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Kothurkar R, Gad M, Padate A, Rathod C, Bhaskar A, Lekurwale R, Rose J. Prediction of joint moments from kinematics using machine learning in children with congenital talipes equino varus and typically developing peers. J Orthop 2024; 57:83-89. [PMID: 39006209 PMCID: PMC11245943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding joint loading and the crucial role of joint moments is essential for developing treatment strategies in gait analysis, which often requires the precise estimation of joint moments through an inverse dynamic approach. This process necessitates the use of a force plate synchronized with a motion capture system. However, effectively capturing ground reaction force in typically developing (TD) children and those with congenital talipes equino varus (CTEV) presents challenges, while the availability and high cost of additional force plates pose additional challenges. Therefore the study aimed to develop, train, and identify the most effective machine learning (ML) model to predict joint moments from kinematics for TD children and those with CTEV. Method In a study at the Gait Lab, 13 children with bilateral CTEV and 17 TD children underwent gait analysis to measure kinematics and kinetics, using a 12-camera Qualisys Motion Capture System and an AMTI force plate. ML models were then trained to predict joint moments from kinematic data as input. Results The random forest regressor and deep neural networks (DNN) proved most effective in predicting joint moments from kinematics for TD children, yielding better results. The Random Forest regressor achieved an average r of 0.75 and nRMSE of 23.03 % for TD children, and r of 0.74 and 23.82 % for CTEV. DNN achieved an average r of 0.75 and nRMSE of 22.83 % for TD children, and r of 0.76 and nRMSE of 23.9 % for CTEV. Conclusions The findings suggest that using machine learning to predict joint moments from kinematics shows moderate potential as an alternative to traditional gait analysis methods for both TD children and those with CTEV. Despite its potential, the current prediction accuracy limitations hinder the immediate clinical application of these techniques for decision-making in a pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kothurkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Mayuri Gad
- St. Xavier's Gait Lab, Xavier Institute of Engineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhiroop Padate
- Department of Computer & Communication Engineering, K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Chasanal Rathod
- St. Xavier's Gait Lab, Xavier Institute of Engineering, Mumbai, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, SRCC Children's Hospital, Haji Ali, Mumbai, India
| | - Atul Bhaskar
- St. Xavier's Gait Lab, Xavier Institute of Engineering, Mumbai, India
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Surya Hospitals, Santacruz, Mumbai, India
| | - Ramesh Lekurwale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai, India
| | - John Rose
- St. Xavier's Gait Lab, Xavier Institute of Engineering, Mumbai, India
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Lavikainen J, Stenroth L, Vartiainen P, Alkjær T, Karjalainen PA, Henriksen M, Korhonen RK, Liukkonen M, Mononen ME. Predicting Knee Joint Contact Force Peaks During Gait Using a Video Camera or Wearable Sensors. Ann Biomed Eng 2024:10.1007/s10439-024-03594-x. [PMID: 39097542 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estimating loading of the knee joint may be helpful in managing degenerative joint diseases. Contemporary methods to estimate loading involve calculating knee joint contact forces using musculoskeletal modeling and simulation from motion capture (MOCAP) data, which must be collected in a specialized environment and analyzed by a trained expert. To make the estimation of knee joint loading more accessible, simple input predictors should be used for predicting knee joint loading using artificial neural networks. METHODS We trained feedforward artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict knee joint loading peaks from the mass, height, age, sex, walking speed, and knee flexion angle (KFA) of subjects using their existing MOCAP data. We also collected an independent MOCAP dataset while recording walking with a video camera (VC) and inertial measurement units (IMUs). We quantified the prediction accuracy of the ANNs using walking speed and KFA estimates from (1) MOCAP data, (2) VC data, and (3) IMU data separately (i.e., we quantified three sets of prediction accuracy metrics). RESULTS Using portable modalities, we achieved prediction accuracies between 0.13 and 0.37 root mean square error normalized to the mean of the musculoskeletal analysis-based reference values. The correlation between the predicted and reference loading peaks varied between 0.65 and 0.91. This was comparable to the prediction accuracies obtained when obtaining predictors from motion capture data. DISCUSSION The prediction results show that both VCs and IMUs can be used to estimate predictors that can be used in estimating knee joint loading outside the motion laboratory. Future studies should investigate the usability of the methods in an out-of-laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jere Lavikainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Lauri Stenroth
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Vartiainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tine Alkjær
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pasi A Karjalainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marius Henriksen
- The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mimmi Liukkonen
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika E Mononen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Loi I, Zacharaki EI, Moustakas K. Machine Learning Approaches for 3D Motion Synthesis and Musculoskeletal Dynamics Estimation: A Survey. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2024; 30:5810-5829. [PMID: 37624722 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2023.3308753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The inference of 3D motion and dynamics of the human musculoskeletal system has traditionally been solved using physics-based methods that exploit physical parameters to provide realistic simulations. Yet, such methods suffer from computational complexity and reduced stability, hindering their use in computer graphics applications that require real-time performance. With the recent explosion of data capture (mocap, video) machine learning (ML) has started to become popular as it is able to create surrogate models harnessing the huge amount of data stemming from various sources, minimizing computational time (instead of resource usage), and most importantly, approximate real-time solutions. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a review and classification of the most recent works regarding motion prediction, motion synthesis as well as musculoskeletal dynamics estimation problems using ML techniques, in order to offer sufficient insight into the state-of-the-art and draw new research directions. While the study of motion may appear distinct to musculoskeletal dynamics, these application domains provide jointly the link for more natural computer graphics character animation, since ML-based musculoskeletal dynamics estimation enables modeling of more long-term, temporally evolving, ergonomic effects, while offering automated and fast solutions. Overall, our review offers an in-depth presentation and classification of ML applications in human motion analysis, unlike previous survey articles focusing on specific aspects of motion prediction.
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Benjaminse A, Nijmeijer EM, Gokeler A, Di Paolo S. Application of Machine Learning Methods to Investigate Joint Load in Agility on the Football Field: Creating the Model, Part I. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3652. [PMID: 38894442 PMCID: PMC11175175 DOI: 10.3390/s24113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Laboratory studies have limitations in screening for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk due to their lack of ecological validity. Machine learning (ML) methods coupled with wearable sensors are state-of-art approaches for joint load estimation outside the laboratory in athletic tasks. The aim of this study was to investigate ML approaches in predicting knee joint loading during sport-specific agility tasks. We explored the possibility of predicting high and low knee abduction moments (KAMs) from kinematic data collected in a laboratory setting through wearable sensors and of predicting the actual KAM from kinematics. Xsens MVN Analyze and Vicon motion analysis, together with Bertec force plates, were used. Talented female football (soccer) players (n = 32, age 14.8 ± 1.0 y, height 167.9 ± 5.1 cm, mass 57.5 ± 8.0 kg) performed unanticipated sidestep cutting movements (number of trials analyzed = 1105). According to the findings of this technical note, classification models that aim to identify the players exhibiting high or low KAM are preferable to the ones that aim to predict the actual peak KAM magnitude. The possibility of classifying high versus low KAMs during agility with good approximation (AUC 0.81-0.85) represents a step towards testing in an ecologically valid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Benjaminse
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Eline M. Nijmeijer
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Alli Gokeler
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise & Health, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany;
| | - Stefano Di Paolo
- Orthopedic and Traumatologic Clinic II, IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
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Davico G, Labanca L, Gennarelli I, Benedetti MG, Viceconti M. Towards a comprehensive biomechanical assessment of the elderly combining in vivo data and in silico methods. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1356417. [PMID: 38770274 PMCID: PMC11102974 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1356417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aging process is commonly accompanied by a general or specific loss of muscle mass, force and/or function that inevitably impact on a person's quality of life. To date, various clinical tests and assessments are routinely performed to evaluate the biomechanical status of an individual, to support and inform the clinical management and decision-making process (e.g., to design a tailored rehabilitation program). However, these assessments (e.g., gait analysis or strength measures on a dynamometer) are typically conducted independently from one another or at different time points, providing clinicians with valuable yet fragmented information. We hereby describe a comprehensive protocol that combines both in vivo measurements (maximal voluntary isometric contraction test, superimposed neuromuscular electrical stimulation, electromyography, gait analysis, magnetic resonance imaging, and clinical measures) and in silico methods (musculoskeletal modeling and simulations) to enable the full characterization of an individual from the biomechanical standpoint. The protocol, which requires approximately 4 h and 30 min to be completed in all its parts, was tested on twenty healthy young participants and five elderlies, as a proof of concept. The implemented data processing and elaboration procedures allowing for the extraction of several biomechanical parameters (including muscle volumes and cross-sectional areas, muscle activation and co-contraction levels) are thoroughly described to enable replication. The main parameters extracted are reported as mean and standard deviation across the two populations, to highlight the potential of the proposed approach and show some preliminary findings (which were in agreement with previous literature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Davico
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciana Labanca
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Gennarelli
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Benedetti
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Viceconti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Medical Technology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Mohammadi Moghadam S, Ortega Auriol P, Yeung T, Choisne J. 3D gait analysis in children using wearable sensors: feasibility of predicting joint kinematics and kinetics with personalized machine learning models and inertial measurement units. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1372669. [PMID: 38572359 PMCID: PMC10987962 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1372669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Children's walking patterns evolve with age, exhibiting less repetitiveness at a young age and more variability than adults. Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is crucial for understanding and treating lower limb movement disorders in children, traditionally performed using Optical Motion Capture (OMC). Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) offer a cost-effective alternative to OMC, although challenges like drift errors persist. Machine learning (ML) models can mitigate these issues in adults, prompting an investigation into their applicability to a heterogeneous pediatric population. This study aimed at 1) quantifying personalized and generalized ML models' performance for predicting gait time series in typically developed (TD) children using IMUs data, 2) Comparing random forest (RF) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) models' performance, 3) Finding the optimal number of IMUs required for accurate predictions. Methodology: Seventeen TD children, aged 6 to 15, participated in data collection involving OMC, force plates, and IMU sensors. Joint kinematics and kinetics (targets) were computed from OMC and force plates' data using OpenSim. Tsfresh, a Python package, extracted features from raw IMU data. Each target's ten most important features were input in the development of personalized and generalized RF and CNN models. This procedure was initially conducted with 7 IMUs placed on all lower limb segments and then performed using only two IMUs on the feet. Results: Findings suggested that the RF and CNN models demonstrated comparable performance. RF predicted joint kinematics with a 9.5% and 19.9% NRMSE for personalized and generalized models, respectively, and joint kinetics with an NRMSE of 10.7% for personalized and 15.2% for generalized models in TD children. Personalized models provided accurate estimations from IMU data in children, while generalized models lacked accuracy due to the limited dataset. Furthermore, reducing the number of IMUs from 7 to 2 did not affect the results, and the performance remained consistent. Discussion: This study proposed a promising personalized approach for gait time series prediction in children, involving an RF model and two IMUs on the feet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julie Choisne
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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7
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Van Hooren B, Lennartz R, Cox M, Hoitz F, Plasqui G, Meijer K. Differences in running technique between runners with better and poorer running economy and lower and higher milage: An artificial neural network approach. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14605. [PMID: 38511261 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies investigated selected discrete sagittal-plane outcomes (e.g., peak knee flexion) in relation to running economy, hereby discarding the potential relevance of running technique parameters during noninvestigated phases of the gait cycle and in other movement planes. PURPOSE Investigate which components of running technique distinguish groups of runners with better and poorer economy and higher and lower weekly running distance using an artificial neural network (ANN) approach with layer-wise relevance propagation. METHODS Forty-one participants (22 males and 19 females) ran at 2.78 m∙s-1 while three-dimensional kinematics and gas exchange data were collected. Two groups were created that differed in running economy or weekly training distance. The three-dimensional kinematic data were used as input to an ANN to predict group allocations. Layer-wise relevance propagation was used to determine the relevance of three-dimensional kinematics for group classification. RESULTS The ANN classified runners in the correct economy or distance group with accuracies of up to 62% and 71%, respectively. Knee, hip, and ankle flexion were most relevant to both classifications. Runners with poorer running economy showed higher knee flexion during swing, more hip flexion during early stance, and more ankle extension after toe-off. Runners with higher running distance showed less trunk rotation during swing. CONCLUSION The ANN accuracy was moderate when predicting whether runners had better, or poorer running economy, or had a higher or lower weekly training distance based on their running technique. The kinematic components that contributed the most to the classification may nevertheless inform future research and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Lennartz
- Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maartje Cox
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Hoitz
- Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guy Plasqui
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Perrone M, Mell SP, Martin J, Nho SJ, Malloy P. Machine learning-based prediction of hip joint moment in healthy subjects, patients and post-operative subjects. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38328932 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2024.2310732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The application of machine learning in the field of motion capture research is growing rapidly. The purpose of the study is to implement a long-short term memory (LSTM) model able to predict sagittal plane hip joint moment (HJM) across three distinct cohorts (healthy controls, patients and post-operative patients) starting from 3D motion capture and force data. Statistical parametric mapping with paired samples t-test was performed to compare machine learning and inverse dynamics HJM predicted values, with the latter used as gold standard. The results demonstrated favorable model performance on each of the three cohorts, showcasing its ability to successfully generalize predictions across diverse cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Perrone
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven P Mell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Martin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shane J Nho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Philip Malloy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, Pennsylvania, USA
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Jahn J, Ehlen QT, Huang CY. Finding the Goldilocks Zone of Mechanical Loading: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanical Loading in the Prevention and Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:110. [PMID: 38391596 PMCID: PMC10886318 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the interaction of mechanical factors influencing knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) pathogenesis. Emphasizing the importance of mechanotransduction within inflammatory responses, we discuss its capacity for being utilized and harnessed within the context of prevention and rehabilitation of osteoarthritis (OA). Additionally, we introduce a discussion on the Goldilocks zone, which describes the necessity of maintaining a balance of adequate, but not excessive mechanical loading to maintain proper knee joint health. Expanding beyond these, we synthesize findings from current literature that explore the biomechanical loading of various rehabilitation exercises, in hopes of aiding future recommendations for physicians managing KOA and PTOA and athletic training staff strategically planning athlete loads to mitigate the risk of joint injury. The integration of these concepts provides a multifactorial analysis of the contributing factors of KOA and PTOA, in order to spur further research and illuminate the potential of utilizing the body's own physiological responses to mechanical stimuli in the management of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Jahn
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Quinn T Ehlen
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Chun-Yuh Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
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10
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Moura FA, Pelegrinelli ARM, Catelli DS, Kowalski E, Lamontagne M, da Silva Torres R. On the prediction of tibiofemoral contact forces for healthy individuals and osteoarthritis patients during gait: a comparative study of regression methods. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1379. [PMID: 38228640 PMCID: PMC10791669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. The intensity of the tibiofemoral contact forces is related to cartilage degeneration, and so is the importance of quantifying joint loads during daily activities. Although simulation with musculoskeletal models has been used to calculate joint loads, it demands high-cost equipment and a very time-consuming process. This study aimed to evaluate consolidated machine learning algorithms to predict tibiofemoral forces during gait analysis of healthy individuals and knee OA patients. Also, we evaluated three different datasets to train each model, considering different combinations of primary kinematic and kinetic data, and post-processing data. We evaluated 14 patients with severe unilateral knee OA and 14 healthy individuals during 3-5 gait trials. Data were split into 70% and 30% of the samples as training and test data. Test data was independently evaluated considering a mixture of pathological and healthy individuals, and only OA and Control patients. The main results showed that accurate predictions of the tibiofemoral contact forces were achieved using machine learning methods and that the predictions were sensitive to changes in the input data as training. The present study provided insights into the most promising regressions methods to predict knee contact forces representing an important starting point for the broader application of biomechanical analysis in clinical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Arruda Moura
- Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Sport Sciences Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
- Wageningen Data Competence Center, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexandre R M Pelegrinelli
- Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Sport Sciences Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Human Movement Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Danilo S Catelli
- Human Movement Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Kowalski
- Human Movement Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mario Lamontagne
- Human Movement Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ricardo da Silva Torres
- Wageningen Data Competence Center, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Ålesund, Norway.
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11
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Eghbali P, Becce F, Goetti P, Büchler P, Pioletti DP, Terrier A. Glenohumeral joint force prediction with deep learning. J Biomech 2024; 163:111952. [PMID: 38228026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.111952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Deep learning models (DLM) are efficient replacements for computationally intensive optimization techniques. Musculoskeletal models (MSM) typically involve resource-intensive optimization processes for determining joint and muscle forces. Consequently, DLM could predict MSM results and reduce computational costs. Within the total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) domain, the glenohumeral joint force represents a critical MSM outcome as it can influence joint function, joint stability, and implant durability. Here, we aimed to employ deep learning techniques to predict both the magnitude and direction of the glenohumeral joint force. To achieve this, 959 virtual subjects were generated using the Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo method, providing patient-specific parameters from an existing clinical registry. A DLM was constructed to predict the glenohumeral joint force components within the scapula coordinate system for the generated subjects with a coefficient of determination of 0.97, 0.98, and 0.98 for the three components of the glenohumeral joint force. The corresponding mean absolute errors were 11.1, 12.2, and 15.0 N, which were about 2% of the maximum glenohumeral joint force. In conclusion, DLM maintains a comparable level of reliability in glenohumeral joint force estimation with MSM, while drastically reducing the computational costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Eghbali
- Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Becce
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Goetti
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Büchler
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique P Pioletti
- Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Terrier
- Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Switzerland; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Lavikainen J, Stenroth L, Alkjær T, Karjalainen PA, Korhonen RK, Mononen ME. Prediction of Knee Joint Compartmental Loading Maxima Utilizing Simple Subject Characteristics and Neural Networks. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2479-2489. [PMID: 37335376 PMCID: PMC10598099 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Joint loading may affect the development of osteoarthritis, but patient-specific load estimation requires cumbersome motion laboratory equipment. This reliance could be eliminated using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict loading from simple input predictors. We used subject-specific musculoskeletal simulations to estimate knee joint contact forces for 290 subjects during over 5000 stance phases of walking and then extracted compartmental and total joint loading maxima from the first and second peaks of the stance phase. We then trained ANN models to predict the loading maxima from predictors that can be measured without motion laboratory equipment (subject mass, height, age, gender, knee abduction-adduction angle, and walking speed). When compared to the target data, our trained models had NRMSEs (RMSEs normalized to the mean of the response variable) between 0.14 and 0.42 and Pearson correlation coefficients between 0.42 and 0.84. The loading maxima were predicted most accurately using the models trained with all predictors. We demonstrated that prediction of knee joint loading maxima may be possible without laboratory-measured motion capture data. This is a promising step in facilitating knee joint loading predictions in simple environments, such as a physician's appointment. In future, the rapid measurement and analysis setup could be utilized to guide patients in rehabilitation to slow development of joint disorders, such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jere Lavikainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lauri Stenroth
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tine Alkjær
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pasi A. Karjalainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika E. Mononen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Winner TS, Rosenberg MC, Jain K, Kesar TM, Ting LH, Berman GJ. Discovering individual-specific gait signatures from data-driven models of neuromechanical dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011556. [PMID: 37889927 PMCID: PMC10610102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotion results from the interactions of highly nonlinear neural and biomechanical dynamics. Accordingly, understanding gait dynamics across behavioral conditions and individuals based on detailed modeling of the underlying neuromechanical system has proven difficult. Here, we develop a data-driven and generative modeling approach that recapitulates the dynamical features of gait behaviors to enable more holistic and interpretable characterizations and comparisons of gait dynamics. Specifically, gait dynamics of multiple individuals are predicted by a dynamical model that defines a common, low-dimensional, latent space to compare group and individual differences. We find that highly individualized dynamics-i.e., gait signatures-for healthy older adults and stroke survivors during treadmill walking are conserved across gait speed. Gait signatures further reveal individual differences in gait dynamics, even in individuals with similar functional deficits. Moreover, components of gait signatures can be biomechanically interpreted and manipulated to reveal their relationships to observed spatiotemporal joint coordination patterns. Lastly, the gait dynamics model can predict the time evolution of joint coordination based on an initial static posture. Our gait signatures framework thus provides a generalizable, holistic method for characterizing and predicting cyclic, dynamical motor behavior that may generalize across species, pathologies, and gait perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniel S. Winner
- W.H. Coulter Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Rosenberg
- W.H. Coulter Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kanishk Jain
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Trisha M. Kesar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lena H. Ting
- W.H. Coulter Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gordon J. Berman
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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14
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Liew BXW, Rügamer D, Mei Q, Altai Z, Zhu X, Zhai X, Cortes N. Smooth and accurate predictions of joint contact force time-series in gait using over parameterised deep neural networks. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1208711. [PMID: 37465692 PMCID: PMC10350628 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1208711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in joint contact forces (JCFs) are thought to be important mechanisms for the onset and progression of many musculoskeletal and orthopaedic pain disorders. Computational approaches to JCFs assessment represent the only non-invasive means of estimating in-vivo forces; but this cannot be undertaken in free-living environments. Here, we used deep neural networks to train models to predict JCFs, using only joint angles as predictors. Our neural network models were generally able to predict JCFs with errors within published minimal detectable change values. The errors ranged from the lowest value of 0.03 bodyweight (BW) (ankle medial-lateral JCF in walking) to a maximum of 0.65BW (knee VT JCF in running). Interestingly, we also found that over parametrised neural networks by training on longer epochs (>100) resulted in better and smoother waveform predictions. Our methods for predicting JCFs using only joint kinematics hold a lot of promise in allowing clinicians and coaches to continuously monitor tissue loading in free-living environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard X. W. Liew
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Rügamer
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Machine Learning, Munich, Germany
| | - Qichang Mei
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zainab Altai
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Xuqi Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaojun Zhai
- School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nelson Cortes
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
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15
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Ozates ME, Karabulut D, Salami F, Wolf SI, Arslan YZ. Machine learning-based prediction of joint moments based on kinematics in patients with cerebral palsy. J Biomech 2023; 155:111668. [PMID: 37276682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Joint moments during gait provide valuable information for clinical decision-making in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). Joint moments are calculated based on ground reaction forces (GRF) using inverse dynamics models. Obtaining GRF from patients with CP is challenging. Typically developed (TD) individuals' joint moments were predicted from joint angles using machine learning, but no such study has been conducted on patients with CP. Accordingly, we aimed to predict the dorsi-plantar flexion, knee flexion-extension, hip flexion-extension, and hip adduction-abduction moments based on the trunk, pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle kinematics during gait in patients with CP and TD individuals using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (CNN). The anonymized retrospective gait data of 329 TD (26 years ± 14, mass: 70 kg ± 15, height: 167 cm ± 89) and 917 CP (17 years ± 9, mass:47 kg ± 19, height:153 cm ± 36) individuals were evaluated and after applying inclusion-exclusion criteria, 132 TD and 622 CP patients with spastic diplegia were selected. We trained specific CNN models and evaluated their performance using isolated test subject groups based on normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC). Joint moments were predicted with nRMSE between 18.02% and 13.58% for the CP and between 12.55% and 8.58% for the TD groups, whereas with PCC between 0.85 and 0.93 for the CP and between 0.94 and 0.98 for the TD groups. Machine learning-based joint moment prediction from kinematics could replace conventional moment calculation in CP patients in the future, but the current level of prediction errors restricts its use for clinical decision-making today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Erkam Ozates
- Department of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering, Turkish-German University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Karabulut
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Firooz Salami
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Immanuel Wolf
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yunus Ziya Arslan
- Department of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering, Turkish-German University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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16
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Dasgupta A, Sharma R, Mishra C, Nagaraja VH. Machine Learning for Optical Motion Capture-Driven Musculoskeletal Modelling from Inertial Motion Capture Data. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050510. [PMID: 37237580 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Marker-based Optical Motion Capture (OMC) systems and associated musculoskeletal (MSK) modelling predictions offer non-invasively obtainable insights into muscle and joint loading at an in vivo level, aiding clinical decision-making. However, an OMC system is lab-based, expensive, and requires a line of sight. Inertial Motion Capture (IMC) techniques are widely-used alternatives, which are portable, user-friendly, and relatively low-cost, although with lesser accuracy. Irrespective of the choice of motion capture technique, one typically uses an MSK model to obtain the kinematic and kinetic outputs, which is a computationally expensive tool increasingly well approximated by machine learning (ML) methods. Here, an ML approach is presented that maps experimentally recorded IMC input data to the human upper-extremity MSK model outputs computed from ('gold standard') OMC input data. Essentially, this proof-of-concept study aims to predict higher-quality MSK outputs from the much easier-to-obtain IMC data. We use OMC and IMC data simultaneously collected for the same subjects to train different ML architectures that predict OMC-driven MSK outputs from IMC measurements. In particular, we employed various neural network (NN) architectures, such as Feed-Forward Neural Networks (FFNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) (vanilla, Long Short-Term Memory, and Gated Recurrent Unit) and a comprehensive search for the best-fit model in the hyperparameters space in both subject-exposed (SE) as well as subject-naive (SN) settings. We observed a comparable performance for both FFNN and RNN models, which have a high degree of agreement (ravg,SE,FFNN=0.90±0.19, ravg,SE,RNN=0.89±0.17, ravg,SN,FFNN=0.84±0.23, and ravg,SN,RNN=0.78±0.23) with the desired OMC-driven MSK estimates for held-out test data. The findings demonstrate that mapping IMC inputs to OMC-driven MSK outputs using ML models could be instrumental in transitioning MSK modelling from 'lab to field'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dasgupta
- Doctoral Training Centre, University of Oxford, 1-4 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Laboratory for Computation and Visualization in Mathematics and Mechanics, Institute of Mathematics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Challenger Mishra
- Department of Computer Science & Technology, University of Cambridge, 15 J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK
| | - Vikranth Harthikote Nagaraja
- Natural Interaction Laboratory, Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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17
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Moghadam SM, Yeung T, Choisne J. A comparison of machine learning models' accuracy in predicting lower-limb joints' kinematics, kinetics, and muscle forces from wearable sensors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5046. [PMID: 36977706 PMCID: PMC10049990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of wearable sensors' data and Machine Learning (ML) techniques has been used in many studies to predict specific joint angles and moments. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of four different non-linear regression ML models to estimate lower-limb joints' kinematics, kinetics, and muscle forces using Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and electromyographys' (EMGs) data. Seventeen healthy volunteers (9F, 28 ± 5 years) were asked to walk over-ground for a minimum of 16 trials. For each trial, marker trajectories and three force-plates data were recorded to calculate pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle kinematics and kinetics, and muscle forces (the targets), as well as 7 IMUs and 16 EMGs. The features from sensors' data were extracted using the Tsfresh python package and fed into 4 ML models; Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine, and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline for targets' prediction. The RF and CNN models outperformed the other ML models by providing lower prediction errors in all intended targets with a lower computational cost. This study suggested that a combination of wearable sensors' data with an RF or a CNN model is a promising tool to overcome the limitations of traditional optical motion capture for 3D gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ted Yeung
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julie Choisne
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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18
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Ding G, Plummer A, Georgilas I. Deep learning with an attention mechanism for continuous biomechanical motion estimation across varied activities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1021505. [PMID: 36324889 PMCID: PMC9618651 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1021505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable estimation of desired motion trajectories plays a crucial part in the continuous control of lower extremity assistance devices such as prostheses and orthoses. Moreover, reliable estimation methods are also required to predict hard-to-measure biomechanical quantities (e.g., joint contact moment/force) for use in sports injury science. Recognising that human locomotion is an inherently time-sequential and limb-synergetic behaviour, this study investigates models and learning algorithms for predicting the motion of a subject’s leg from the motion of complementary limbs. The novel deep learning model architectures proposed are based on the Long Short-Term Memory approach with the addition of an attention mechanism. A dataset comprising Inertial Measurement Unit signals from 21 subjects traversing varied terrains was used, including stair ascent/descent, ramp ascent/descent, stopped, level-ground walking and the transitions between these conditions. Fourier Analysis is deployed to evaluate the model robustness, in addition to assessing time-based prediction errors. The experiment on three unseen test participants suggests that the branched neural network structure is preferred to tackle the multioutput problem, and the inclusion of an attention mechanism demonstrates improved performance in terms of accuracy, robustness and network size. An experimental comparison found that 57% of the model parameters were not needed after adding attention layers meanwhile the prediction error is lower than the LSTM model without attention mechanism. The attention model has errors of 9.06% and 7.64% (normalised root mean square error) for ankle and hip acceleration prediction respectively. Also, less high-frequency noise is present in the attention model predictions. We conclude that the internal structure of the proposed deep learning model is justified, principally the benefit of using an attention mechanism. Experimental results for biomechanical motion estimation are obtained, showing greater accuracy than only with LSTM. The trained attention model can be used throughout despite transitioning between terrain types. Such a model will be useful in, for example, the control of lower-limb prostheses, instead of the need to identify and switch between different trajectory generators for different walking modes.
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19
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Di Paolo SS, Nijmeijer E, Bragonzoni L, Dingshoff E, Gokeler A, Benjaminse A. Comparing lab and field agility kinematics in young talented female football players: implications for ACL injury prevention. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:859-868. [PMID: 35400311 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2064771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Modifiable (biomechanical and neuromuscular) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk factors have been identified in laboratory settings. These risk factors were subsequently used in ACL injury prevention measures. Due to the lack of ecological validity, the use of on-field data in the ACL injury risk screening is increasingly advocated. Though, the kinematic differences between laboratory and on-field settings have never been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the lower-limb kinematics of female footballers during agility movements performed both in laboratory and football field environments.Twenty-eight healthy young female talented football (soccer) players (14.9 ± 0.9 years) participated. Lower-limb joint kinematics was collected through wearable inertial sensors (Xsens Link) in three conditions: 1) laboratory setting during unanticipated sidestep cutting at 40-50°; on the football pitch 2) football-specific exercises (F-EX) and 3) football games (F-GAME). A hierarchical two-level random effect model in Statistical Parametric Mapping was used to compare joint kinematics among the conditions. Waveform consistency was investigated through Pearson's correlation coefficient and standardized z-score vector.In-lab kinematics differed from the on-field ones, while the latter were similar in overall shape and peaks. Lower sagittal plane range of motion, greater ankle eversion, and pelvic rotation were found for on-field kinematics (p<0.044). The largest differences were found during landing and weight acceptance.The biomechanical differences between lab and field settings suggest the application of context-related adaptations in female footballers and have implications in ACL injury prevention strategies.Highlights- Talented youth female football players showed kinematical differences between the lab condition and the on-field ones, thus adopting a context-related motor strategy.- Lower sagittal plane range of motion, greater ankle eversion, and pelvic rotation were found on the field. Such differences pertain to the ACL injury mechanism and prevention strategies.- Preventative training should support the adoption of non-linear motor learning to stimulate greater self-organization and adaptability- It is recommended to test football players in an ecological environment to improve subsequent primary ACL injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stefano Di Paolo
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eline Nijmeijer
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bragonzoni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, Italy
| | - Evelien Dingshoff
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alli Gokeler
- Department Exercise & Health, Faculty of Science, Exercise and Neuroscience unit, Warburger Str 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.,Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,OCON Centre for Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Clinic, Hengelo, Netherlands
| | - Anne Benjaminse
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.,School of Sport Studies, Hanze University Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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How Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Is Assisting Us to Extract Meaning from Data on Bone Mechanics? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1356:195-221. [PMID: 35146623 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-87779-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic advancements in interdisciplinary research with the fourth paradigm of science, especially the implementation of computer science, nourish the potential for artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms to be applied to studies concerning mechanics of bones. Despite recent enormous advancement in techniques, gaining deep knowledge to find correlations between bone shape, material, mechanical, and physical responses as well as properties is a daunting task. This is due to both complexity of the material itself and the convoluted shapes that this complex material forms. Moreover, many uncertainties and ambiguities exist concerning the use of traditional computational techniques that hinders gaining a full comprehension of this advanced biological material. This book chapter offers a review of literature on the use of AI, ML, and ANN in the study of bone mechanics research. A main question as to why to implement AI and ML in the mechanics of bones is fully addressed and explained. This chapter also introduces AI and ML and elaborates on the main features of ML algorithms such as learning paradigms, subtypes, main ideas with examples, performance metrics, training algorithms, and training datasets. As a frequently employed ML algorithm in bone mechanics, feedforward ANNs are discussed to make their taxonomy and working principles more readily comprehensible to researchers. A summary as well as detailed review of papers that employed ANNs to learn from collected data on bone mechanics are presented. Reviewing literature on the use of these data-driven tools is essential since their wider application has the potential to: improve clinical assessments enabling real-time simulations; avoid and/or minimize injuries; and, encourage early detection of such injuries in the first place.
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21
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Dörr M, Ott L, Matthiesen S, Gwosch T. Prediction of Tool Forces in Manual Grinding Using Consumer-Grade Sensors and Machine Learning. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217147. [PMID: 34770458 PMCID: PMC8588245 DOI: 10.3390/s21217147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tool forces are a decisive parameter for manual grinding with hand-held power tools, which can be used to determine the productivity, quality of the work result, vibration exposition, and tool lifetime. One approach to tool force determination is the prediction of tool forces via measured operating parameters of a hand-held power tool. The problem is that the accuracy of tool force prediction with consumer-grade sensors remains unclear in manual grinding. Therefore, the accuracy of tool force prediction using Gaussian process regression is examined in a study for two hand-held angle grinders in four different applications in three directions using measurement data from an inertial measurement unit, a current sensor, and a voltage sensor. The prediction of the grinding normal force (rMAE = 11.44% and r = 0.84) and the grinding tangential force (rMAE = 18.21% and r = 0.82) for three tested applications, as well as the radial force for the application cutting with a cut-off wheel (rMAE = 19.67% and r = 0.80) is shown to be feasible. The prediction of the guiding force (rMAE = 87.02% and r = 0.37) for three tested applications is only possible to a limited extent. This study supports data acquisition and evaluation of hand-held power tools using consumer-grade sensors, such as an inertial measurement unit, in real-world applications, resulting in new potentials for product use and product development.
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22
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Classification of Walking Environments Using Deep Learning Approach Based on Surface EMG Sensors Only. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124204. [PMID: 34207448 PMCID: PMC8233830 DOI: 10.3390/s21124204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Classification of terrain is a vital component in giving suitable control to a walking assistive device for the various walking conditions. Although surface electromyography (sEMG) signals have been combined with inputs from other sensors to detect walking intention, no study has yet classified walking environments using sEMG only. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to classify the current walking environment based on the entire sEMG profile gathered from selected muscles in the lower extremities. The muscle activations of selected muscles in the lower extremities were measured in 27 participants while they walked over flat-ground, upstairs, downstairs, uphill, and downhill. An artificial neural network (ANN) was employed to classify these walking environments using the entire sEMG profile recorded for all muscles during the stance phase. The result shows that the ANN was able to classify the current walking environment with high accuracy of 96.3% when using activation from all muscles. When muscle activation from flexor/extensor groups in the knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal joints were used individually to classify the environment, the triceps surae muscle activation showed the highest classification accuracy of 88.9%. In conclusion, a current walking environment was classified with high accuracy using an ANN based on only sEMG signals.
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23
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Burton WS, Myers CA, Rullkoetter PJ. Machine learning for rapid estimation of lower extremity muscle and joint loading during activities of daily living. J Biomech 2021; 123:110439. [PMID: 34004394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Joint contact and muscle forces estimated with musculoskeletal modeling techniques offer useful metrics describing movement quality that benefit multiple research and clinical applications. The expensive processing of laboratory data associated with generating these outputs presents challenges to researchers and clinicians, including significant time and expertise requirements that limit the number of subjects typically evaluated. The objective of the current study was to develop and compare machine learning techniques for rapid, data-driven estimation of musculoskeletal metrics from derived gait lab data. OpenSim estimates of patient joint and muscle forces during activities of daily living were simulated using laboratory data from 70 total knee replacement patients and used to develop 4 different machine learning algorithms. Trained machine learning models predicted both trend and magnitude of estimated joint contact (mean correlation coefficients ranging from 0.93 to 0.94 during gait) and muscle forces (mean correlation coefficients ranging from 0.83 to 0.91 during gait) based on anthropometrics, ground reaction forces, and joint angle data. Patient mechanics were accurately predicted by recurrent neural networks, even after removing dependence on key subsets of predictor features. The ability to quickly estimate patient mechanics from derived measurements of movement has the potential to broaden the impact of musculoskeletal modeling by enabling faster assessment in both clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Burton
- Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Casey A Myers
- Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Paul J Rullkoetter
- Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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