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Monaghan PG, Takla TN, Chargo AN, Edwards EM, Yu B, Myers E, Daugherty AM, Fritz NE. Measurement Properties of Backward Walking and Its Sensitivity and Feasibility in Predicting Falls in People With Multiple Sclerosis. Int J MS Care 2024; 26:155-166. [PMID: 38915880 PMCID: PMC11195663 DOI: 10.7224/1537-2073.2023-091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience mobility impairments that elevate fall risk, increasing the need to identify clinical measures that accurately predict falls. Backward walking (BW) better differentiates fallers from nonfallers in MS. However, no studies have reported the measurement properties of the backward walking Timed 25-Foot Walk (B-T25-FW) and BW metrics, like BW velocity. Additionally, it is unknown whether BW can predict future falls in MS or its link to activity levels. This study assessed the reliability and responsiveness of B-T25-FW and BW metrics, including BW velocity. It also examined whether BW could predict falls at 3 and 6 months and its association with activity levels. METHODS During 2 separate visits, 23 people with MS completed the forward walking Timed 25-Foot Walk (F-T25-FW) and B-T25-FW, as well as forward walking and BW assessments in which spatiotemporal measures were recorded. Test-retest reliability was determined with intraclass correlation coefficients, and minimum detectable changes were calculated. Correlation analyses explored the relationship between BW velocity, B-T25-FW, prospective falls, and activity levels. RESULTS B-T25-FW and BW velocity exhibited excellent test-retest reliability. Large effect sizes to interpret clinically meaningful change in the B-T25-FW and BW velocity were also found. Both metrics demonstrated modest negative correlations with falls at 3 and 6 months and correlated strongly with very active minutes at 3- and 6-months post study. CONCLUSIONS The B-T25-FW and BW velocity are effective and reliable in clinical use for evaluating functional mobility in people with MS, are sensitive enough to detect subtle changes, and may be a meaningful marker for tracking disease progression and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Monaghan
- From the Neuroimaging and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Taylor N. Takla
- From the Neuroimaging and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alexis N. Chargo
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Erin M. Edwards
- From the Neuroimaging and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Biaohua Yu
- From the Neuroimaging and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Emily Myers
- From the Neuroimaging and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ana M. Daugherty
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nora E. Fritz
- From the Neuroimaging and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Santinelli FB, Ramari C, Poncelet M, Severijns D, Kos D, Pau M, Kalron A, Meyns P, Feys P. Between-Day Reliability of the Gait Characteristics and Their Changes During the 6-Minute Walking Test in People With Multiple Sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2024; 38:75-86. [PMID: 38229519 DOI: 10.1177/15459683231222412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait characteristics and their changes during the 6-minute walking test (6MWT) in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) have been described in the literature, which one may refer to as walking fatigability in the body function level of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. However, whether these metrics are reliable is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the between-day reliability of the gait characteristics and their changes in pwMS and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Forty-nine pwMS (EDSS 4.82 ± 1.22 and 54.7 ± 9.36 years) and 23 HCs (50.6 ± 6.1 years) performed the 6MWT, as fast as possible but safely while wearing Inertial Measurement Units. Gait characteristics were measured in the pace, rhythm, variability, asymmetry, kinematics, coordination, and postural control domains and were obtained in intervals of 1 minute during the 6MWT. In addition, gait characteristics change in the last minute compared with the first minute were calculated for all gait variables using a fatigability index (ie, distance walking index). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman Plots, and Standard error of measurement were applied to investigate reliability. RESULTS Reliability of gait characteristics, minute-by-minute, and for their changes (ie, using the fatigability index) ranged from poor to excellent (pwMS: ICC 0.46-0.96; HC: ICC 0.09-0.97 and pwMS: ICC 0-0.72; HC: ICC 0-0.77, respectively). CONCLUSION Besides coordination, at least 1 variable of each gait domain showed an ICC of moderate or good reliability for gait characteristics changes in both pwMS and HC. These metrics can be incorporated into future clinical trials and research on walking fatigability.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05412043.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Balistieri Santinelli
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- UMSC, Hasselt/Pelt, Belgium
| | - Cintia Ramari
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- UMSC, Hasselt/Pelt, Belgium
| | - Marie Poncelet
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daphne Kos
- National MS Center Melsbroek, Melsbroek, Belgium
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Pau
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alon Kalron
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Pieter Meyns
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Peter Feys
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- UMSC, Hasselt/Pelt, Belgium
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Kontaxis S, Laporta E, Garcia E, Martinis M, Leocani L, Roselli L, Buron MD, Guerrero AI, Zabala A, Cummins N, Vairavan S, Hotopf M, Dobson RJB, Narayan VA, La Porta ML, Costa GD, Magyari M, Sørensen PS, Nos C, Bailon R, Comi G. Automatic Assessment of the 2-Minute Walk Distance for Remote Monitoring of People with Multiple Sclerosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6017. [PMID: 37447866 DOI: 10.3390/s23136017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of automatically assessing the 2-Minute Walk Distance (2MWD) for monitoring people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). For 154 pwMS, MS-related clinical outcomes as well as the 2MWDs as evaluated by clinicians and derived from accelerometer data were collected from a total of 323 periodic clinical visits. Accelerometer data from a wearable device during 100 home-based 2MWD assessments were also acquired. The error in estimating the 2MWD was validated for walk tests performed at hospital, and then the correlation (r) between clinical outcomes and home-based 2MWD assessments was evaluated. Robust performance in estimating the 2MWD from the wearable device was obtained, yielding an error of less than 10% in about two-thirds of clinical visits. Correlation analysis showed that there is a strong association between the actual and the estimated 2MWD obtained either at hospital (r = 0.71) or at home (r = 0.58). Furthermore, the estimated 2MWD exhibits moderate-to-strong correlation with various MS-related clinical outcomes, including disability and fatigue severity scores. Automatic assessment of the 2MWD in pwMS is feasible with the usage of a consumer-friendly wearable device in clinical and non-clinical settings. Wearable devices can also enhance the assessment of MS-related clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Kontaxis
- Laboratory of Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation (BSICoS), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28006 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estela Laporta
- Laboratory of Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation (BSICoS), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28006 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Garcia
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28006 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microelectronics and Electronic Systems, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Matteo Martinis
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute and Hospital San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute and Hospital San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Roselli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute and Hospital San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mathias Due Buron
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Isabel Guerrero
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (CEMCAT), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Zabala
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (CEMCAT), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicholas Cummins
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | | | - Matthew Hotopf
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Richard J B Dobson
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | | | - Maria Libera La Porta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute and Hospital San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Dalla Costa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute and Hospital San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Melinda Magyari
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Soelberg Sørensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos Nos
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (CEMCAT), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Bailon
- Laboratory of Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation (BSICoS), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28006 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute and Hospital San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Casa di Cura del Policlinico, 20144 Milan, Italy
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Hadouiri N, Monnet E, Gouelle A, Sagawa Y, Decavel P. Locomotor Strategy to Perform 6-Minute Walk Test in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Prospective Observational Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3407. [PMID: 37050467 PMCID: PMC10099238 DOI: 10.3390/s23073407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Two-thirds of people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) have walking disabilities. Considering the literature, prolonged tests, such as the 6 min walk test, better reflect their everyday life walking capacities and endurance. However, in most studies, only the distance traveled during the 6MWT was measured. This study aims to analyze spatio-temporal (ST) walking patterns of PwMS and healthy people in the 6MWT. Participants performed a 6MWT with measures of five ST variables during three 1 min intervals (initial: 0'-1', middle: 2'30″-3'30″, end: 5'-6') of the 6MWT, using the GAITRite system. Forty-five PwMS and 24 healthy people were included. We observed in PwMS significant changes between initial and final intervals for all ST parameters, whereas healthy people had a rebound pattern but the changes between intervals were rather negligible. Moreover, ST variables' changes were superior to the standard measurement error only for PwMS between initial and final intervals for all ST parameters. This result suggests that the modification in PwMS' walking pattern is effectively due to their walking ability and not to a measurement, and suggests that PwMS could not manage their walking efficiently compared to healthy people, who could maintain their rhythm throughout the 6MWT. Further studies are needed to detect these patterns changes in the early evolution of the disease, identify clinical determinants involved in PwMS' walking pattern, and investigate whether interventions can positively impact this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawale Hadouiri
- Laboratory of Clinical Functional Exploration of Movement, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1431, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Elisabeth Monnet
- Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1431, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- EA4266 Agents Pathogènes et Inflammation, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Arnaud Gouelle
- Laboratory Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société (PSMS), UFR STAPS, 51000 Reims, France
| | - Yoshimasa Sagawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Functional Exploration of Movement, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1431, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- Integrative and Clinical Neurosciences EA481, Bourgogne Franche-Comte University, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Pierre Decavel
- Laboratory of Clinical Functional Exploration of Movement, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- Integrative and Clinical Neurosciences EA481, Bourgogne Franche-Comte University, 25000 Besançon, France
- Rehabilitation Department, HFR, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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5
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Müller R, Hamacher D, Keune PM, Oschmann P. Stability of sensor-based gait parameters reassessed after a period of one year in people with multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:120. [PMID: 36964510 PMCID: PMC10037853 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are several studies showing that wearable inertial sensors are highly sensitive in the detection of gait disturbances in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), showing excellent reliability within one or 7-14 days. However, it is not known how stable these gait parameters remain over a longer period of time. This is surprising, because many treatments last longer than two weeks. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to examine gait parameters obtained by means of wearable inertial sensors during a 6-min walk and to reassess these parameters after a period of one year. METHODS Fifty PwMS (without a relapse or a recent change in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) or treatment) and 20 healthy participants were examined at two assessment points (interval between assessments: 14.4 ± 6.6 months). At each assessment point, all participants had to complete a 6-min walking test, an observer-rater test (Berg Balance Scale, BBS) and a Timed-up and Go Test (TUG). To measure mean gait parameters (i.e. walking speed, stride length, stride time, the duration of the stance and swing phase and minimum toe-to-floor distance), as well as the intraindividual standard deviation of each mean gait parameter, wearable inertial sensors were utilized. RESULTS We found that even after one year all mean gait parameters showed excellent Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC between 0.75 and 0.95) in PwMS. Looking at MS subgroups, the ICCs were slightly higher in MS subgroup 2 (EDSS 2.0-5.0) than those in MS subgroup 1 (EDSS 0.0-1.5) and healthy controls. Compared to the mean gait parameters, parameters of gait variability showed only good-to-fair ICC values in PwMS. Concerning BBS and TUG, the ICC values after one year were close to the ICC values of the measured mean gait parameters. CONCLUSIONS Due to the excellent stability of mean gait parameters after one year, these sensor-based gait parameters can be identified as clinically relevant markers to evaluate treatment effects over a longer (several months) period of time in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Upper Frankonia, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Daniel Hamacher
- Department of Sports Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp M Keune
- Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Upper Frankonia, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Cognition, Emotion and Neuropsychology, Otto-Friedrich-University, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Oschmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Upper Frankonia, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany
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Theunissen K, Plasqui G, Boonen A, Timmermans A, Meyns P, Feys P, Meijer K. The increased perceived exertion during the six minute walking test is not accompanied by changes in cost of walking, gait characteristics or muscle fatigue in persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 70:104479. [PMID: 36608537 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) frequently experience walking difficulties, often expressed as a slower walking speed during the 6 Minute Walking Test (6MWT). In addition, slower walking speeds are also related to higher levels of perceived exertion. PwMS are also known to have a higher energetic Cost of walking (Cw) and may experience muscle fatigue during prolonged walking. In this study, we aimed to explore changes in Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the Cw within participants during the 6MWT in pwMS. Additionally, concomitant changes in the mean and variability of gait characteristics and changes in muscle activation describing muscle fatigue were assessed. METHODS The 6MWT was performed on an instrumented treadmill while three-dimensional motion capture and gas exchange were measured continuously. RPE on the 6-20 borg-scale was questioned directly before and after the 6MWT. Cost of walking was expressed in Joules/kg/m. Muscle fatigue was assessed by increases in Root Median Square (RMdS) and decreases in Median Frequency (MF) of the recorded EMGs. Wilcoxon-Signed Rank test was used to assess a difference in RPE before and after the 6MWT. Linear mixed models, while controlling for walking speed, were used to assess changes in Cw, mean and variability of gait characteristics and RMdS and MF of muscle activation. RESULTS 28 pwMS (23 females, mean ± standard deviation age 46 ± 10 years, height 1.69 ± 0.08 meter, weight 76 ± 18 kilogram, EDSS 2.7 ± 1.3) were included. Although the RPE increased from 8 to 12, no changes in Cw were found. Walking speed was the only spatiotemporal parameter which increased during the 6MWT and RMdS of the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles increased. The soleus muscle decreased in MF over time. CONCLUSION The increases in RPE and walking speed was not accompanied by a change in Cw during the 6MWT which indicates that the perceived exertion was not accompanied by an increased physical exertion. Changes in muscle activation might give an indication for muscle fatigue but were inconclusive. Although the 6MWT reflects daily life walking challenges for pwMS, this test did not show the expected changes in gait parameters in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Theunissen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum, and Care and Public Health Research Institute, The Netherlands; REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium.
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Boonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum, and Care and Public Health Research Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Annick Timmermans
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium
| | - Pieter Meyns
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium; Universitair MS Centrum Hasselt-Pelt, UMSC, Belgium
| | - Peter Feys
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium; Universitair MS Centrum Hasselt-Pelt, UMSC, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Reneaud N, Gerus P, Guérin O, Garda M, Piche E, Chorin F, Zory R. 6MWT on a new self-paced treadmill system compared with overground. Gait Posture 2022; 92:8-14. [PMID: 34801954 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a useful tool for clinicians and researchers to estimate gait performance and fatigue affecting functional mobility. A modified 6MWT administered on a treadmill (TM) can be an efficient, space-saving alternative to perform the 6MWT. The aim of this study was to investigate if a 6MWT on a self-paced (SP) TM produced similar results compared to an overground (OG) 6MWT among healthy participants with the hypothesis that users would demonstrate similar gait parameters. The second aim was to assess the reliability of SP TM sessions with the hypothesis that gait parameters would be reliable. Twelve healthy young adults performed one OG 6MWT and two SP TM 6MWTs, with the TM tests performed on two different testing days. The OG 6MWTs were conducted along a 20 m corridor with a portable optometric system. The SP TM 6MWTs were performed using a dual-belt instrumented TM with speed controlled by feedback from a LIDAR sensor. In the OG condition, participants walked 664.8 m ± 48.9 m when the standard method was used to calculate distance and 721.3 m ± 56.2 m with an average-speed-based estimation of distance, which corrects for U-turns. For the SP TM 6MWT, they covered 729.4 m ± 45.8 m in the first session and 727.4 m ± 56.0 m in the second session. Gait parameters showed good to excellent within- and between-day reliability on the adaptive TM. Gait parameters were similar between modalities. A significant difference in the 6MWT distance was found between modalities. This is attributable to the U-turns, because a comparison between TM 6MWT distance and the average-speed-based estimation of the distance for the OG modality showed no significant difference. However, this system produced similar spatiotemporal gait parameters among participants compared to OG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reneaud
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, EUR HEALTHY, 06205, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Cimiez, Plateforme fragilité, 06000, Nice, France; Ted Orthopedics, 37 rue Guibal, 13003, Marseille, France.
| | - Pauline Gerus
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, EUR HEALTHY, 06205, Nice, France
| | - Olivier Guérin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Cimiez, Plateforme fragilité, 06000, Nice, France
| | - Maurine Garda
- Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Cimiez, Plateforme fragilité, 06000, Nice, France; Ted Orthopedics, 37 rue Guibal, 13003, Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Piche
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, EUR HEALTHY, 06205, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Cimiez, Plateforme fragilité, 06000, Nice, France
| | - Frédéric Chorin
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, EUR HEALTHY, 06205, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Cimiez, Plateforme fragilité, 06000, Nice, France
| | - Raphael Zory
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, EUR HEALTHY, 06205, Nice, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 75231, Paris, France
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Pires IM, Denysyuk HV, Villasana MV, Sá J, Marques DL, Morgado JF, Albuquerque C, Zdravevski E. Development Technologies for the Monitoring of Six-Minute Walk Test: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22020581. [PMID: 35062542 PMCID: PMC8782011 DOI: 10.3390/s22020581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the pandemic time, the monitoring of the progression of some diseases is affected and rehabilitation is more complicated. Remote monitoring may help solve this problem using mobile devices that embed low-cost sensors, which can help measure different physical parameters. Many tests can be applied remotely, one of which is the six-minute walk test (6MWT). The 6MWT is a sub-maximal exercise test that assesses aerobic capacity and endurance, allowing early detection of emerging medical conditions with changes. This paper presents a systematic review of the use of sensors to measure the different physical parameters during the performance of 6MWT, focusing on various diseases, sensors, and implemented methodologies. It was performed with the PRISMA methodology, where the search was conducted in different databases, including IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, and PubMed Central. After filtering the papers related to 6MWT and sensors, we selected 31 papers that were analyzed in more detail. Our analysis discovered that the measurements of 6MWT are primarily performed with inertial and magnetic sensors. Likewise, most research studies related to this test focus on multiple sclerosis and pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Miguel Pires
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-966-379-785
| | | | - María Vanessa Villasana
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário da Cova da Beira, 6200-251 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Juliana Sá
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.A.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Luís Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | | | - Carlos Albuquerque
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Eftim Zdravevski
- Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
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