectual disability that have been most commonly used depend on the subjective evaluation of the evaluator, easily reach the ceiling effect and are poorly sensitive to small changes; but new tests have been developed, such as the Six Spot Step Test. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and within-day and day-to-day test–retest reliability of the Six Spot Step Test in people with intellectual disability. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 18 people with intellectual disability. The participants conducted the Six Spot Step Test three times and a set of five clinical tests for the balance assessment. The relative reliability was excellent (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) = 0.86 − 0.97), and the absolute reliability ranged between 4.7% and 7.3% for coefficient variation and between 0.6 and 1.2 for the standard error of measurement. Linear regression models showed that that test can explain the results of the Timed Up & Go, Four Square Step Test and the Berg Balance Scale. The Six Spot Step Test proved to be as valid and reliable for the evaluation of dynamic balance in people with intellectual disability as the most frequently used tests for the clinical evaluation of postural control.
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13
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García-Liñeira J, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Romo-Pérez V, García-Soidán JL. Validity and Reliability of a Tool for Accelerometric Assessment of Balance in Scholar Children. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10010137. [PMID: 33401541 PMCID: PMC7795715 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Pediatrics, balance is assessed through low-sensitivity clinical tests which identify developmental alterations at already advanced stages that cannot be detected at earlier stages. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an easily applicable quantitative tool that can be used to evaluate postural control. Consequently, a cross-sectional study was carried out with 91 healthy children. All of them performed a series of six accelerometric functional tests and four clinical tests of balance (Modified Flamingo Test, Bar Test, Babinski-Weil Test, and Fukuda Stepping Test). The Bar Test obtained mild inverse correlations with accelerations produced in the mediolateral axis and the root mean square of all the tests in monopodal support. The Flamingo Test obtained direct correlations with the root mean square of the tests in monopodal support and with the mediolateral axis of the monopodal tests and gait. The pediatric balance assessment scale consists of three factors and eleven items extracted from five accelerometric functional tests: the monopodal balance test with six items, normal gait test with three items, and bipodal balance test with two items. This tool is easy to apply and allows analysis in the evaluation of the balance state based on the accelerations of the center of mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Liñeira
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (J.G.-L.); (V.R.-P.); (J.L.G.-S.)
| | - Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez
- Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de León, Ave. Astorga, 15, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Vicente Romo-Pérez
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (J.G.-L.); (V.R.-P.); (J.L.G.-S.)
| | - Jose L. García-Soidán
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (J.G.-L.); (V.R.-P.); (J.L.G.-S.)
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14
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García-Soidán JL, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Romo-Pérez V, García-Liñeira J. Accelerometric Assessment of Postural Balance in Children: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 11:E8. [PMID: 33375206 PMCID: PMC7822105 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct development of postural control in children is fundamental to ensure that they fully reach their psychomotor capacities. However, this capacity is one of the least studied in the clinical and academic scope regarding children. The objective of this study was to analyze the degree of implementation of accelerometry as an evaluation technique for postural control in children and how it is being used. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, SpringerLink, SportsDiscus, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science with the following terms: balance, postural control, children, kids, accelerometry, and accelerometer. RESULTS The search generated a total of 18 articles. Two groups of studies were differentiated: those which exclusively included healthy individuals (n = 5) and those which included children with pathologies (n = 13). Accelerometry is being used in children mainly to assess the gait and static balance, as well as to identify the differences between healthy children and children with developmental disorders. CONCLUSIONS Accelerometry has a discrete degree of implementation as an evaluation tool to assess postural control. It is necessary to define a systematic method for the evaluation of postural control in pediatrics, in order to delve into the development of this capacity and its alterations in different neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. García-Soidán
- Special Didactics Department, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (J.L.G.-S.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez
- Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de León, Ave. Astorga, 15, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Vicente Romo-Pérez
- Didactics and School Organization and Research Methods Department, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain;
| | - Jesús García-Liñeira
- Special Didactics Department, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (J.L.G.-S.); (J.G.-L.)
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15
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Leirós-Rodríguez R, García-Liñeira J, Soto-Rodríguez A, García-Soidán JL. Percentiles and Reference Values for Accelerometric Gait Assessment in Women Aged 50-80 Years. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110832. [PMID: 33182373 PMCID: PMC7695338 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The identification of factors that alter postural stability is fundamental in the design of interventions to maintain independence and mobility. This is especially important for women because of their longer life expectancy and higher incidence of falls than in men. We constructed the percentile box charts and determined the values of reference for the accelerometric assessment of the gait in women. Methods: We used a cross-sectional study with 1096 healthy adult women, who were asked to walk a distance of 20 m three times. Results: In all of the variables, a reduction in the magnitude of accelerations was detected as the age of the group advanced. The box charts show the amplitude of the interquartile ranges, which increases as the age of the participants advances. In addition, the interquartile ranges were greater in the variables that refer to the maximum values of the accelerations. Conclusions: The values obtained can be used to assess changes in gait due to aging, trauma and orthopaedic alterations that may alter postural stability and neurodegenerative processes that increase the risk of falling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, Universidad de León, 24401 León, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-987-44-20-00
| | - Jesús García-Liñeira
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Campus a Xunqueira, University of Vigo, s/n, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain (J.L.G.-S.)
| | - Anxela Soto-Rodríguez
- Health Service from Galicia (SERGAS), Galician Health Services—Ourense Hospital, s/n, 32005 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Jose L. García-Soidán
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Campus a Xunqueira, University of Vigo, s/n, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain (J.L.G.-S.)
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16
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García-Soidán JL, García-Liñeira J, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Soto-Rodríguez A. Physical Activity Practice and Optimal Development of Postural Control in School Children: Are They Related? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092919. [PMID: 32927763 PMCID: PMC7565156 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aims to analyze the effect of physical activity practice on the postural control state of school children. If such an effect was detected, the second aim of the study was to identify which specific capacities of postural control benefited the most from physical activity. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using a convenience sample of 118 healthy children (54 girls) with a mean age of 10.3 ± 1.2 years. Their weight and height were measured. The accelerometric assessment of balance included four different tests in static balance and walking. Results: Physical activity habit prevalence was 38.9% in girls and 60.9% in boys, and its frequency was 2.3 days per week in girls and 2.8 days in boys. The active children obtained lower accelerations, but the active and sedentary girls showed lower accelerometric values than the active boys. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated the influence of sex on the accelerations of the body (p < 0.001), regardless of the habit of physical activity. Conclusions: Active children have better postural control than sedentary children, although sedentary girls have better balance than active boys. Therefore, physical activity practice seems to favor a more efficient development of postural control, but it cannot level or reverse the effect of the neurophysiological factors that are conditioned by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. García-Soidán
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (J.L.G.-S.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Jesús García-Liñeira
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (J.L.G.-S.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez
- Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Ponferrada, University of León, 2440 Ponferrada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-987-44-20-00
| | - Anxela Soto-Rodríguez
- Health Service from Galicia (SERGAS), Galician Health Services—Ourense Hospital, s/n. 32005 Ourense, Spain;
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17
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Comparative Dynamics of Individual Ageing among the Investigative Type of Professionals Living in Russia and Russian Migrants to the EU Countries. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2020; 10:749-762. [PMID: 34542509 PMCID: PMC8314298 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe10030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to uncover the influence of professional activity, migration, and gender on dynamics of subjective age and ageing biomarkers. We examined the representatives of investigative types of professions (ITP), 30–75 years old in Russia, (101/62 women), and Russian migrants to the European Union, (101/56 women). ITPs appeared to be ageing slower than statistical standards; men age faster than women; the pre-retirement group (51–65 years old) showed acceleration of relative biological ageing in the Russian sample (women +4.5 years, men +10.7 years) against the EU sample, suggesting a boost of pre-retirement stress in Russia; subjectively, Russian people (51–65 years old) feel close to their chronological age, while EU people perceive themselves far below their calendar age (men—lower by 20.4, women—lower by 10.9 years). The subjective ageing depends on the country of residence, while biological ageing depends on occupation, gender, and negative expectations of retirement.
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18
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García-Liñeira J, García-Soidán JL, Romo-Pérez V, Leirós-Rodríguez R. Reliability of accelerometric assessment of balance in children aged 6-12 years. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:161. [PMID: 32290824 PMCID: PMC7155341 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development and evaluation of an accelerometers technique for collecting data for asses balance had reported difficulty due to equilibrium reactions and continuous bursts. The aim of this study is to determine the reliability and internal consistency of accelerometric measurements, related to static equilibrium and gait in children aged 6 to 12 years. METHODS This descriptive and cross-sectional study involved 70 healthy children (50% girls) with a mean age of 9 years old. At the height of the 4th lumbar vertebra and directly on the skin, an accelerometer was placed on each participant. All of them had to complete four trials three times: balancing on one leg with eyes closed and eyes open, dynamic balancing on one leg on a foam mat, and normal gait. RESULTS Results show that tests performed in older children had higher internal consistency than those performed in younger children (vertical axis r = 0.82, sagittal axis r = 0.77, and perpendicular axis r = 0.74). Tests performed in children aged 8 years or older presented a strong correlation between trials (r > 0.71). The three static equilibrium tests obtained reliability values between 0.76 y 0.84. On the contrary, gait test obtained inferior and poorer results (0.6 < r < 0.71). CONCLUSIONS This method of assessment obtained positive results as an instrument for the quantitative assessment of balance in school-aged children. Values obtained for the three one-leg balance and static tests,were more strongly correlated than the normal gait test for all axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J García-Liñeira
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - J L García-Soidán
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - V Romo-Pérez
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - R Leirós-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
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