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Teo YX, Lee RE, Nurzaman SG, Tan CP, Chan PY. Action tremor features discovery for essential tremor and Parkinson's disease with explainable multilayer BiLSTM. Comput Biol Med 2024; 180:108957. [PMID: 39098236 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The tremors of Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) are known to have overlapping characteristics that make it complicated for clinicians to distinguish them. While deep learning is robust in detecting features unnoticeable to humans, an opaque trained model is impractical in clinical scenarios as coincidental correlations in the training data may be used by the model to make classifications, which may result in misdiagnosis. This work aims to overcome the aforementioned challenge of deep learning models by introducing a multilayer BiLSTM network with explainable AI (XAI) that can better explain tremulous characteristics and quantify the respective discovered important regions in tremor differentiation. The proposed network classifies PD, ET, and normal tremors during drinking actions and derives the contribution from tremor characteristics, (i.e., time, frequency, amplitude, and actions) utilized in the classification task. The analysis shows that the XAI-BiLSTM marks the regions with high tremor amplitude as important in classification, which is verified by a high correlation between relevance distribution and tremor displacement amplitude. The XAI-BiLSTM discovered that the transition phases from arm resting to lifting (during the drinking cycle) is the most important action to classify tremors. Additionally, the XAI-BiLSTM reveals frequency ranges that only contribute to the classification of one tremor class, which may be the potential distinctive feature to overcome the overlapping frequencies problem. By revealing critical timing and frequency patterns unique to PD and ET tremors, this proposed XAI-BiLSTM model enables clinicians to make more informed classifications, potentially reducing misclassification rates and improving treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xuan Teo
- Department of Electrical & Robotics Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Rui En Lee
- Department of Electrical & Robotics Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Surya Girinatha Nurzaman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Pin Tan
- Department of Electrical & Robotics Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Ping Yi Chan
- Department of Electrical & Robotics Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia.
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Gala AS, Wilkins KB, Petrucci MN, Kehnemouyi YM, Velisar A, Trager MH, Bronte-Stewart HM. The digital signature of emergent tremor in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:147. [PMID: 39112485 PMCID: PMC11306561 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Emergent tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD) can occur during sustained postures or movements that are different from action tremor. Tremor can contaminate the clinical rating of bradykinesia during finger tapping. Currently, there is no reliable way of isolating emergent tremor and measuring the cardinal motor symptoms based on voluntary movements only. In this study, we investigated whether emergent tremor during repetitive alternating finger tapping (RAFT) on a quantitative digitography (QDG) device could be reliably identified and distinguished from voluntary tapping. Ninety-six individuals with PD and forty-two healthy controls performed a thirty-second QDG-RAFT task and the Movement Disorders Society - Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS III). Visual identification of tremor during QDG-RAFT was labeled by an experienced movement disorders specialist. Two methods of identifying tremor were investigated: 1) physiologically informed temporal thresholds 2) XGBoost model using temporal and amplitude features of tapping. The XGBoost model showed high accuracy for identifying tremor (area under the precision-recall curve of 0.981) and outperformed temporal-based thresholds. Percent time duration of classifier-identified tremor showed significant correlations with MDS-UPDRS III tremor subscores (r = 0.50, p < 0.0001). There was a significant change in QDG metrics for bradykinesia, rigidity, and arrhythmicity after tremor strikes were excluded (p < 0.01). The results demonstrate that emergent tremor during QDG-RAFT has a unique digital signature and the duration of tremor correlated with the MDS-UPDRS III tremor items. When involuntary tremor strikes were excluded, the QDG metrics of bradykinesia and rigidity were significantly worse, demonstrating the importance of distinguishing tremor from voluntary movement when rating bradykinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryaman S Gala
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kevin B Wilkins
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Anca Velisar
- The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan H Trager
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Helen M Bronte-Stewart
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US.
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3
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Abumalloh RA, Nilashi M, Samad S, Ahmadi H, Alghamdi A, Alrizq M, Alyami S. Parkinson's disease diagnosis using deep learning: A bibliometric analysis and literature review. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102285. [PMID: 38554785 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative illness triggered by decreased dopamine secretion. Deep Learning (DL) has gained substantial attention in PD diagnosis research, with an increase in the number of published papers in this discipline. PD detection using DL has presented more promising outcomes as compared with common machine learning approaches. This article aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis and a literature review focusing on the prominent developments taking place in this area. To achieve the target of the study, we retrieved and analyzed the available research papers in the Scopus database. Following that, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to inspect the structure of keywords, authors, and countries in the surveyed studies by providing visual representations of the bibliometric data using VOSviewer software. The study also provides an in-depth review of the literature focusing on different indicators of PD, deployed approaches, and performance metrics. The outcomes indicate the firm development of PD diagnosis using DL approaches over time and a large diversity of studies worldwide. Additionally, the literature review presented a research gap in DL approaches related to incremental learning, particularly in relation to big data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Ali Abumalloh
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Mehrbakhsh Nilashi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam; School of Computer Science, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam; UCSI Graduate Business School, UCSI University, No. 1 Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; Centre for Global Sustainability Studies (CGSS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Sarminah Samad
- Faculty of Business, UNITAR International University, Tierra Crest, Jalan SS6/3, Petaling Jaya, Selangor 47301, Malaysia
| | - Hossein Ahmadi
- Centre for Health Technology, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Abdullah Alghamdi
- Information Systems Dept., College of Computer Science and Information Systems, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia; AI Lab, Scientific and Engineering Research Center (SERC), Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mesfer Alrizq
- Information Systems Dept., College of Computer Science and Information Systems, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia; AI Lab, Scientific and Engineering Research Center (SERC), Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alyami
- AI Lab, Scientific and Engineering Research Center (SERC), Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia; Computer Science Dept., College of Computer Science and Information Systems, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
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van Alen CM, Brenner A, Warnecke T, Varghese J. Smartwatch Versus Routine Tremor Documentation: Descriptive Comparison. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e51249. [PMID: 38506919 PMCID: PMC10993114 DOI: 10.2196/51249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We addressed the limitations of subjective clinical tremor assessment by comparing routine neurological evaluation with a Tremor Occurrence Score derived from smartwatch sensor data, among 142 participants with Parkinson disease and 77 healthy controls. Our findings highlight the potential of smartwatches for automated tremor detection as a valuable addition to conventional assessments, applicable in both clinical and home settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Brenner
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Warnecke
- Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinikum Osnabrück - Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Münster, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Julian Varghese
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Paredes-Acuna N, Utpadel-Fischler D, Ding K, Thakor NV, Cheng G. Upper limb intention tremor assessment: opportunities and challenges in wearable technology. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:8. [PMID: 38218890 PMCID: PMC10787996 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tremors are involuntary rhythmic movements commonly present in neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and multiple sclerosis. Intention tremor is a subtype associated with lesions in the cerebellum and its connected pathways, and it is a common symptom in diseases associated with cerebellar pathology. While clinicians traditionally use tests to identify tremor type and severity, recent advancements in wearable technology have provided quantifiable ways to measure movement and tremor using motion capture systems, app-based tasks and tools, and physiology-based measurements. However, quantifying intention tremor remains challenging due to its changing nature. METHODOLOGY & RESULTS This review examines the current state of upper limb tremor assessment technology and discusses potential directions to further develop new and existing algorithms and sensors to better quantify tremor, specifically intention tremor. A comprehensive search using PubMed and Scopus was performed using keywords related to technologies for tremor assessment. Afterward, screened results were filtered for relevance and eligibility and further classified into technology type. A total of 243 publications were selected for this review and classified according to their type: body function level: movement-based, activity level: task and tool-based, and physiology-based. Furthermore, each publication's methods, purpose, and technology are summarized in the appendix table. CONCLUSIONS Our survey suggests a need for more targeted tasks to evaluate intention tremors, including digitized tasks related to intentional movements, neurological and physiological measurements targeting the cerebellum and its pathways, and signal processing techniques that differentiate voluntary from involuntary movement in motion capture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Paredes-Acuna
- Institute for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333, Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniel Utpadel-Fischler
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Keqin Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nitish V Thakor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gordon Cheng
- Institute for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333, Munich, Germany
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Bibbo D, De Marchis C, Schmid M, Ranaldi S. Machine learning to detect, stage and classify diseases and their symptoms based on inertial sensor data: a mapping review. Physiol Meas 2023; 44:12TR01. [PMID: 38061062 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad133b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a systematic review aimed at mapping the literature published in the last decade on the use of machine learning (ML) for clinical decision-making through wearable inertial sensors. The review aims to analyze the trends, perspectives, strengths, and limitations of current literature in integrating ML and inertial measurements for clinical applications. The review process involved defining four research questions and applying four relevance assessment indicators to filter the search results, providing insights into the pathologies studied, technologies and setups used, data processing schemes, ML techniques applied, and their clinical impact. When combined with ML techniques, inertial measurement units (IMUs) have primarily been utilized to detect and classify diseases and their associated motor symptoms. They have also been used to monitor changes in movement patterns associated with the presence, severity, and progression of pathology across a diverse range of clinical conditions. ML models trained with IMU data have shown potential in improving patient care by objectively classifying and predicting motor symptoms, often with a minimally encumbering setup. The findings contribute to understanding the current state of ML integration with wearable inertial sensors in clinical practice and identify future research directions. Despite the widespread adoption of these technologies and techniques in clinical applications, there is still a need to translate them into routine clinical practice. This underscores the importance of fostering a closer collaboration between technological experts and professionals in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bibbo
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Schmid
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Ranaldi
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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Sigcha L, Polvorinos-Fernández C, Costa N, Costa S, Arezes P, Gago M, Lee C, López JM, de Arcas G, Pavón I. Monipar: movement data collection tool to monitor motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease using smartwatches and smartphones. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1326640. [PMID: 38148984 PMCID: PMC10750794 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1326640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder commonly characterized by motor impairments. The development of mobile health (m-health) technologies, such as wearable and smart devices, presents an opportunity for the implementation of clinical tools that can support tasks such as early diagnosis and objective quantification of symptoms. Objective This study evaluates a framework to monitor motor symptoms of PD patients based on the performance of standardized exercises such as those performed during clinic evaluation. To implement this framework, an m-health tool named Monipar was developed that uses off-the-shelf smart devices. Methods An experimental protocol was conducted with the participation of 21 early-stage PD patients and 7 healthy controls who used Monipar installed in off-the-shelf smartwatches and smartphones. Movement data collected using the built-in acceleration sensors were used to extract relevant digital indicators (features). These indicators were then compared with clinical evaluations performed using the MDS-UPDRS scale. Results The results showed moderate to strong (significant) correlations between the clinical evaluations (MDS-UPDRS scale) and features extracted from the movement data used to assess resting tremor (i.e., the standard deviation of the time series: r = 0.772, p < 0.001) and data from the pronation and supination movements (i.e., power in the band of 1-4 Hz: r = -0.662, p < 0.001). Conclusion These results suggest that the proposed framework could be used as a complementary tool for the evaluation of motor symptoms in early-stage PD patients, providing a feasible and cost-effective solution for remote and ambulatory monitoring of specific motor symptoms such as resting tremor or bradykinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sigcha
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carlos Polvorinos-Fernández
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nélson Costa
- ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana Costa
- ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Arezes
- ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Miguel Gago
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Chaiwoo Lee
- AgeLab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Juan Manuel López
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Sistemas de Telecomunicación (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo de Arcas
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pavón
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Bronte-Stewart H, Gala A, Wilkins K, Pettruci M, Kehnemouyi Y, Velisar A, Trager M. The digital signature of emergent tremor in Parkinson's disease. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3467667. [PMID: 37961117 PMCID: PMC10635351 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3467667/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Emergent tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD) can occur during sustained postures or movement that is different from action tremor. Tremor can contaminate the clinical rating of bradykinesia during finger tapping. Currently, there is no reliable way of isolating emergent tremor and measuring the cardinal motor symptoms based on voluntary movements only. Objective Investigate whether emergent tremor during repetitive alternating finger tapping (RAFT) on a quantitative digitography (QDG) device can be reliably identified and distinguished from voluntary tapping. Methods Ninety-six individuals with PD and forty-two healthy controls performed a thirty-second QDG-RAFT task and the Movement Disorders Society - Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS III). Visual identification of tremor during QDG-RAFT was labelled by an experienced movement disorders specialist. Two methods of identifying tremor were investigated: 1) physiologically-informed temporal thresholds 2) XGBoost model using temporal and amplitude features of tapping. Results The XGBoost model showed high accuracy for identifying tremor (area under the precision-recall curve of 0.981) and outperformed temporal-based thresholds. Percent time duration of classifier-identified tremor showed significant correlations with MDS-UPDRS III tremor subscores (r = 0.50, P < 0.0001). There was a significant change in QDG metrics for bradykinesia, rigidity and arrhythmicity after tremor strikes were excluded (p < 0.01). Conclusions Emergent tremor during QDG-RAFT has a unique digital signature and the duration of tremor correlated with the MDS-UPDRS III tremor items. When involuntary tremor strikes were excluded, the QDG metrics of bradykinesia and rigidity were significantly worse, demonstrating the importance of distinguishing tremor from voluntary movement when rating bradykinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Megan Trager
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
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Vescio B, De Maria M, Crasà M, Nisticò R, Calomino C, Aracri F, Quattrone A, Quattrone A. Development of a New Wearable Device for the Characterization of Hand Tremor. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1025. [PMID: 37760127 PMCID: PMC10525186 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rest tremor (RT) is observed in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Essential Tremor (ET). Electromyography (EMG) studies have shown that PD subjects exhibit alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles involved in tremors, while the contraction pattern of antagonistic muscles is synchronous in ET subjects. Therefore, the RT pattern can be used as a potential biomarker for differentiating PD from ET subjects. In this study, we developed a new wearable device and method for differentiating alternating from a synchronous RT pattern using inertial data. The novelty of our approach relies on the fact that the evaluation of synchronous or alternating tremor patterns using inertial sensors has never been described so far, and current approaches to evaluate the tremor patterns are based on surface EMG, which may be difficult to carry out for non-specialized operators. This new device, named "RT-Ring", is based on a six-axis inertial measurement unit and a Bluetooth Low-Energy microprocessor, and can be worn on a finger of the tremulous hand. A mobile app guides the operator through the whole acquisition process of inertial data from the hand with RT, and the prediction of tremor patterns is performed on a remote server through machine learning (ML) models. We used two decision tree-based algorithms, XGBoost and Random Forest, which were trained on features extracted from inertial data and achieved a classification accuracy of 92% and 89%, respectively, in differentiating alternating from synchronous tremor segments in the validation set. Finally, the classification response (alternating or synchronous RT pattern) is shown to the operator on the mobile app within a few seconds. This study is the first to demonstrate that different electromyographic tremor patterns have their counterparts in terms of rhythmic movement features, thus making inertial data suitable for predicting the muscular contraction pattern of tremors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilio Vescio
- Biotecnomed S.C.aR.L., Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Marida De Maria
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.C.); (R.N.); (C.C.); (F.A.); (A.Q.)
| | - Marianna Crasà
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.C.); (R.N.); (C.C.); (F.A.); (A.Q.)
| | - Rita Nisticò
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.C.); (R.N.); (C.C.); (F.A.); (A.Q.)
| | - Camilla Calomino
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.C.); (R.N.); (C.C.); (F.A.); (A.Q.)
| | - Federica Aracri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.C.); (R.N.); (C.C.); (F.A.); (A.Q.)
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.C.); (R.N.); (C.C.); (F.A.); (A.Q.)
| | - Andrea Quattrone
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Borzì L, Sigcha L, Olmo G. Context Recognition Algorithms for Energy-Efficient Freezing-of-Gait Detection in Parkinson's Disease. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094426. [PMID: 37177629 PMCID: PMC10181532 DOI: 10.3390/s23094426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Freezing of gait (FoG) is a disabling clinical phenomenon of Parkinson's disease (PD) characterized by the inability to move the feet forward despite the intention to walk. It is one of the most troublesome symptoms of PD, leading to an increased risk of falls and reduced quality of life. The combination of wearable inertial sensors and machine learning (ML) algorithms represents a feasible solution to monitor FoG in real-world scenarios. However, traditional FoG detection algorithms process all data indiscriminately without considering the context of the activity during which FoG occurs. This study aimed to develop a lightweight, context-aware algorithm that can activate FoG detection systems only under certain circumstances, thus reducing the computational burden. Several approaches were implemented, including ML and deep learning (DL) gait recognition methods, as well as a single-threshold method based on acceleration magnitude. To train and evaluate the context algorithms, data from a single inertial sensor were extracted using three different datasets encompassing a total of eighty-one PD patients. Sensitivity and specificity for gait recognition ranged from 0.95 to 0.96 and 0.80 to 0.93, respectively, with the one-dimensional convolutional neural network providing the best results. The threshold approach performed better than ML- and DL-based methods when evaluating the effect of context awareness on FoG detection performance. Overall, context algorithms allow for discarding more than 55% of non-FoG data and less than 4% of FoG episodes. The results indicate that a context classifier can reduce the computational burden of FoG detection algorithms without significantly affecting the FoG detection rate. Thus, implementation of context awareness can present an energy-efficient solution for long-term FoG monitoring in ambulatory and free-living settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Borzì
- Data Analytics and Technologies for Health Lab (ANTHEA), Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Luis Sigcha
- Data-Driven Computer Engineering (D2iCE) Group, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Gabriella Olmo
- Data Analytics and Technologies for Health Lab (ANTHEA), Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
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Lee W, Schwartz N, Bansal A, Khor S, Hammarlund N, Basu A, Devine B. A Scoping Review of the Use of Machine Learning in Health Economics and Outcomes Research: Part 1-Data From Wearable Devices. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2023; 26:292-299. [PMID: 36115806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the emerging use of machine learning (ML) techniques, there has been particular interest in using wearable data for health economics and outcomes research (HEOR). We aimed to understand the emerging patterns of how ML has been applied to wearable data in HEOR. METHODS We identified studies published in PubMed between January 2016 and March 2021. Studies that included at least 1 HEOR-related Medical Subject Headings term, applied an ML, and used wearable data were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers abstracted information including ML application types and data on which ML was applied and analyzed them using descriptive analyses. RESULTS A total of 148 studies were identified from PubMed, among which 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. There has been an increase over time in the number of ML studies using wearable data. ML has been more frequently used for monitoring events in real time (78%) than to predict future events (22%). There has been a wide range of outcomes examined, ranging from general physical or mental health (24%) to more disease-specific outcomes (eg, disease incidence [19%] and progression [13%]) and treatment-related outcomes (eg, treatment adherence [9%] and outcomes [9%]). Data for ML models were more often derived from wearable devices with specific medical purposes (60%) than those without (40%). CONCLUSION There has been a wide range of applications of ML to wearable data. Both medical and nonmedical wearable devices have been used as a data source, showing the potential for providing rich data for ML studies in HEOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojung Lee
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Naomi Schwartz
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aasthaa Bansal
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Khor
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah Hammarlund
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Services Research, Management & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anirban Basu
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Beth Devine
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Li P, van Wezel R, He F, Zhao Y, Wang Y. The role of wrist-worn technology in the management of Parkinson's disease in daily life: A narrative review. Front Neuroinform 2023; 17:1135300. [PMID: 37124068 PMCID: PMC10130445 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1135300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Its slow and heterogeneous progression over time makes timely diagnosis challenging. Wrist-worn digital devices, particularly smartwatches, are currently the most popular tools in the PD research field due to their convenience for long-term daily life monitoring. While wrist-worn sensing devices have garnered significant interest, their value for daily practice is still unclear. In this narrative review, we survey demographic, clinical and technological information from 39 articles across four public databases. Wrist-worn technology mainly monitors motor symptoms and sleep disorders of patients in daily life. We find that accelerometers are the most commonly used sensors to measure the movement of people living with PD. There are few studies on monitoring the disease progression compared to symptom classification. We conclude that wrist-worn sensing technology might be useful to assist in the management of PD through an automatic assessment based on patient-provided daily living information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Biomedical Signals and Systems (BSS) Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Peng Li,
| | - Richard van Wezel
- Biomedical Signals and Systems (BSS) Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Fei He
- Centre for Computational Science and Mathematical Modelling, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Yifan Zhao
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Wang
- Biomedical Signals and Systems (BSS) Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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Borzì L, Sigcha L, Rodríguez-Martín D, Olmo G. Real-time detection of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease using multi-head convolutional neural networks and a single inertial sensor. Artif Intell Med 2023; 135:102459. [PMID: 36628783 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freezing of gait (FOG) is one of the most disabling symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), contributing to poor quality of life and increased risk of falls. Wearable sensors represent a valuable means for detecting FOG in the home environment. Moreover, real-time feedback has proven to help reduce the duration of FOG episodes. This work proposes a robust real-time FOG detection algorithm, which is easy to implement in stand-alone devices working in non-supervised conditions. METHOD Data from three different data sets were used in this study, with two employed as independent test sets. Acceleration recordings from 118 PD patients and 21 healthy elderly subjects were collected while they performed simulated daily living activities. A single inertial sensor was attached to the waist of each subject. More than 17 h of valid data and a total number of 1110 FOG episodes were analyzed in this study. The implemented algorithm consisted of a multi-head convolutional neural network, which exploited different spatial resolutions in the analysis of inertial data. The architecture and the model parameters were designed to provide optimal performance while reducing computational complexity and testing time. RESULTS The developed algorithm demonstrated good to excellent classification performance, with more than 50% (30%) of FOG episodes predicted on average 3.1 s (1.3 s) before the actual onset in the main (independent) data set. Around 50% of FOG was detected with an average delay of 0.8 s (1.1 s) in the main (independent) data set. Moreover, a specificity above 88% (93%) was obtained when testing the algorithm on the main (independent) test set, while 100% specificity was obtained on healthy elderly subjects. CONCLUSION The algorithm proved robust, with low computational complexity and processing time, thus paving the way to a real-time implementation in a stand-alone device that can be used in non-supervised environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Borzì
- Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy.
| | - Luis Sigcha
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group (I2A2), Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Ctra. Valencia, Km 7, 28031 Madrid, Spain; ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Sense4Care S.L., Cornellà de Llobregat, 08940 Barcelona, Spain; Technical Research Centre for Dependency Care and Autonomous Living (CETPD), Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08800 Vilanova i la Geltrù, Spain.
| | - Gabriella Olmo
- Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy.
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14
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Fujikawa J, Morigaki R, Yamamoto N, Nakanishi H, Oda T, Izumi Y, Takagi Y. Diagnosis and Treatment of Tremor in Parkinson's Disease Using Mechanical Devices. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010078. [PMID: 36676025 PMCID: PMC9863142 DOI: 10.3390/life13010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinsonian tremors are sometimes confused with essential tremors or other conditions. Recently, researchers conducted several studies on tremor evaluation using wearable sensors and devices, which may support accurate diagnosis. Mechanical devices are also commonly used to treat tremors and have been actively researched and developed. Here, we aimed to review recent progress and the efficacy of the devices related to Parkinsonian tremors. METHODS The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for articles. We searched for "Parkinson disease" and "tremor" and "device". RESULTS Eighty-six articles were selected by our systematic approach. Many studies demonstrated that the diagnosis and evaluation of tremors in patients with PD can be done accurately by machine learning algorithms. Mechanical devices for tremor suppression include deep brain stimulation (DBS), electrical muscle stimulation, and orthosis. In recent years, adaptive DBS and optimization of stimulation parameters have been studied to further improve treatment efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Due to developments using state-of-the-art techniques, effectiveness in diagnosing and evaluating tremor and suppressing it using these devices is satisfactorily high in many studies. However, other than DBS, no devices are in practical use. To acquire high-level evidence, large-scale studies and randomized controlled trials are needed for these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Fujikawa
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima-Shi 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryoma Morigaki
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima-Shi 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima-Shi 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
- Parkinson’s Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima-Shi 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-88-633-7149
| | - Nobuaki Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima-Shi 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima-Shi 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
- Beauty Life Corporation, 2 Kiba-Cho, Minato-Ku, Nagoya 455-0021, Aichi, Japan
| | - Teruo Oda
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima-Shi 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuishin Izumi
- Parkinson’s Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima-Shi 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima-Shi 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takagi
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima-Shi 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima-Shi 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
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15
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Xu Z, Shen B, Tang Y, Wu J, Wang J. Deep Clinical Phenotyping of Parkinson's Disease: Towards a New Era of Research and Clinical Care. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:349-361. [PMID: 36939759 PMCID: PMC9590510 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in technology, clinical phenotyping of Parkinson's disease (PD) has remained relatively limited as current assessments are mainly based on empirical observation and subjective categorical judgment at the clinic. A lack of comprehensive, objective, and quantifiable clinical phenotyping data has hindered our capacity to diagnose, assess patients' conditions, discover pathogenesis, identify preclinical stages and clinical subtypes, and evaluate new therapies. Therefore, deep clinical phenotyping of PD patients is a necessary step towards understanding PD pathology and improving clinical care. In this review, we present a growing community consensus and perspective on how to clinically phenotype this disease, that is, to phenotype the entire course of disease progression by integrating capacity, performance, and perception approaches with state-of-the-art technology. We also explore the most studied aspects of PD deep clinical phenotypes, namely, bradykinesia, tremor, dyskinesia and motor fluctuation, gait impairment, speech impairment, and non-motor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Xu
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Yilin Tang
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
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16
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Smart Consumer Wearables as Digital Diagnostic Tools: A Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092110. [PMID: 36140511 PMCID: PMC9498278 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing usage of smart wearable devices has made an impact not only on the lifestyle of the users, but also on biological research and personalized healthcare services. These devices, which carry different types of sensors, have emerged as personalized digital diagnostic tools. Data from such devices have enabled the prediction and detection of various physiological as well as psychological conditions and diseases. In this review, we have focused on the diagnostic applications of wrist-worn wearables to detect multiple diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, fatty liver diseases, and metabolic disorders, including diabetes, sleep quality, and psychological illnesses. The fruitful usage of wearables requires fast and insightful data analysis, which is feasible through machine learning. In this review, we have also discussed various machine-learning applications and outcomes for wearable data analyses. Finally, we have discussed the current challenges with wearable usage and data, and the future perspectives of wearable devices as diagnostic tools for research and personalized healthcare domains.
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17
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Ellis R, Kelly P, Huang C, Pearlmutter A, Izmailova ES. Sensor Verification and Analytical Validation of Algorithms to Measure Gait and Balance and Pronation/Supination in Healthy Volunteers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22166275. [PMID: 36016036 PMCID: PMC9412295 DOI: 10.3390/s22166275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have sought to demonstrate the utility of digital measures of motor function in Parkinson’s disease. Frameworks, such as V3, document digital measure development: technical verification, analytical and clinical validation. We present the results of a study to (1) technically verify accelerometers in an Apple iPhone 8 Plus and ActiGraph GT9X versus an oscillating table and (2) analytically validate software tasks for walking and pronation/supination on the iPhone plus passively detect walking measures with the ActiGraph in healthy volunteers versus human raters. In technical verification, 99.4% of iPhone and 91% of ActiGraph tests show good or excellent agreement versus the oscillating table as the gold standard. For the iPhone software task and algorithms, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) > 0.75 are achieved versus the human raters for measures when walking distance is >10 s and pronation/supination when the arm is rotated more than two times. Passively detected walking start and end time was accurate to approx. 1 s and walking measures were accurate to one unit, e.g., one step. The results suggest that the Apple iPhone and ActiGraph GT9X accelerometers are fit for purpose and that task and passively collected measures are sufficiently analytically valid to assess usability and clinical validity in Parkinson’s patients.
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18
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Mirelman A, Siderowf A, Chahine L. Outcome Assessment in Parkinson Disease Prevention Trials: Utility of Clinical and Digital Measures. Neurology 2022; 99:52-60. [PMID: 35970590 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The prodromal phase of Parkinson disease (PD) is accompanied by subtle clinical signs that are not sufficient for diagnosis but could potentially be measured in the context of clinical trials of therapies intended to delay or prevent more definitive clinical features. The objective of this study was to review the available literature on the presence and time course of subtle motor features in prodromal PD in the context of planning for possible clinical trials. METHODS We reviewed the available literature based on expert opinion. We considered a range of outcomes including measurement of clinical features, patient-reported outcomes, digital markers, and clinical diagnosis. RESULTS We considered these features and measures in the context of patient stratification, intermediate outcomes, and clinically relevant end points, including phenoconversion. DISCUSSION Substantial progress has been made in understanding how motor features evolve in the period immediately before a PD diagnosis. Digital measures hold substantial progress for measurement precision and may be additionally relevant because they can be used in naturalistic environments outside the clinic. Future studies should focus on advancing digital sensor technology and analysis and developing methods to implement available methods, particularly determination of a clinical diagnosis of PD, in a clinical trial context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Mirelman
- From the Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience (A.M.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (L.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Andrew Siderowf
- From the Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience (A.M.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (L.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Lana Chahine
- From the Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience (A.M.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (L.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
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19
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Ghane M, Ang MC, Nilashi M, Sorooshian S. Enhanced decision tree induction using evolutionary techniques for Parkinson's disease classification. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Ma C, Zhang P, Wang J, Zhang J, Pan L, Li X, Yin C, Li A, Zong R, Zhang Z. Objective quantification of the severity of postural tremor based on kinematic parameters: A multi-sensory fusion study. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 219:106741. [PMID: 35338882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current clinical assessments of essential tremor (ET) are primarily based on expert consultation combined with reviewing patient complaints, physician expertise, and diagnostic experience. Thus, traditional evaluation methods often lead to biased diagnostic results. There is a clinical demand for a method that can objectively quantify the severity of the patient's disease. METHODS This study aims to develop an artificial intelligence-aided diagnosis method based on multi-sensory fusion wearables. The experiment relies on a rigorous clinical trial paradigm to collect multi-modal fusion of signals from 98 ET patients. At the same time, three clinicians scored independently, and the consensus score obtained was used as the ground truth for the machine learning models. RESULTS Sixty kinematic parameters were extracted from the signals recorded by the nine-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU). The results showed that most of the features obtained by IMU could effectively characterize the severity of the tremors. The accuracy of the optimal model for three tasks classifying five severity levels was 97.71%, 97.54%, and 97.72%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This paper reports the first attempt to combine multiple feature selection and machine learning algorithms for fine-grained automatic quantification of postural tremor in ET patients. The promising results showed the potential of the proposed approach to quantify the severity of ET objectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Ma
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China; Shenyuan Honors College, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Longsheng Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Clinics of Cadre, Department of Outpatient, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Yin
- Clinics of Cadre, Department of Outpatient, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Li
- Pusheng Yixin (Beijing) Hospital Management Co., Ltd, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zong
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhengbo Zhang
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China.
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21
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Gopal A, Hsu WY, Allen DD, Bove R. Remote Assessments of Hand Function in Neurological Disorders: Systematic Review. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol 2022; 9:e33157. [PMID: 35262502 PMCID: PMC8943610 DOI: 10.2196/33157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of fine motor skills is observed in many neurological diseases, and remote monitoring assessments can aid in early diagnosis and intervention. Hand function can be regularly assessed to monitor loss of fine motor skills in people with central nervous system disorders; however, there are challenges to in-clinic assessments. Remotely assessing hand function could facilitate monitoring and supporting of early diagnosis and intervention when warranted. OBJECTIVE Remote assessments can facilitate the tracking of limitations, aiding in early diagnosis and intervention. This study aims to systematically review existing evidence regarding the remote assessment of hand function in populations with chronic neurological dysfunction. METHODS PubMed and MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for studies that reported remote assessment of hand function (ie, outside of traditional in-person clinical settings) in adults with chronic central nervous system disorders. We excluded studies that included participants with orthopedic upper limb dysfunction or used tools for intervention and treatment. We extracted data on the evaluated hand function domains, validity and reliability, feasibility, and stage of development. RESULTS In total, 74 studies met the inclusion criteria for Parkinson disease (n=57, 77% studies), stroke (n=9, 12%), multiple sclerosis (n=6, 8%), spinal cord injury (n=1, 1%), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n=1, 1%). Three assessment modalities were identified: external device (eg, wrist-worn accelerometer), smartphone or tablet, and telerehabilitation. The feasibility and overall participant acceptability were high. The most common hand function domains assessed included finger tapping speed (fine motor control and rigidity), hand tremor (pharmacological and rehabilitation efficacy), and finger dexterity (manipulation of small objects required for daily tasks) and handwriting (coordination). Although validity and reliability data were heterogeneous across studies, statistically significant correlations with traditional in-clinic metrics were most commonly reported for telerehabilitation and smartphone or tablet apps. The most readily implementable assessments were smartphone or tablet-based. CONCLUSIONS The findings show that remote assessment of hand function is feasible in neurological disorders. Although varied, the assessments allow clinicians to objectively record performance in multiple hand function domains, improving the reliability of traditional in-clinic assessments. Remote assessments, particularly via telerehabilitation and smartphone- or tablet-based apps that align with in-clinic metrics, facilitate clinic to home transitions, have few barriers to implementation, and prompt remote identification and treatment of hand function impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Gopal
- Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Wan-Yu Hsu
- Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Diane D Allen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco/San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Riley Bove
- Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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22
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Harris EJ, Khoo IH, Demircan E. A Survey of Human Gait-Based Artificial Intelligence Applications. Front Robot AI 2022; 8:749274. [PMID: 35047564 PMCID: PMC8762057 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.749274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an electronic database search of published works from 2012 to mid-2021 that focus on human gait studies and apply machine learning techniques. We identified six key applications of machine learning using gait data: 1) Gait analysis where analyzing techniques and certain biomechanical analysis factors are improved by utilizing artificial intelligence algorithms, 2) Health and Wellness, with applications in gait monitoring for abnormal gait detection, recognition of human activities, fall detection and sports performance, 3) Human Pose Tracking using one-person or multi-person tracking and localization systems such as OpenPose, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), etc., 4) Gait-based biometrics with applications in person identification, authentication, and re-identification as well as gender and age recognition 5) “Smart gait” applications ranging from smart socks, shoes, and other wearables to smart homes and smart retail stores that incorporate continuous monitoring and control systems and 6) Animation that reconstructs human motion utilizing gait data, simulation and machine learning techniques. Our goal is to provide a single broad-based survey of the applications of machine learning technology in gait analysis and identify future areas of potential study and growth. We discuss the machine learning techniques that have been used with a focus on the tasks they perform, the problems they attempt to solve, and the trade-offs they navigate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa J Harris
- Human Performance and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - I-Hung Khoo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Emel Demircan
- Human Performance and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
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23
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Krokidis MG, Dimitrakopoulos GN, Vrahatis AG, Tzouvelekis C, Drakoulis D, Papavassileiou F, Exarchos TP, Vlamos P. A Sensor-Based Perspective in Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease: Current State and the Need for Machine Learning Processes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:409. [PMID: 35062370 PMCID: PMC8777583 DOI: 10.3390/s22020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons in the brain, lack of dopamine and the formation of abnormal Lewy body protein particles. PD is an idiopathic disease of the nervous system, characterized by motor and nonmotor manifestations without a discrete onset of symptoms until a substantial loss of neurons has already occurred, enabling early diagnosis very challenging. Sensor-based platforms have gained much attention in clinical practice screening various biological signals simultaneously and allowing researchers to quickly receive a huge number of biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The integration of machine learning into medical systems provides the potential for optimization of data collection, disease prediction through classification of symptoms and can strongly support data-driven clinical decisions. This work attempts to examine some of the facts and current situation of sensor-based approaches in PD diagnosis and discusses ensemble techniques using sensor-based data for developing machine learning models for personalized risk prediction. Additionally, a biosensing platform combined with clinical data processing and appropriate software is proposed in order to implement a complete diagnostic system for PD monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios G. Krokidis
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (M.G.K.); (A.G.V.); (C.T.); (T.P.E.)
| | - Georgios N. Dimitrakopoulos
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (M.G.K.); (A.G.V.); (C.T.); (T.P.E.)
| | - Aristidis G. Vrahatis
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (M.G.K.); (A.G.V.); (C.T.); (T.P.E.)
| | - Christos Tzouvelekis
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (M.G.K.); (A.G.V.); (C.T.); (T.P.E.)
| | | | | | - Themis P. Exarchos
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (M.G.K.); (A.G.V.); (C.T.); (T.P.E.)
| | - Panayiotis Vlamos
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (M.G.K.); (A.G.V.); (C.T.); (T.P.E.)
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Ma C, Li D, Pan L, Li X, Yin C, Li A, Zhang Z, Zong R. Quantitative assessment of essential tremor based on machine learning methods using wearable device. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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