1
|
Xiang L, Gu Y, Gao Z, Yu P, Shim V, Wang A, Fernandez J. Integrating an LSTM framework for predicting ankle joint biomechanics during gait using inertial sensors. Comput Biol Med 2024; 170:108016. [PMID: 38277923 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The ankle joint plays a crucial role in gait, facilitating the articulation of the lower limb, maintaining foot-ground contact, balancing the body, and transmitting the center of gravity. This study aimed to implement long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for predicting ankle joint angles, torques, and contact forces using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. Twenty-five healthy participants were recruited. Two IMU sensors were attached to the foot dorsum and the vertical axis of the distal anteromedial tibia in the right lower limb to record acceleration and angular velocity during running. We proposed a LSTM-MLP (multilayer perceptron) model for training time-series data from IMU sensors and predicting ankle joint biomechanics. The model underwent validation and testing using a custom nested k-fold cross-validation process. The average values of the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean squared error (MSE) for ankle dorsiflexion joint and moment, subtalar inversion joint and moment, and ankle joint contact forces were 0.89 ± 0.04, 0.75 ± 1.04, and 2.96 ± 4.96 for walking, and 0.87 ± 0.07, 0.88 ± 1.26, and 4.1 ± 7.17 for running, respectively. This study demonstrates that IMU sensors, combined with LSTM neural networks, are invaluable tools for evaluating ankle joint biomechanics in lower limb pathological diagnosis and rehabilitation, offering a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional experimental settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Zixiang Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Peimin Yu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vickie Shim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan Wang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Center for Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu CH, Yeh CC, Lu YF, Lu YL, Wang TM, Lin FYS, Lu TW. Recurrent Neural Network Methods for Extracting Dynamic Balance Variables during Gait from a Single Inertial Measurement Unit. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9040. [PMID: 38005428 PMCID: PMC10675772 DOI: 10.3390/s23229040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring dynamic balance during gait is critical for fall prevention in the elderly. The current study aimed to develop recurrent neural network models for extracting balance variables from a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed on the sacrum during walking. Thirteen healthy young and thirteen healthy older adults wore the IMU during walking and the ground truth of the inclination angles (IA) of the center of pressure to the center of mass vector and their rates of changes (RCIA) were measured simultaneously. The IA, RCIA, and IMU data were used to train four models (uni-LSTM, bi-LSTM, uni-GRU, and bi-GRU), with 10% of the data reserved to evaluate the model errors in terms of the root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) and percentage relative RMSEs (rRMSEs). Independent t-tests were used for between-group comparisons. The sensitivity, specificity, and Pearson's r for the effect sizes between the model-predicted data and experimental ground truth were also obtained. The bi-GRU with the weighted MSE model was found to have the highest prediction accuracy, computational efficiency, and the best ability in identifying statistical between-group differences when compared with the ground truth, which would be the best choice for the prolonged real-life monitoring of gait balance for fall risk management in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-C.Y.); (Y.-L.L.)
| | - Chih-Ching Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-C.Y.); (Y.-L.L.)
| | - Yi-Fu Lu
- Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-F.L.); (F.Y.-S.L.)
| | - Yi-Ling Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-C.Y.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan;
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Frank Yeong-Sung Lin
- Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-F.L.); (F.Y.-S.L.)
| | - Tung-Wu Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-C.Y.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan;
| |
Collapse
|