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Li S, Xiao L, Xiao L, Tan H. Coordination polymer nanoprobe integrated carbon dot and phenol red for turn-on fluorescence detection of urease activity. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:79. [PMID: 36719487 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential of coordination polymers (CPs) as a host of integrating multiple guest species to construct a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) nanoprobe was demonstrated. The ZnCPs built from zinc(II) and adenine was employed as a model of CPs to integrate carbon dot (CD) and phenol red (PR) for producing the FRET nanoprobe (CD/PR@ZnCPs). Benefiting from the confinement effect of ZnCPs, the integrated CD and PR can be brought in close proximity to favor the occurrence of FRET process from CD to PR, which leads to the quenching of CD fluorescence. However, the FRET process was disrupted upon the red-shift of PR absorption from 428 to 562 nm in alkaline medium, and consequently switches on the fluorescence of CD/PR@ZnCPs. Based on this finding, by utilizing urease to hydrolyze urea and mediate medium pH, a turn-on fluorescent method was established for the detection of urease activity. This fluorescent method has a linear response that covers 5 to 150 U/L urease with a detection limit of 0.74 U/L and exhibits an excellent selectivity over other enzymes. The successful determination of urease in saliva samples demonstrates the applicability of the fluorescent nanoprobe in complex biological matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, Hunan Provincial Higher Education Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing Research On Mountain Ecological Food, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418008, China
| | - Lingyu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Catalysis and Conversion of Nanchang, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Longqian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, Hunan Provincial Higher Education Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing Research On Mountain Ecological Food, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418008, China.
| | - Hongliang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, Hunan Provincial Higher Education Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing Research On Mountain Ecological Food, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Energy Catalysis and Conversion of Nanchang, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
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2
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Shaw DS, Honeychurch KC. Nanosensor Applications in Plant Science. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:675. [PMID: 36140060 PMCID: PMC9496508 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant science is a major research topic addressing some of the most important global challenges we face today, including energy and food security. Plant science has a role in the production of staple foods and materials, as well as roles in genetics research, environmental management, and the synthesis of high-value compounds such as pharmaceuticals or raw materials for energy production. Nanosensors-selective transducers with a characteristic dimension that is nanometre in scale-have emerged as important tools for monitoring biological processes such as plant signalling pathways and metabolism in ways that are non-destructive, minimally invasive, and capable of real-time analysis. A variety of nanosensors have been used to study different biological processes; for example, optical nanosensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been used to study protein interactions, cell contents, and biophysical parameters, and electrochemical nanosensors have been used to detect redox reactions in plants. Nanosensor applications in plants include nutrient determination, disease assessment, and the detection of proteins, hormones, and other biological substances. The combination of nanosensor technology and plant sciences has the potential to be a powerful alliance and could support the successful delivery of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. However, a lack of knowledge regarding the health effects of nanomaterials and the high costs of some of the raw materials required has lessened their commercial impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Shaw
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Kevin C. Honeychurch
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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3
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Cardos AI, Maghiar A, Zaha DC, Pop O, Fritea L, Miere (Groza) F, Cavalu S. Evolution of Diagnostic Methods for Helicobacter pylori Infections: From Traditional Tests to High Technology, Advanced Sensitivity and Discrimination Tools. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:508. [PMID: 35204598 PMCID: PMC8871415 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis and treatment application in the early stages of H. pylori infection plays an important part in inhibiting the transmission of this infection as this bacterium is involved in various gastric pathologies such as gastritis, gastro-duodenal ulcer, and even gastric neoplasia. This review is devoted to a quick overview of conventional and advanced detection techniques successfully applied to the detection of H. pylori in the context of a compelling need to upgrade the standards of the diagnostic methods which are currently being used. Selecting the best diagnostic method implies evaluating different features, the use of one or another test depending on accessibility, laboratories equipment, and the clinical conditions of patients. This paper aims to expose the diagnosis methods for H. pylori that are currently available, highlighting their assets and limitations. The perspectives and the advantages of nanotechnology along with the concept of nano(bio)sensors and the development of lab-on-chip devices as advanced tools for H. pylori detection, differentiation, and discrimination is also presented, by emphasizing multiple advantages: simple, fast, cost-effective, portable, miniaturized, small volume of samples required, highly sensitive, and selective. It is generally accepted that the development of intelligent sensors will completely revolutionize the acquisition procedure and medical decision in the framework of smart healthcare monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Maghiar
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 December 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.I.C.); (D.C.Z.); (O.P.); (L.F.); (F.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 December 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.I.C.); (D.C.Z.); (O.P.); (L.F.); (F.M.)
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4
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Anchidin-Norocel L, Savage WK, Gutt G, Amariei S. Development, Optimization, Characterization, and Application of Electrochemical Biosensors for Detecting Nickel Ions in Food. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:519. [PMID: 34940276 PMCID: PMC8699131 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nickel is naturally present in drinking water and many dietary items, which expose the general population to nickel ingestion. This heavy metal can have a variety of harmful health effects, causing allergies and skin disorders (i.e., dermatitis), lung, cardiovascular, and kidney diseases, and even certain cancers; therefore, nickel detection is important for public health. Recent innovations in the development of biosensors have demonstrated they offer a powerful new approach over conventional analytical techniques for the identification and quantification of user-defined compounds, including heavy metals such as nickel. We optimized five candidate nickel-biosensing receptors, and tested each for efficiency of binding to immobilization elements on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). We characterized the application of nickel-detecting biosensors with four different cultivated vegetables. We analyzed the efficiency of each nickel-detecting biosensor by potentiostat and atomic absorption spectrometry and compared the results from the sample analytes. We then analyzed the performance characteristics and responses of assembled biosensors, and show they are very effective at measuring nickel ions in food, especially with the urease-alginate biosensor affixed to silver SPEs, measured by cyclic voltammetry (sensitivity-2.1921 µA Mm-1 cm-2 and LOD-0.005 mg/L). Given the many advantages of biosensors, we describe an optimization pipeline approach to the application of different nickel-binding biosensors for public health, nutrition, and consumer safety, which are very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Anchidin-Norocel
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Wesley K. Savage
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Gutt
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (G.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Sonia Amariei
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (G.G.); (S.A.)
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Urbanowicz M, Sadowska K, Paziewska-Nowak A, Sołdatowska A, Pijanowska DG. Highly Stable Potentiometric (Bio)Sensor for Urea and Urease Activity Determination. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110898. [PMID: 34832127 PMCID: PMC8623495 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest for bioanalytical tools that might be designed for a specific user, primarily for research purposes. In this perspective, a new, highly stable potentiometric sensor based on glassy carbon/polyazulene/NH4+-selective membrane was developed and utilized for urease activity determination. Urease–urea interaction studies were carried out and the Michaelis–Menten constant was established for this enzymatic reaction. Biofunctionalization of the ammonium ion-selective sensor with urease lead to urea biosensor with remarkably good potential stability (drift coefficient ~0.9 mV/h) and short response time (t95% = 36 s). The prepared biosensor showed the Nernstian response (S = 52.4 ± 0.7 mV/dec) in the urea concentration range from 0.01 to 20 mM, stable for the experimental time of 60 days. In addition, some insights into electrical properties of the ion-to-electron transducing layer resulting from impedance spectroscopy measurements are presented. Based on the RCQ equivalent circuits comparison, it can be drawn that the polyazulene (PAz) layer shows the least capacitive behavior, which might result in good time stability of the sensor in respect to response as well as potential E0. Both the polyazulene-based solid-contact ion selective electrodes and urea biosensors were successfully used in trial studies for determination of ammonium ion and urea in human saliva samples. The accuracy of ammonium ion and urea levels determination by potentiometric method was confirmed by two reference spectrophotometric methods.
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Tavares MC, Oliveira KA, de Fátima Â, Coltro WKT, Santos JCC. Paper-based analytical device with colorimetric detection for urease activity determination in soils and evaluation of potential inhibitors. Talanta 2021; 230:122301. [PMID: 33934769 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Urease is an enzyme associated with the degradation of urea, an important nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture. Thus, this current report describes the use of a paper-based analytical device (UrePAD) designed to contain a microzone array for colorimetric determination of urease activity in soils in the absence/presence of potential enzyme inhibitors. The UrePAD can be used at the point-of-need (point-of-care), and it offers advantages such as low cost, simplicity in handling, low sample/reagent volumes, and no use of toxic reagents. The acid-base indicator phenol red was used to monitor the urea hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by urease in the evaluated systems. The images were digitalized in a bench scanner, and the analysis was performed using Corel Draw X8 software. The device offered a LOD of 0.10 U mL-1 with linearity between 0.25 and 4.0 U mL-1 and a relative standard deviation ≤ 1.38%. UrePAD was tested in four soil samples of different characteristics and with eight urease inhibitors of varied classes. The results obtained through the proposed device did not differ statistically (95% confidence interval) from those employing the classic method based on the Berthelot reaction, thus indicating that UrePAD was effective for determining urease activity and screening inhibitors, besides showing the capacity to simplify fieldwork involving the application of urea in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Célia Tavares
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Campus A.C. Simões, 57072-900, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Departmento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Josué Carinhanha Caldas Santos
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Campus A.C. Simões, 57072-900, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.
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7
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Smartphone-assisted point-of-care colorimetric biosensor for the detection of urea via pH-mediated AgNPs growth. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1170:338630. [PMID: 34090590 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Smartphone-assisted point-of-care (POC) bioassay has brought a giant leap in personal healthcare system and environmental monitoring advancements. In this study, we developed a rapid and reliable colorimetric urea biosensor assisted by a smartphone. We employed hydrolysis of urea into NH3 by urease, which activates the reduction power of tannic acid, to generate silver nanoparticles for a dramatic colorimetric response. The proposed urea biosensor was validated in a solution to provide high selectivity against various interferents in human urine. It had high sensitivity, with a limit of detection as low as 0.0036 mM, and a high reliability of 99% ± 2.9% via the standard addition method. The urea biosensor was successfully implanted on a paper to facilitate smartphone-assisted POC readout with a limit of detection of 0.58 mM and wide detection range of 500 mM, whereby direct diagnosis of human urine without dilution was realized. Our smartphone-assisted POC colorimetric urea biosensor will pave the way for daily monitoring systems of renal and hepatic dysfunction diseases.
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8
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Detection mechanism and classification of design principles of peroxidase mimic based colorimetric sensors: A brief overview. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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The urea biosensor based on luminescence of Eu(III) ternary complex of DO3A ligand. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Kwak SY, Wong MH, Lew TTS, Bisker G, Lee MA, Kaplan A, Dong J, Liu AT, Koman VB, Sinclair R, Hamann C, Strano MS. Nanosensor Technology Applied to Living Plant Systems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2017; 10:113-140. [PMID: 28605605 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of plant biology is essential to solving many long-standing global challenges, including sustainable and secure food production and the generation of renewable fuel sources. Nanosensor platforms, sensors with a characteristic dimension that is nanometer in scale, have emerged as important tools for monitoring plant signaling pathways and metabolism that are nondestructive, minimally invasive, and capable of real-time analysis. This review outlines the recent advances in nanotechnology that enable these platforms, including the measurement of chemical fluxes even at the single-molecule level. Applications of nanosensors to plant biology are discussed in the context of nutrient management, disease assessment, food production, detection of DNA proteins, and the regulation of plant hormones. Current trends and future needs are discussed with respect to the emerging trends of precision agriculture, urban farming, and plant nanobionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Yeong Kwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
| | - Min Hao Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
| | - Tedrick Thomas Salim Lew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
| | - Michael A Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
| | - Amir Kaplan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
| | - Juyao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
| | - Albert Tianxiang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
| | - Volodymyr B Koman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
| | - Rosalie Sinclair
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
| | - Catherine Hamann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139;
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Ali A, Ahmad M, Akhtar MN, Shaukat SF, Mustafa G, Atif M, Farooq WA. Magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 & Co3O4) and their applications in urea biosensing. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427216040017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Puppo F, Dave A, Doucey MA, Sacchetto D, Baj-Rossi C, Leblebici Y, De Micheli G, Carrara S. Memristive Biosensors Under Varying Humidity Conditions. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2014; 13:19-30. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2013.2295517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yeh JI, Shi H. Nanoelectrodes for biological measurements. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:176-88. [PMID: 20073052 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nanoelectrodes are electrodes with a critical dimension in the range of one to hundreds of nanometers and include individual electrodes, nanoelectrode ensembles, and arrays. Metallic nanowires, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, and metal oxide nanowires have been employed to fabricate nanoelectrodes and platforms. In this review, applications of single electrodes, nanoelectrode arrays, and ensembles are briefly evaluated, with emphasis on biological analysis. Nanoelectrodes offer great advantages in numerous areas of biological investigations, particularly in single cells studies, fabrication of microchips, design of coordinated biosensors, and in addressable patterned electrodes. Consequently, nanoelectrodes have immense potential in the development of efficient, specific, sensitive, and intelligent sensors. In conjunction with the rapidly evolving, cost-effective fabrication and materials development approaches, these sensors can be used as direct, point-of-care clinical devices, enabling more personalized medical care. The development and application of nanodevices in biology and medicine will have enormous implications for society and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne I Yeh
- Department of Structural Biology and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, BST3 1040, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Krystofova O, Trnkova L, Adam V, Zehnalek J, Hubalek J, Babula P, Kizek R. Electrochemical microsensors for the detection of cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions in plants. SENSORS 2010; 10:5308-28. [PMID: 22219663 PMCID: PMC3247708 DOI: 10.3390/s100605308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Routine determination of trace metals in complex media is still a difficult task for many analytical instruments. The aim of this work was to compare three electro-chemical instruments [a standard potentiostat (Autolab), a commercially available miniaturized potentiostat (PalmSens) and a homemade micropotentiostat] for easy-to-use and sensitive determination of cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions. The lowest detection limits (hundreds of pM) for both metals was achieved by using of the standard potentiostat, followed by the miniaturized potentiostat (tens of nM) and the homemade instrument (hundreds of nM). Nevertheless, all potentiostats were sensitive enough to evaluate contamination of the environment, because the environmental limits for both metals are higher than detection limits of the instruments. Further, we tested all used potentiostats and working electrodes on analysis of environmental samples (rainwater, flour and plant extract) with artificially added cadmium(II) and lead(II). Based on the similar results obtained for all potentiostats we choose a homemade instrument with a carbon tip working electrode for our subsequent environmental experiments, in which we analyzed maize and sunflower seedlings and rainwater obtained from various sites in the Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krystofova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (V.A.); (J.Z.)
| | - Libuse Trnkova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (L.T.)
- Research Centre for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (V.A.); (J.Z.)
| | - Josef Zehnalek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (V.A.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jaromir Hubalek
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Udolni 53, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.H.)
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (P.B.)
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (V.A.); (J.Z.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
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16
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Krizkova S, Krystofova O, Trnkova L, Hubalek J, Adam V, Beklova M, Horna A, Havel L, Kizek R. Silver(I) ions ultrasensitive detection at carbon electrodes-analysis of waters, tobacco cells and fish tissues. SENSORS 2009; 9:6934-50. [PMID: 22399980 PMCID: PMC3290483 DOI: 10.3390/s90906934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used carbon paste electrodes and a standard potentiostat to detect silver ions. The detection limit (3 Signal/Noise ratio) was estimated as 0.5 μM. A standard electrochemical instrument microanalysis of silver(I) ions was suggested. As a working electrode a carbon tip (1 mL) or carbon pencil was used. Limits of detection estimated by dilution of a standard were 1 (carbon tip) or 10 nM (carbon pencil). Further we employed flow injection analysis coupled with carbon tip to detect silver(I) ions released in various beverages and mineral waters. During first, second and third week the amount of silver(I) ions releasing into water samples was under the detection limit of the technique used for their quantification. At the end of a thirteen weeks long experiment the content of silver(I) ions was several times higher compared to the beginning of release detected in the third week and was on the order of tens of nanomoles. In subsequent experiments the influence of silver(I) ions (0, 5 and 10 μM) on a plant model system (tobacco BY-2 cells) during a four-day exposition was investigated. Silver(I) ions were highly toxic to the cells, which was revealed by a double staining viability assay. Moreover we investigated the effect of silver(I) ions (0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.5 μM) on guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Content of Ag(I) increased with increasing time of the treatment and applied concentrations in fish tissues. It can be concluded that a carbon tip or carbon pencil coupled with a miniaturized potentiostat can be used for detection of silver(I) ions in environmental samples and thus represents a small, portable, low cost and easy-to-use instrument for such purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Krystofova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libuse Trnkova
- Department Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Hubalek
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Udolni 53, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Beklova
- Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Horna
- Tomas Bata University, T.G. Masaryka 275, CZ-762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Havel
- Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
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Sunflower Plants as Bioindicators of Environmental Pollution with Lead (II) Ions. SENSORS 2009; 9:5040-58. [PMID: 22346686 PMCID: PMC3274165 DOI: 10.3390/s90705040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the influence of lead (II) ions on sunflower growth and biochemistry was investigated from various points of view. Sunflower plants were treated with 0, 10, 50, 100 and/or 500 μM Pb-EDTA for eight days. We observed alterations in growth in all experimental groups compared with non-treated control plants. Further we determined total content of proteins by a Bradford protein assay. By the eighth day of the experiment, total protein contents in all treated plants were much lower compared to control. Particularly noticeable was the loss of approx. 8 μg/mL or 15 μg/mL in shoots or roots of plants treated with 100 mM Pb-EDTA. We also focused our attention on the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and urease. Activity of the enzymes increased with increasing length of the treatment and applied concentration of lead (II) ions. This increase corresponds well with a higher metabolic activity of treated plants. Contents of cysteine, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and phytochelatin 2 (PC2) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Cysteine content declined in roots of plants with the increasing time of treatment of plants with Pb-EDTA and the concentration of toxic substance. Moreover, we observed ten times higher content of cysteine in roots in comparison with shoots. The observed reduction of cysteine content probably relates with its utilization for biosynthesis of GSH and phytochelatins, because the content of GSH and PC2 was similar in roots and shoots and increased with increased treatment time and concentration of Pb-EDTA. Moreover, we observed oxidative stress caused by Pb-EDTA in roots where the GSSG/GSH ratio was about 0.66. In shoots, the oxidative stress was less distinctive, with a GSSG/GSH ratio 0.14. We also estimated the rate of phytochelatin biosynthesis from the slope of linear equations plotted with data measured in the particular experimental group. The highest rate was detected in roots treated with 100 μM of Pb-EDTA. To determine heavy metal ions many analytical instruments can be used, however, most of them are only able to quantify total content of the metals. This problem can be overcome using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, because it is able to provide a high spatial-distribution of metal ions in different types of materials, including plant tissues. Data obtained were used to assemble 3D maps of Pb and Mg distribution. Distribution of these elements is concentrated around main vascular bundle of leaf, which means around midrib.
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Huska D, Adam V, Zitka O, Kukacka J, Prusa R, Kizek R. Chronopotentiometric Stripping Analysis of Gelatinase B, Collagen and Their Interaction. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Determination of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrochemical Detection. SENSORS 2008; 8:7097-7112. [PMID: 27873917 PMCID: PMC3787433 DOI: 10.3390/s8117097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate, AA) is a water soluble organic compound that participates in many biological processes. The main aim of this paper was to utilize two electrochemical detectors (amperometric - Coulouchem III and coulometric - CoulArray) coupled with flow injection analysis for the detection of ascorbic acid. Primarily, we optimized the experimental conditions. The optimized conditions were as follows: detector potential 100 mV, temperature 25 °C, mobile phase 0.09% TFA:ACN, 3:97 (v/v) and flow rate 0.13 mL·min-1. The tangents of the calibration curves were 0.3788 for the coulometric method and 0.0136 for the amperometric one. The tangent of the calibration curve measured by the coulometric detector was almost 30 times higher than the tangent measured by the amperometric detector. Consequently, we coupled a CoulArray electrochemical detector with high performance liquid chromatography and estimated the detection limit for AA as 90 nM (450 fmol per 5 μL injection). The method was used for the determination of vitamin C in a pharmaceutical preparations (98 ± 2 mg per tablet), in oranges (Citrus aurantium) (varied from 30 to 56 mg/100 g fresh weight), in apples (Malus sp.) (varied from 11 to 19 mg/100 g fresh weight), and in human blood serum (varied from 38 to 78 μM). The recoveries were also determined.
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Adam V, Kizek R. Utilization of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. SENSORS 2008; 8:6125-6131. [PMID: 27873861 PMCID: PMC3707441 DOI: 10.3390/s8106125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A special issue of Sensors entitled “Utilization of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” has been prepared over a period of three years. In this Editorial Note we would like to highlight one of the possible directions for electrochemical sensor and biosensor research resulting from the ideas of Czechoslovakian Nobel Prize winner Jaroslav Heyrovsky and his colleague Rudolf Brdicka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Amperometric Sensor for Detection of Chloride Ions. SENSORS 2008; 8:5619-5636. [PMID: 27873832 PMCID: PMC3705522 DOI: 10.3390/s8095619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chloride ion sensing is important in many fields such as clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring and industrial applications. We have measured chloride ions at a carbon paste electrode (CPE) and at a CPE modified with solid AgNO3, a solution of AgNO3 and/or solid silver particles. Detection limits (3 S/N) for chloride ions were 100 μM, 100 μM and 10 μM for solid AgNO3, solution of AgNO3 and/or solid silver particles, respectively. The CPE modified with silver particles is the most sensitive to the presence chloride ions. After that we approached to the miniaturization of the whole electrochemical instrument. Measurements were carried out on miniaturized instrument consisting of a potentiostat with dimensions 35 × 166 × 125 mm, screen printed electrodes, a peristaltic pump and a PC with control software. Under the most suitable experimental conditions (Britton-Robinson buffer, pH 1.8 and working electrode potential 550 mV) we estimated the limit of detection (3 S/N) as 500 nM.
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Adam V, Baloun J, Fabrik I, Trnkova L, Kizek R. An Electrochemical Detection of Metallothioneins at the Zeptomole Level in Nanolitre Volumes. SENSORS 2008; 8:2293-2305. [PMID: 27879822 PMCID: PMC3673418 DOI: 10.3390/s8042293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An Electrochemical Detection of Metallothioneins at the Zeptomole Level in Nanolitre VolumesWe report on improvement of the adsorptive transfer stripping technique (AdTS) coupled with the differential pulse voltammetry Brdicka reaction to determine a thiol-protein. The current technique has been unable to generate reproducible results when analyzing very low sample volumes (nanolitres). This obstacle can be overcome technically by modifying the current transfer technique including cooling step of the adsorbed analyte. We tested the technique on determination of a promising tumour disease marker protein called metallothionein (MT). The detection limit (3 S/N) of MT was evaluated as 500 zeptomoles per 500 nL (1 pM) and the quantification limit (10 S/N) as 1,500 zeptomoles per 500 nL (3 pM). Further, the improved AdTS technique was utilized to analyze blood serum samples from patients with breast cancer. Based on the results obtained it can be concluded that the improved technique can be used to detect a thiolprotein in very low sample volumes and can also prevent interferences during the washing and transferring step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail:
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Baloun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail:
| | - Ivo Fabrik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail:
- Department of Biochemistry, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libuse Trnkova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
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Krizkova S, Ryant P, Krystofova O, Adam V, Galiova M, Beklova M, Babula P, Kaiser J, Novotny K, Novotny J, Liska M, Malina R, Zehnalek J, Hubalek J, Havel L, Kizek R. Multi-instrumental Analysis of Tissues of Sunflower Plants Treated with Silver(I) Ions - Plants as Bioindicators of Environmental Pollution. SENSORS 2008; 8:445-463. [PMID: 27879716 PMCID: PMC3681137 DOI: 10.3390/s8010445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate sunflower plants response on stress induced by silver(I) ions. The sunflower plants were exposed to silver(I) ions (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM) for 96 h. Primarily we aimed our attention to observation of basic physiological parameters. We found that the treated plants embodied growth depression, coloured changes and lack root hairs. Using of autofluorescence of anatomical structures, such as lignified cell walls, it was possible to determine the changes of important shoot and root structures, mainly vascular bungles and development of secondary thickening. The differences in vascular bundles organisation, parenchymatic pith development in the root centre and the reduction of phloem part of vascular bundles were well observable. Moreover with increasing silver(I) ions concentration the vitality of rhizodermal cells declined; rhizodermal cells early necrosed and were replaced by the cells of exodermis. Further we employed laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for determination of spatial distribution of silver(I) ions in tissues of the treated plants. The Ag is accumulated mainly in near-root part of the sample. Moreover basic biochemical indicators of environmental stress were investigated. The total content of proteins expressively decreased with increasing silver(I) ions dose and the time of the treatment. As we compare the results obtained by protein analysis – the total protein contents in shoot as well as root parts – we can assume on the transport of the proteins from the roots to shoots. This phenomenon can be related with the cascade of processes connecting with photosynthesis. The second biochemical parameter, which we investigated, was urease activity. If we compared the activity in treated plants with control, we found out that presence of silver(I) ions markedly enhanced the activity of urease at all applied doses of this toxic metal. Finally we studied the effect of silver(I) ions on activity of urease in in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2 Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Ryant
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Krystofova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2 Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Galiova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Beklova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy and University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, CZ-616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novotny
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, CZ-616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Liska
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, CZ-616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Malina
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, CZ-616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zehnalek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2 Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Hubalek
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Udolni 53, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Havel
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2 Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Adam V, Zitka O, Dolezal P, Zeman L, Horna A, Hubalek J, Sileny J, Krizkova S, Trnkova L, Kizek R. Lactoferrin Isolation Using Monolithic Column Coupled with Spectrometric or Micro-Amperometric Detector. SENSORS 2008; 8:464-487. [PMID: 27879717 PMCID: PMC3681142 DOI: 10.3390/s8010464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a multifunctional protein with antimicrobial activity and others tohealth beneficial properties. The main aim of this work was to propose easy to usetechnique for lactoferrin isolation from cow colostrum samples. Primarily we utilizedsodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for isolation of lactoferrinfrom the real samples. Moreover we tested automated microfluidic Experionelectrophoresis system to isolate lactoferrin from the collostrum sample. The welldeveloped signal of lactoferrin was determined with detection limit (3 S/N) of 20 ng/ml. Inspite of the fact that Experion is faster than SDS-PAGE both separation techniques cannotbe used in routine analysis. Therefore we have tested third separation technique, ionexchange chromatography, using monolithic column coupled with UV-VIS detector (LCUV-VIS). We optimized wave length (280 nm), ionic strength of the elution solution (1.5M NaCl) and flow rate of the retention and elution solutions (0.25 ml/min and 0.75 ml/min.respectively). Under the optimal conditions the detection limit was estimated as 0.1 μg/mlof lactoferrin measured. Using LC-UV-VIS we determined that lactoferrin concentrationvaried from 0.5 g/l to 1.1 g/l in cow colostrums collected in the certain time interval up to 72 hours after birth. Further we focused on miniaturization of detection device. We testedamperometric detection at carbon electrode. The results encouraged us to attempt tominiaturise whole detection system and to test it on analysis of real samples of humanfaeces, because lactoferrin level in faeces is closely associated with the inflammations ofintestine mucous membrane. For the purpose of miniaturization we employed thetechnology of printed electrodes. The detection limit of lactoferrin was estimated as 10μg/ml measured by the screen-printed electrodes fabricated by us. The fabricatedelectrodes were compared with commercially available ones. It follows from the obtainedresults that the responses measured by commercial electrodes are app. ten times highercompared with those measured by the electrodes fabricated by us. This phenomenonrelates with smaller working electrode surface area of the electrodes fabricated by us(about 50 %) compared to the commercial ones. The screen-printed electrodes fabricatedby us were utilized for determination of lactoferrin faeces. Regarding to fact that sample offaeces was obtained from young and healthy man the amount of lactoferrin in sample wasunder the limit of detection of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dolezal
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Zeman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Horna
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University, T.G. Masaryka 275, CZ-762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Hubalek
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Udolni 53, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sileny
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Udolni 53, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libuse Trnkova
- Department Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Yogeswaran U, Chen SM. A Review on the Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Composed of Nanowires as Sensing Material. SENSORS 2008; 8:290-313. [PMID: 27879709 PMCID: PMC3681128 DOI: 10.3390/s8010290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development and application of nanowires for electrochemical sensors and biosensors are reviewed in this article. Next generation sensor platforms will require significant improvements in sensitivity, specificity and parallelism in order to meet the future needs in variety of fields. Sensors made of nanowires exploit some fundamental nanoscopic effect in order to meet these requirements. Nanowires are new materials, which have the characteristic of low weight with extraordinary mechanical, electrical, thermal and multifunctional properties. The advantages such as size scale, aspect ratio and other properties of nanowires are especially apparent in the use of electrical sensors such as electrochemical sensors and in the use of field-effect transistors. The preparation methods of nanowires and their properties are discussed along with their advantages towards electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Some key results from each article are summarized, relating the concept and mechanism behind each sensor, with experimental conditions as well as their behavior at different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umasankar Yogeswaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road , Taipei 106, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road , Taipei 106, Taiwan (ROC).
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Utilizing of Square Wave Voltammetry to Detect Flavonoids in the Presence of Human Urine. SENSORS 2007; 7:2402-2418. [PMID: 28903234 PMCID: PMC3864529 DOI: 10.3390/s7102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
About biological affecting of flavonoids on animal organisms is known less, thus we selected flavonoids, flavanones and flavones, and their glycosides, which were examined as potential inducers of cytochrome(s) P450 when administrated by gavages into experimental male rats. The study was focused on induction of CYP1A1, the major cytochrome P450 involved in carcinogen activation. The data obtained demonstrate the necessity of taking into account not only ability of flavonoids to bind to Ah receptor (induction factor) but also to concentrate on their distribution and metabolism (including colon microflora) in the body. After that we examined certain flavonoids as potential inducers of cytochrome P450, we wanted to suggest and optimize suitable electrochemical technique for determination of selected flavonoids (quercetin, quercitrin, rutin, chrysin and diosmin) in body liquids. For these purposes, we selected square wave voltannetry using carbon paste electrode. Primarily we aimed on investigation of their basic electrochemical behaviour. After that we have optimized frequency, step potential and supporting electrolyte. Based on the results obtained, we selected the most suitable conditions for determination of the flavonoids as follows: frequency 180 Hz, step potential 1.95 mV/s and phosphate buffer of pH 7 as supporting electrolyte. Detection limits (3 S/N) of the flavonoids were from units to tens of nM except diosmin, where the limit were higher than μM. In addition, we attempted to suggest a sensor for analysis of flavonoids in urine. It clearly follows from the results obtained that flavonoids can be analysed in the presence of animal urine, because urine did not influence much the signals of flavonoids (recoveries of the signals were about 90 %).
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Adam V, Beklova M, Pikula J, Hubalek J, Trnkova L, Kizek R. Shapes of Differential Pulse Voltammograms and Level of Metallothionein at Different Animal Species. SENSORS 2007; 7:2419-2429. [PMID: 28903235 PMCID: PMC3864530 DOI: 10.3390/s7102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins play a key role in maintaining homeostasis of essential metals and in protecting of cells against metal toxicity as well as oxidative damaging. Excepting humans, blood levels of metallothionein have not yet been reported from any animal species. Blood plasma samples of 9 animal species were analysed by the adsorptive transfer stripping technique to obtain species specific voltammograms. Quite distinct records were obtained from the Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), while other interesting records were observed in samples from the European Bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) and the Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). To quantify metallothionein the catalytic peak Cat2 was used, well developed in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus f. domestica) and showing a very low signal in the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). The highest levels of metallothionein reaching over 20 µM were found in the Domestic Fowl. High levels of MT were also found in the Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) and the Grey Wolf (Canis lupus lupus). The lowest values of about 1-3 µM were determined in the Red-eared Slider, Takin and Red Deer. Employing a simple electrochemical detection it was possible to examine variation in blood metallothionein in different species of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Beklova
- Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Hubalek
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Udolni 53, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libuse Trnkova
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Udolni 53, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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