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Li X, Jiang H, Guo D, Huang W, Ren H, Zhang Q. Toxic Features and Metabolomic Intervention of Glabrene, an Impurity Found in the Pharmaceutical Product of Glabridin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8985. [PMID: 39201673 PMCID: PMC11354706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Glabridin is a widely used product in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, which is generally isolated and purified from Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract in industrial production. It has wide clinical applications, but significant toxicity has also been reported. The purity of glabridin raw material is generally between 90% and 98%. We have identified a toxic impurity, glabrene, in the industrial product glabridin. Our investigation using an AB wild-type zebrafish toxicity test showed that glabrene has a significant lethal effect with an LC10 of 2.8 μM. Glabrene induced obvious malformation and disrupted cartilage development in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, the compound significantly reduced larval mobility and caused damage to brain neural tissues. Metabolic pathway analysis and neurotransmitter quantification via ELISA indicated abnormal activation of the phenylalanine metabolic pathway, resulting in elevated dopamine and acetylcholine levels in vivo. These findings provide insights into the potential risks of glabrene contamination and offer a new reference point for enhancing safety measures and quality controls in licorice-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.L.); (H.J.); (D.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Haixin Jiang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.L.); (H.J.); (D.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Dongxue Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.L.); (H.J.); (D.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Wen Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.L.); (H.J.); (D.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Houpu Ren
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.L.); (H.J.); (D.G.); (W.H.)
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Nagy-Radványi L, Balázs VL, Kocsis B, Csikós E, Ángyán VD, Szabó P, Biró V, Kocsis M, Farkas Á. Antibacterial activity of Hungarian varietal honeys against respiratory pathogens as a function of storage time. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10200. [PMID: 38702397 PMCID: PMC11068765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, antibiotic therapies that previously worked well against certain bacteria due to their natural sensitivity, are becoming less effective. Honey has been proven to inhibit the biofilm formation of some respiratory bacteria, however few data are available on how the storage time affects the antibacterial effect. The activity of black locust, goldenrod, linden and sunflower honeys from three consecutive years (2020, 2021, 2022) was analyzed in 2022 against Gram-negative (Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Streptococcus pneumoniae) bacteria using in vitro microbiological methods. After determining the physicochemical parameters of honey, broth microdilution was applied to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of each honey type against each bacterium, and crystal violet assay was used to test their antibiofilm effect. The possible mechanism of action was explored with membrane degradation test, while structural changes were illustrated with scanning electron microscopy. Honeys stored for one or two years were darker than fresh honeys, while older honeys had significantly lower antibacterial activity. The most remarkable inhibitory effect was exerted by linden and sunflower honeys, and P. aeruginosa proved to be the most resistant bacterium. Based on our results, honey intended for medicinal purposes should be used as fresh as possible during a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Nagy-Radványi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória L Balázs
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csikós
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Virág D Ángyán
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Szabó
- Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Biró
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Marianna Kocsis
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Farkas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
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Tomczyk M, Czerniecka-Kubicka A, Miłek M, Sidor E, Dżugan M. Tracking of Thermal, Physicochemical, and Biological Parameters of a Long-Term Stored Honey Artificially Adulterated with Sugar Syrups. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041736. [PMID: 36838722 PMCID: PMC9966662 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing phenomenon of honey adulteration prompts the search for simple methods to confirm the authenticity of honey. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in thermal characteristics, physicochemical parameters, antioxidant and enzymatic activity of honey subjected to artificial adulteration. Two series of products were prepared with the use of two different sugar syrups with an increasing dosage of adulterant (0 to 30%). After 24 months of storage, the quality of adulterated samples (partially crystallized) was assessed in comparison to the control honey (solid). Used adulteration changed physicochemical parameters and reduced antioxidant and enzymatic activity of honey (p < 0.05). The admixture of syrup and invert (p < 0.05) reduced the viscosity of liquid phase of delaminated honey in a dose-dependent manner. In the study, artificially adulterated honeys were controlled using the standard differential scanning calorimetry, DSC. In all adulterated honeys, a specific glass transition, TG, was observed in the range of 34-38.05 °C, which was not observed for control honey and pure adulterants. Moreover, the additional Tgs were observed in a wide range from -19.5 °C to 4.10 °C for honeys adulterated by syrup only. In turn, the Tg in range of 50.4-57.6 °C was observed only for the honeys adulterated by invert. These specific Tg seem to be useful to detect honey adulteration and to identify the kind of adulterant used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tomczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 1a St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-178721721
| | - Anna Czerniecka-Kubicka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Rzeszow University, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Michał Miłek
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 1a St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Sidor
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 1a St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Doctoral School, University of Rzeszow, Poland, Rejtana 16c, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dżugan
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 1a St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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Brar DS, Pant K, Krishna R, Kaur S, Rasane P, Nanda V, Saxena S, Gautam S. A comprehensive review on unethical honey: Validation by emerging techniques. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guo Q, Wu S, Liang W, Tan J, Liu X, Yuan Y, Li X, Zhao H. Glabrol impurity exacerbates glabridin toxicity in zebrafish embryos by increasing myofibril disorganization. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 287:114963. [PMID: 34971733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Glabridin, extracted from Glycyrrhiza glabra L., is widely used for the treatment of hyperpigmentation because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and its ability to inhibit melanin synthesis. This led to the strict regulation of its quality and safety. However, traditional quality control methods used for plant extracts cannot reflect the product quality owing to multiple unknown impurities, which necessitates the further analysis of impurities. AIM OF THE STUDY The study identified the toxic impurities of glabridin and their toxicological mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 10 glabridin samples from different sources were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Sample toxicities were evaluated using zebrafish and cell models. To identify impurities, samples with different toxicity were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The toxicity of related impurities was verified in the zebrafish model. Phalloidin stain was used to evaluate subtle changes in myofibril alignment. RESULTS Although glabridin content in the samples was similar, there were significant differences in toxicity. The results were verified using four different mammalian cell lines. Higher contents of glabrone and glabrol were identified in the sample with the highest toxicity. In the zebrafish model, the addition of glabrol reduced the LC50 of glabridin to 9.224, 6.229, and 5.370 μM at 48, 72, and 96 h post-fertilization, respectively, whereas glabrone did not have any toxic effect. Phalloidin staining indicated that a glabrol impurity exacerbates the myotoxicity of glabridin in zebrafish embryos. CONCLUSION Glabrol, but not glabrone, was identified as a key impurity that increased glabridin toxicity. This finding indicates that controlling glabrol content is necessary during glabridin product production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaojuan Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenyao Liang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Yuxi Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haishan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Detection of honey adulterated with agave, corn, inverted sugar, maple and rice syrups using FTIR analysis. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ciursa P, Oroian M. Voltammetric E-Tongue for Honey Adulteration Detection. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21155059. [PMID: 34372298 PMCID: PMC8348672 DOI: 10.3390/s21155059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish the usefulness of an electronic tongue based on cyclic voltammetry e-tongue using five working electrodes (gold, silver, copper, platinum and glass) in honey adulteration detection. Authentic honey samples of different botanical origin (acacia, tilia, sunflower, polyfloral and raspberry) were adulterated with agave, maple, inverted sugar, corn and rice syrups in percentages of 5%, 10%, 20% and 50%. The silver and copper electrodes provided the clearest voltammograms, the differences between authentic and adulterated honey samples being highlighted by the maximum current intensity. The electronic tongue results have been correlated with physicochemical parameters (pH, free acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural content—5 HMF and electrical conductivity—EC). Using statistical methods such as Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and Support vector machines (SVM), an accuracy of 94.87% and 100% respectively was obtained in the calibration step and 89.65% and 100% respectively in the validation step. The PLS-R (Partial Least Squares Regression) model (constructed from the minimum and maximum current intensity obtained for all electrodes) was used in physicochemical parameters prediction; EC reached the highest regression coefficients (0.840 in the calibration step and 0.842 in the validation step, respectively), being followed by pH (0.704 in the calibration step and 0.516 in the validation step, respectively).
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Nicewicz AW, Nicewicz Ł, Pawłowska P. Antioxidant capacity of honey from the urban apiary: a comparison with honey from the rural apiary. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9695. [PMID: 33958670 PMCID: PMC8102481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey is a source of natural antioxidant compounds exerting several health-beneficial effects. Since urban beekeeping is quite common, the fear among potential consumers about the quality and the safety of honey produced exclusively in the cities is observed. However, the antioxidant properties of urban honey have not yet been tested. We described the antioxidant properties of linden honey from urban and rural areas. We analyzed the total phenolic content, DPPH• radical scavenging activity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity assay, the protein content, and catalase activity. The analysis showed that all tested parameters were significantly higher in honey from rural areas than in urban samples. The differences in the obtained results are certainly not the effect of the floral composition of honey, but rather due to the location of the honeybee colonies. It seems that the consumption of honey from urban areas for health purposes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata W Nicewicz
- Research Team of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Nicewicz
- Research Team of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Pawłowska
- Research Team of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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