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Oberhoffer FS, Dalla-Pozza R, Jakob A, Haas NA, Mandilaras G, Li P. Energy drinks: effects on pediatric 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A randomized trial. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1172-1179. [PMID: 37061642 PMCID: PMC10444612 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks (EDs) are popular beverages among minors. To date, clinical studies investigating ED-induced effects on the pediatric cardiovascular system are sparse. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a single, bodyweight-adjusted ED dosage on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in healthy children and adolescents. METHODS This study was a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Study participants received a single, bodyweight-adjusted ED amount or a placebo drink on 2 consecutive days at similar morning hours. Twenty-four-hour ABPM was assessed via an automated oscillometric blood pressure device after beverage consumption on both study days. RESULTS A total of 17 healthy children and teenagers (13.90 (12.29-17.89) years) were included in the final analysis. The ED consumption led, compared to the placebo intake, to a significantly higher 24-h systolic (115.90 (110.22-118.04) vs. 110.64 (108.09-115.45) mmHg, p = 0.013) and diastolic blood pressure (66.08 (64.20-68.32) vs. 62.63 (61.40-66.46) mmHg, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The single, bodyweight-adjusted ED consumption is linked with a significantly higher systolic as well as diastolic 24-h blood pressure in healthy children and adolescents. Minors, particularly those with an increased cardiovascular morbidity, should be discouraged from drinking EDs. IMPACT Energy drinks (EDs) are consumed by many children and teenagers. While adverse cardiovascular events after ED consumption were reported in the literature, the effects of these beverages on the pediatric 24-h blood pressure profile have not been systematically evaluated yet. In our manuscript, we demonstrate for the first time that acute ED consumption is associated with a significantly higher 24-h systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in healthy minors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S Oberhoffer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Robert Dalla-Pozza
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - André Jakob
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus A Haas
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Mandilaras
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Pengzhu Li
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Iosif C, Cuc S, Prodan D, Moldovan M, Petean I, Labunet A, Barbu Tudoran L, Badea IC, Man SC, Badea ME, Chifor R. Mechanical Properties of Orthodontic Cements and Their Behavior in Acidic Environments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7904. [PMID: 36431389 PMCID: PMC9697370 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present research is focused on three different classes of orthodontic cements: resin composites (e.g., BracePaste); resin-modified glass ionomer RMGIC (e.g., Fuji Ortho) and resin cement (e.g., Transbond). Their mechanical properties such as compressive strength, diametral tensile strength and flexural strength were correlated with the samples' microstructures, liquid absorption, and solubility in liquid. The results show that the best compressive (100 MPa) and flexural strength (75 Mpa) was obtained by BracePaste and the best diametral tensile strength was obtained by Transbond (230 MPa). The lowestvalues were obtained by Fuji Ortho RMGIC. The elastic modulus is relatively high around 14 GPa for BracePaste, and Fuji Ortho and Transbond have only 7 GPa. The samples were also subjected to artificial saliva and tested in different acidic environments such as Coca-Cola and Red Bull. Their absorption and solubility were investigated at different times ranging from 1 day to 21 days. Fuji Ortho presents the highest liquid absorption followed by Transbond, the artificial saliva has the best absorption and Red Bull has the lowest absorption. The best resistance to the liquids was obtained by BracePaste in all environments. Coca-Cola presents values four times greater than the ones observed for artificial saliva. Solubility tests show that BracePaste is more soluble in artificial saliva, and Fuji Ortho and Transbond are more soluble in Red Bull and Coca-Cola. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images evidenced a compact structure for BracePaste in all environments sustaining the lower liquid absorption values. Fuji Ortho and Transbond present a fissure network allowing the liquid to carry out in-depth penetration of materials. SEM observations are in good agreement with the atomic force microscopy (AFM) results. The surface roughness decreases with the acidity increasing for BracePaste meanwhile it increases with the acidity for Fuji Ortho and Transbond. In conclusion: BracePaste is recommended for long-term orthodontic treatment for patients who regularly consume acidic beverages, Fuji Ortho is recommended for short-term orthodontic treatment for patients who regularly consume acidic beverages and Transbond is recommended for orthodontic treatment over an average time period for patients who do not regularly consume acidic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Iosif
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stanca Cuc
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry “Raluca Ripan”, University Babes-Bolyai, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Doina Prodan
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry “Raluca Ripan”, University Babes-Bolyai, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry “Raluca Ripan”, University Babes-Bolyai, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Petean
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University Babes-Bolyai, 11 Arany János Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Labunet
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Barbu Tudoran
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Biology and Geology Faculty, Babes-Bolyai University, 5–7 Clinicilor Str., 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 65-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iulia Clara Badea
- Dental Prevention Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Avram Iancu 31, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorin Claudiu Man
- Mother and Child Department, 3Rd Department of Paediatrics, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2-4 Campeni Street, 400217 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mîndra Eugenia Badea
- Dental Prevention Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Avram Iancu 31, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Chifor
- Dental Prevention Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Avram Iancu 31, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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