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Wang R, Lu S, Deng F, Wu L, Yang G, Chong S, Liu Y. Enhancing the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 protein with structure and detection methods: An integrative review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132237. [PMID: 38734351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
As the rapid and accurate screening of infectious diseases can provide meaningful information for outbreak prevention and control, as well as owing to the existing limitations of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), it is imperative to have new and validated detection techniques for SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the rationale for outlining the techniques used to detect SARS-CoV-2 proteins and performing a comprehensive comparison to serve as a practical benchmark for future identification of similar viral proteins is clear. This review highlights the urgent need to strengthen pandemic preparedness by emphasizing the importance of integrated measures. These include improved tools for pathogen characterization, optimized societal precautions, the establishment of early warning systems, and the deployment of highly sensitive diagnostics for effective surveillance, triage, and resource management. Additionally, with an improved understanding of the virus' protein structure, considerable advances in targeted detection, treatment, and prevention strategies are expected to greatly improve our ability to respond to future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Wang
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Song Lu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fanyu Deng
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Liqing Wu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guowu Yang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Siying Chong
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Bian S, Shang M, Tao Y, Wang P, Xu Y, Wang Y, Shen Z, Sawan M. Dynamic Profiling and Prediction of Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Booster-Inactivated Vaccines by Microsample-Driven Biosensor and Machine Learning. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:352. [PMID: 38675735 PMCID: PMC11054503 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the antibody response to the third dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is crucial because it is the subject of one of the largest global vaccination programs. This study integrated microsampling with optical biosensors to profile neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in fifteen vaccinated healthy donors, followed by the application of machine learning to predict antibody response at given timepoints. Over a nine-month duration, microsampling and venipuncture were conducted at seven individual timepoints. A refined iteration of a fiber optic biolayer interferometry (FO-BLI) biosensor was designed, enabling rapid multiplexed biosensing of the NAbs of both wild-type and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants in minutes. Findings revealed a strong correlation (Pearson r of 0.919, specificity of 100%) between wild-type variant NAb levels in microsamples and sera. Following the third dose, sera NAb levels of the wild-type variant increased 2.9-fold after seven days and 3.3-fold within a month, subsequently waning and becoming undetectable after three months. Considerable but incomplete evasion of the latest Omicron subvariants from booster vaccine-elicited NAbs was confirmed, although a higher number of binding antibodies (BAbs) was identified by another rapid FO-BLI biosensor in minutes. Significantly, FO-BLI highly correlated with a pseudovirus neutralization assay in identifying neutralizing capacities (Pearson r of 0.983). Additionally, machine learning demonstrated exceptional accuracy in predicting antibody levels, with an error level of <5% for both NAbs and BAbs across multiple timepoints. Microsample-driven biosensing enables individuals to access their results within hours of self-collection, while precise models could guide personalized vaccination strategies. The technology's innate adaptability means it has the potential for effective translation in disease prevention and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Bian
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.B.)
| | - Min Shang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Tao
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.B.)
| | - Pengbo Wang
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.B.)
| | - Yankun Xu
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.B.)
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhida Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mahamad Sawan
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.B.)
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Kim YJ, Min J. Advances in nanobiosensors during the COVID-19 pandemic and future perspectives for the post-COVID era. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:3. [PMID: 38206526 PMCID: PMC10784265 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The unprecedented threat of the highly contagious virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes exponentially increased infections of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), highlights the weak spots of the current diagnostic toolbox. In the midst of catastrophe, nanobiosensors offer a new opportunity as an alternative tool to fill a gap among molecular tests, rapid antigen tests, and serological tests. Nanobiosensors surpass the potential of antigen tests because of their enhanced sensitivity, thus enabling us to see antigens as stable and easy-to-access targets. During the first three years of the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial number of studies have reported nanobiosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The number of articles on nanobiosensors and SARS-CoV-2 exceeds the amount of nanobiosensor research on detecting previous infectious diseases, from influenza to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This unprecedented publishing pace also implies the significance of SARS-CoV-2 and the present pandemic. In this review, 158 studies reporting nanobiosensors for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigens are collected to discuss the current challenges of nanobiosensors using the criteria of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics along with COVID-specific issues. These advances and lessons during the pandemic pave the way for preparing for the post-COVID era and potential upcoming infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Tsounidi D, Angelopoulou M, Petrou P, Raptis I, Kakabakos S. Simultaneous Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein and Receptor Binding Domain by a Multi-Area Reflectance Spectroscopy Sensor. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:865. [PMID: 37754099 PMCID: PMC10526254 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the urgent need for point-of-care methods suitable for the rapid and reliable diagnosis of viral infections. To address this demand, we report the rapid, label-free simultaneous determination of two SARS-CoV-2 proteins, namely, the nucleoprotein and the receptor binding domain peptide of S1 protein, by implementing a bioanalytical device based on Multi Area Reflectance Spectroscopy. Simultaneous detection of these two proteins is achieved by using silicon chips with adjacent areas of different silicon dioxide thickness on top, each of which is modified with an antibody specific to either the nucleoprotein or the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. Both areas were illuminated by a single probe that also collected the reflected light, directing it to a spectrometer. The online conversion of the combined reflection spectra from the two silicon dioxide areas into the respective adlayer thickness enabled real-time monitoring of immunoreactions taking place on the two areas. Several antibodies have been tested to define the pair, providing the higher specific signal following a non-competitive immunoassay format. Biotinylated secondary antibodies and streptavidin were used to enhance the specific signal. Both proteins were detected in less than 12 min, with detection limits of 1.0 ng/mL. The assays demonstrated high repeatability with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation lower than 10%. Moreover, the recovery of both proteins from spiked samples prepared in extraction buffer from a commercial self-test kit for SARS-CoV-2 collection from nasopharyngeal swabs ranged from 90.0 to 110%. The short assay duration in combination with the excellent analytical performance and the compact instrument size render the proposed device and assay suitable for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Tsounidi
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (D.T.); (M.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Michailia Angelopoulou
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (D.T.); (M.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (D.T.); (M.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Ioannis Raptis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece;
| | - Sotirios Kakabakos
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (D.T.); (M.A.); (P.P.)
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Chen H, Hou ZY, Chen D, Li T, Wang YM, De Lima MA, Yang Y, Guo ZZ. Highly Sensitive Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide Microgel-based Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of SARS-COV-2 Spike Protein. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2023; 36:269-278. [PMID: 37005080 PMCID: PMC10080711 DOI: 10.3967/bes2023.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective Late 2019 witnessed the outbreak and widespread transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a new, highly contagious disease caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Consequently, considerable attention has been paid to the development of new diagnostic tools for the early detection of SARS-CoV-2. Methods In this study, a new poly-N-isopropylacrylamide microgel-based electrochemical sensor was explored to detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) in human saliva. The microgel was composed of a copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid, and gold nanoparticles were encapsulated within the microgel through facile and economical fabrication. The electrochemical performance of the sensor was evaluated through differential pulse voltammetry. Results Under optimal experimental conditions, the linear range of the sensor was 10 -13-10 -9 mg/mL, whereas the detection limit was 9.55 fg/mL. Furthermore, the S protein was instilled in artificial saliva as the infected human saliva model, and the sensing platform showed satisfactory detection capability. Conclusion The sensing platform exhibited excellent specificity and sensitivity in detecting spike protein, indicating its potential application for the time-saving and inexpensive detection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi Yuan Hou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, Hubei, China;Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Die Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, Hubei, China;Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, Hubei, China;Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Ming Wang
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430065, Hubei, China
| | | | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Zhen Zhong Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, Hubei, China
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Zheng Y, Song X, Fredj Z, Bian S, Sawan M. Challenges and perspectives of multi-virus biosensing techniques: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1244:340860. [PMID: 36737150 PMCID: PMC9868144 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the context of globalization, individuals have an increased chance of being infected by multiple viruses simultaneously, thereby highlighting the importance of developing multiplexed devices. In addition to sufficient sensitivity and rapid response, multi-virus sensing techniques are expected to offer additional advantages including high throughput, one-time sampling for parallel analysis, and full automation with data visualization. In this paper, we review the optical, electrochemical, and mechanical platforms that enable multi-virus biosensing. The working mechanisms of each platform, including the detection principle, transducer configuration, bio-interface design, and detected signals, are reviewed. The advantages and limitations, as well as the challenges in implementing various detection strategies in real-life scenarios, were evaluated. Future perspectives on multiplexed biosensing techniques are critically discussed. Earlier access to multi-virus biosensors will efficiently serve for immediate pandemic control, such as in emerging SARS-CoV-2 and monkeypox cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Zheng
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Xixi Song
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Zina Fredj
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Sumin Bian
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China.
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China.
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Arano-Martinez JA, Martínez-González CL, Salazar MI, Torres-Torres C. A Framework for Biosensors Assisted by Multiphoton Effects and Machine Learning. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:710. [PMID: 36140093 PMCID: PMC9496380 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to interpret information through automatic sensors is one of the most important pillars of modern technology. In particular, the potential of biosensors has been used to evaluate biological information of living organisms, and to detect danger or predict urgent situations in a battlefield, as in the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in this era. This work is devoted to describing a panoramic overview of optical biosensors that can be improved by the assistance of nonlinear optics and machine learning methods. Optical biosensors have demonstrated their effectiveness in detecting a diverse range of viruses. Specifically, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has generated disturbance all over the world, and biosensors have emerged as a key for providing an analysis based on physical and chemical phenomena. In this perspective, we highlight how multiphoton interactions can be responsible for an enhancement in sensibility exhibited by biosensors. The nonlinear optical effects open up a series of options to expand the applications of optical biosensors. Nonlinearities together with computer tools are suitable for the identification of complex low-dimensional agents. Machine learning methods can approximate functions to reveal patterns in the detection of dynamic objects in the human body and determine viruses, harmful entities, or strange kinetics in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Alberto Arano-Martinez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Unidad Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Claudia Lizbeth Martínez-González
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Unidad Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Ma Isabel Salazar
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Carlos Torres-Torres
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Unidad Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
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