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Purcarea C, Ruginescu R, Banciu RM, Vasilescu A. Extremozyme-Based Biosensors for Environmental Pollution Monitoring: Recent Developments. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:143. [PMID: 38534250 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Extremozymes combine high specificity and sensitivity with the ability to withstand extreme operational conditions. This work presents an overview of extremozymes that show potential for environmental monitoring devices and outlines the latest advances in biosensors utilizing these unique molecules. The characteristics of various extremozymes described so far are presented, underlining their stability and operational conditions that make them attractive for biosensing. The biosensor design is discussed based on the detection of photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides as a case study. Several biosensors for the detection of pesticides, heavy metals, and phenols are presented in more detail to highlight interesting substrate specificity, applications or immobilization methods. Compared to mesophilic enzymes, the integration of extremozymes in biosensors faces additional challenges related to lower availability and high production costs. The use of extremozymes in biosensing does not parallel their success in industrial applications. In recent years, the "collection" of recognition elements was enriched by extremozymes with interesting selectivity and by thermostable chimeras. The perspectives for biosensor development are exciting, considering also the progress in genetic editing for the oriented immobilization of enzymes, efficient folding, and better electron transport. Stability, production costs and immobilization at sensing interfaces must be improved to encourage wider applications of extremozymes in biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Purcarea
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Robert Ruginescu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roberta Maria Banciu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Vasilescu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
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Rodrigues AC, Barbieri MV, Febbraio F. Monitoring of pesticide amount in fruit and vegetables by a fluorescence-based sensor. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200419. [PMID: 35634554 PMCID: PMC9131607 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Faster, sensitive and real‐time methods for detecting organophosphate (OP) pesticides are urged for in situ monitoring of these widely spread contaminants. For this reason, several efforts have been addressed for the development of performant biosensors. The thermostable enzyme esterase‐2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (EST2), with a lipase‐like Ser‐His‐Asp catalytic triad with a high affinity to OPs, is a promising candidate as a bioreceptor for biosensor development. Within this EU‐FORA fellowship project, two different components of the biosensor were evaluated: (i) the use of the enzymatic bioreceptor in solution or immobilised in a solid membrane; (ii) the measurement of fluorescence quenching by direct measurement of the fluorescence probe intensity signal or by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the tryptophans located in the catalytic site of the enzyme to a binded fluorescence probe. Fluorescence spectroscopy is among the most used techniques in analytical chemistry laboratories, mainly due to its high sensitivity and simplicity. To this aim, the developed IAEDANS‐labelled EST2‐S35C mutant has been used. Fluorometric measurements with both methods showed linearity with increased EST2‐S35C concentrations. No significant interference on FRET measurements was observed due to changes in medium pH or due to the addition of other organic components (glucose, ascorbic acid, yeast extract). Both methods presented similar sensitivity towards detecting OPs, with fluorescence quenching due to the presence of paraoxon at environmentally relevant concentrations from 0.09 µM. The obtained results are of high relevance to further development of biosensors for the pesticide monitoring that: (i) decrease the expenses of the analysis; (ii) simplify the procedures for pesticide detection; (iii) reduce the time of response. Furthermore, the use of biosensors for pesticides real‐time and in situ detection of pesticides promises to increase the number of samples analysed, providing a larger amount of data for food safety risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Cm Rodrigues
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology National Research Council (CNR) Naples Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology National Research Council (CNR) Naples Italy
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Rodrigues ACM, Barbieri MV, Chino M, Manco G, Febbraio F. A 3D printable adapter for solid-state fluorescence measurements: the case of an immobilized enzymatic bioreceptor for organophosphate pesticides detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1999-2008. [PMID: 35064794 PMCID: PMC8791905 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides in the last decades and their accumulation into the environment gave rise to major environmental and human health concerns. To address this topic, the scientific community pointed out the need to develop methodologies to detect and measure the presence of pesticides in different matrices. Biosensors have been recently explored as fast, easy, and sensitive methods for direct organophosphate pesticides monitoring. Thus, the present work aimed at designing and testing a 3D printed adapter useful on different equipment, and a membrane support to immobilize the esterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (EST2) bioreceptor. The latter is labelled with the IAEDANS, a bright fluorescent probe. EST2 was selected since it shows a high specificity toward paraoxon. Our results showed good stability and replicability, with an increasing linear fluorescent intensity recorded from 15 to 150 pmol of labelled EST2. Linearity of data was also observed when using the immobilized labelled EST2 to detect increasing amounts of paraoxon, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.09 pmol. This LOD value reveals the high sensitivity of our membrane support when mounted on the 3D adapter, comparable to modern methods using robotic workstations. Notably, the use of an independent support significantly simplified the manipulation of the membrane during experimental procedures and enabled it to match the specificities of different systems. In sum, this work emphasizes the advantages of using 3D printed accessories adapted to respond to the newest research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia C M Rodrigues
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barbieri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Rodrigues ACM, Barbieri MV, Chino M, Manco G, Febbraio F. A FRET Approach to Detect Paraoxon among Organophosphate Pesticides Using a Fluorescent Biosensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:561. [PMID: 35062524 PMCID: PMC8778994 DOI: 10.3390/s22020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of faster, sensitive and real-time methods for detecting organophosphate (OP) pesticides is of utmost priority in the in situ monitoring of these widespread compounds. Research on enzyme-based biosensors is increasing, and a promising candidate as a bioreceptor is the thermostable enzyme esterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (EST2), with a lipase-like Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad with a high affinity for OPs. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) as a sensitive and reliable method to quantify OPs at environmentally relevant concentrations. For this purpose, the previously developed IAEDANS-labelled EST2-S35C mutant was used, in which tryptophan and IAEDANS fluorophores are the donor and the acceptor, respectively. Fluorometric measurements showed linearity with increased EST2-S35C concentrations. No significant interference was observed in the FRET measurements due to changes in the pH of the medium or the addition of other organic components (glucose, ascorbic acid or yeast extract). Fluorescence quenching due to the presence of paraoxon was observed at concentrations as low as 2 nM, which are considered harmful for the ecosystem. These results pave the way for further experiments encompassing more complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia C. M. Rodrigues
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Barbieri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
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Goh MS, Lam SD, Yang Y, Naqiuddin M, Addis SNK, Yong WTL, Luang-In V, Sonne C, Ma NL. Omics technologies used in pesticide residue detection and mitigation in crop. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126624. [PMID: 34329083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In agriculture, the convenience and efficacy of chemical pesticides have become inevitable to manage cultivated crop production. Here, we review the worldwide use of pesticides based on their categories, mode of actions and toxicity. Excessive use of pesticides may lead to hazardous pesticide residues in crops, causing adverse effects on human health and the environment. A wide range of high-tech-analytical methods are available to analyse pesticide residues. However, they are mostly time-consuming and inconvenient for on-site detection, calling for the development of biosensors that detect cellular changes in crops. Such new detection methods that combine biological and physicochemical knowledge may overcome the shortage in current farming to develop sustainable systems that support environmental and human health. This review also comprehensively compiles domestic pesticide residues removal tips from vegetables and fruits. Synthetic pesticide alternatives such as biopesticide and nanopesticide are greener to the environment. However, its safety assessment for large-scale application needs careful evaluation. Lastly, we strongly call for reversions of pesticide application trends based on the changing climate, which is lacking in the current scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shien Goh
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Biological Security and Sustainability (BioSES) Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Su Datt Lam
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - YaFeng Yang
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mohd Naqiuddin
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nor Khadijah Addis
- Biological Security and Sustainability (BioSES) Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wilson Thau Lym Yong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Vijitra Luang-In
- Natural Antioxidant Innovation Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Christian Sonne
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (DCE), Frederiksborgvej 399, POBox 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Biological Security and Sustainability (BioSES) Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Bhattu M, Verma M, Kathuria D. Recent advancements in the detection of organophosphate pesticides: a review. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4390-4428. [PMID: 34486591 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01186c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are generally utilized for the protection of crops from pests. Because the use of OPPs in various agricultural operations has expanded dramatically, precise monitoring of their concentration levels has become the critical issue, which will help in the protection of ecological systems and food supply. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) has classified them as extremely dangerous chemical compounds. Taking their immense use and toxicity into consideration, the development of easy, rapid and highly sensitive techniques is necessary. Despite the fact that there are numerous conventional ways for detecting OPPs, the development of portable sensors is required to make routine analysis considerably more convenient. Some of these advanced techniques include colorimetric sensors, fluorescence sensors, molecular imprinted polymer-based sensors, and surface plasmon resonance-based sensors. This review article specifically focuses on the colorimetric, fluorescence and electrochemical sensors. In this article, the sensing strategies of these developed sensors, analytical conditions and their respective limit of detection are compiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bhattu
- Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab 140413, India.
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab 140413, India.
| | - Deepika Kathuria
- Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab 140413, India.
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Hussein HA, Hassan RYA, Chino M, Febbraio F. Point-of-Care Diagnostics of COVID-19: From Current Work to Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4289. [PMID: 32752043 PMCID: PMC7435936 DOI: 10.3390/s20154289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have received global concern since 2003, when an outbreak caused by SARS-CoV emerged in China. Later on, in 2012, the Middle-East respiratory syndrome spread in Saudi Arabia, caused by MERS-CoV. Currently, the global crisis is caused by the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to the same lineage of SARS-CoV. In response to the urgent need of diagnostic tools, several lab-based and biosensing techniques have been proposed so far. Five main areas have been individuated and discussed in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. The cell-culture detection and the microneutralization tests are still considered highly reliable methods. The genetic screening, featuring the well-established Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), represents the gold standard for virus detection in nasopharyngeal swabs. On the other side, immunoassays were developed, either by screening/antigen recognition of IgM/IgG or by detecting the whole virus, in blood and sera. Next, proteomic mass-spectrometry (MS)-based methodologies have also been proposed for the analysis of swab samples. Finally, virus-biosensing devices were efficiently designed. Both electrochemical immunosensors and eye-based technologies have been described, showing detection times lower than 10 min after swab introduction. Alternative to swab-based techniques, lateral flow point-of-care immunoassays are already commercially available for the analysis of blood samples. Such biosensing devices hold the advantage of being portable for on-site testing in hospitals, airports, and hotspots, virtually without any sample treatment or complicated lab precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A. Hussein
- Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Rabeay Y. A. Hassan
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza 12578, Egypt;
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”. Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Zambrano G, Nastri F, Pavone V, Lombardi A, Chino M. Use of an Artificial Miniaturized Enzyme in Hydrogen Peroxide Detection by Chemiluminescence. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3793. [PMID: 32640736 PMCID: PMC7374304 DOI: 10.3390/s20133793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes represent a viable alternative in water reclamation for potable reuse. Sensing methods of hydrogen peroxide are, therefore, needed to test both process progress and final quality of the produced water. Several bio-based assays have been developed so far, mainly relying on peroxidase enzymes, which have the advantage of being fast, efficient, reusable, and environmentally safe. However, their production/purification and, most of all, batch-to-batch consistency may inherently prevent their standardization. Here, we provide evidence that a synthetic de novo miniaturized designed heme-enzyme, namely Mimochrome VI*a, can be proficiently used in hydrogen peroxide assays. Furthermore, a fast and automated assay has been developed by using a lab-bench microplate reader. Under the best working conditions, the assay showed a linear response in the 10.0-120 μM range, together with a second linearity range between 120 and 500 μM for higher hydrogen peroxide concentrations. The detection limit was 4.6 μM and quantitation limits for the two datasets were 15.5 and 186 μM, respectively. In perspective, Mimochrome VI*a could be used as an active biological sensing unit in different sensor configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”. Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.Z.); (F.N.); (V.P.); (A.L.)
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