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Techno-Economic Evaluation of 5G-NSA-NPN for Networked Control Systems. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wireless closed-loop control systems, so-called networked control systems (NCS) promise technical and economic benefits for production applications. To realize prospective benefits, the right communication technology is key. The fifth generation of mobile communication is predicted to have a significant impact on the deployment of NCS in the industrial connectivity landscape. However, there are different options for 5G deployment influencing both technical performance and economic aspects of the network. This in turn is expected to have a techno-economic influence on the production itself. Thus, a trade-off between the necessary technical performance of the 5G network and the benefits for the production must be executed. This paper, therefore, aims to analyze the techno-economic benefits of 5G deployment for closed-loop control systems in production. To reach this aim, first, the fundamentals of techno-economic analysis are introduced. Second, the results of an experimental performance analysis of a 5G-NSA-NPN at Fraunhofer IPT in Aachen are shown. Third, based on the results from the experimental study, a model-based techno-economic ex-ante evaluation of 5G-NSA-NPN for closed-loop applications is performed, and an exemplar is shown for a BLISK milling use case. Finally, the results are summarized and an outlook for further research is given. The analysis shows a difference in net present value for 5G deployment of EUR 2.6 M after 10 years and a difference of OPEX per product of around EUR −1000 per BLISK. Furthermore, analysis shows an increase in productivity (0.73%), quality (30.75%), and sustainability (2.87%). This indicates a noticeable improvement of a 5G-controlled NCS.
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Seraj E, Chen L, Gombolay MC. A Hierarchical Coordination Framework for Joint Perception-Action Tasks in Composite Robot Teams. IEEE T ROBOT 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2021.3096069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Techno-Economic Evaluation of 5G Technology for Automated Guided Vehicles in Production. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fifth generation of mobile communication (5G) is expected to bring immense benefits to automated guided vehicles by improving existing respectively enabling 5G-distinctive network control systems, leading to higher productivity and safety. However, only 1% of production companies have fully deployed 5G yet. Most companies currently lack an understanding of return on investment and of technical use-case benefits. Therefore, this paper analyses the influence of 5G on an automated guided vehicle use case based on a five-step evaluation model. The analysis is conducted with a use case in the Digital Experience Factory in Aachen. It shows a difference of net present value between 4G and 5G of 1.3 M€ after 10 years and a difference of return of investment of 66%. Furthermore, analysis shows an increase of mobility (13%), productivity (20%) and safety (136%). This indicates a noticeable improvement of a 5G-controlled automated guided vehicle compared to a 4G-controlled automated guided vehicle.
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Zimmerling M, Mottola L, Kumar P, Ferrari F, Thiele L. Adaptive Real-Time Communication for Wireless Cyber-Physical Systems. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS 2017. [DOI: 10.1145/3012005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Low-power wireless technology promises greater flexibility and lower costs in cyber-physical systems. To reap these benefits, communication protocols must deliver packets
reliably
within
real-time deadlines
across
resource-constrained devices
, while
adapting
to changes in application requirements (e.g., traffic demands) and network state (e.g., link qualities). Existing protocols do not solve all these challenges simultaneously, because their operation is either localized or a function of network state, which changes unpredictably over time. By contrast, this article claims a
global
approach that does
not
use network state information as input can overcome these limitations. The Blink protocol proves this claim by providing hard guarantees on end-to-end deadlines of received packets in multi-hop low-power wireless networks, while seamlessly handling changes in application requirements and network state. We build Blink on the non-real-time Low-Power Wireless Bus (LWB) and design new scheduling algorithms based on the earliest-deadline-first policy. Using a dedicated priority queue data structure, we demonstrate a viable implementation of our algorithms on resource-constrained devices. Experiments show that Blink (i) meets all deadlines of received packets, (ii) delivers 99.97% of packets on a 94-node testbed, (iii) minimizes communication energy consumption within the limits of the underlying LWB, (iv) supports end-to-end deadlines of 100ms across four hops and nine sources, and (v) runs up to 4.1 × faster than a conventional scheduler implementation on popular microcontrollers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Mottola
- Politecnico di Milano and SICS Swedish ICT, Milano, Italy
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Chang CL, Huang YM, Hong GF. Using a Novel Wireless-Networked Decentralized Control Scheme under Unpredictable Environmental Conditions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:28690-716. [PMID: 26569264 PMCID: PMC4695961 DOI: 10.3390/s151128690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direction of sunshine or the installation sites of environmental control facilities in the greenhouse result in different temperature and humidity levels in the various zones of the greenhouse, and thus, the production quality of crop is inconsistent. This study proposed a wireless-networked decentralized fuzzy control scheme to regulate the environmental parameters of various culture zones within a greenhouse. The proposed scheme can create different environmental conditions for cultivating different crops in various zones and achieve diversification or standardization of crop production. A star-type wireless sensor network is utilized to communicate with each sensing node, actuator node, and control node in various zones within the greenhouse. The fuzzy rule-based inference system is used to regulate the environmental parameters for temperature and humidity based on real-time data of plant growth response provided by a growth stage selector. The growth stage selector defines the control ranges of temperature and humidity of the various culture zones according to the leaf area of the plant, the number of leaves, and the cumulative amount of light. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme is stable and robust and provides basis for future greenhouse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Liang Chang
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Guo-Fong Hong
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan.
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Ali S, Qaisar SB, Saeed H, Khan MF, Naeem M, Anpalagan A. Network challenges for cyber physical systems with tiny wireless devices: a case study on reliable pipeline condition monitoring. SENSORS 2015; 15:7172-205. [PMID: 25815444 PMCID: PMC4431241 DOI: 10.3390/s150407172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The synergy of computational and physical network components leading to the Internet of Things, Data and Services has been made feasible by the use of Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs). CPS engineering promises to impact system condition monitoring for a diverse range of fields from healthcare, manufacturing, and transportation to aerospace and warfare. CPS for environment monitoring applications completely transforms human-to-human, human-to-machine and machine-to-machine interactions with the use of Internet Cloud. A recent trend is to gain assistance from mergers between virtual networking and physical actuation to reliably perform all conventional and complex sensing and communication tasks. Oil and gas pipeline monitoring provides a novel example of the benefits of CPS, providing a reliable remote monitoring platform to leverage environment, strategic and economic benefits. In this paper, we evaluate the applications and technical requirements for seamlessly integrating CPS with sensor network plane from a reliability perspective and review the strategies for communicating information between remote monitoring sites and the widely deployed sensor nodes. Related challenges and issues in network architecture design and relevant protocols are also provided with classification. This is supported by a case study on implementing reliable monitoring of oil and gas pipeline installations. Network parameters like node-discovery, node-mobility, data security, link connectivity, data aggregation, information knowledge discovery and quality of service provisioning have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ali
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Saad Bin Qaisar
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Husnain Saeed
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Farhan Khan
- Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information System, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21514, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Comsats Institute of Information Technology, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan.
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9
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Joint Design of Transmission Rate and Control for Wireless Sensor Networked Control Systems. JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/158404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper is concerned with transmission rate and control codesign of wireless sensor networked control systems (WSNCS) with time-varying delay. Jointly designing transmission rate and control is an attractive paradigm for WSNCS, since the control performance of WSNCS is highly sensitive to resource-constrained communication networks. The main idea of devised scheme is searching an optimal event-triggered transmission condition on the premise that wireless link capacity constraint is satisfied and stability of systems is guaranteed. The main aim of devised scheme is to greatly optimize control performance of WSNCS. First, two wireless network architectures characterized by multihop and star topology are put forward. Secondly, a model of WSNCS with event-triggered transmission mechanism is constructed. It is followed by stability analysis of WSNCS to obtain the asymptotical stability condition of systems. And then a search algorithm is presented for transmission rate and control codesign. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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10
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Energy consumption and control response evaluations of AODV routing in WSANs for building-temperature control. SENSORS 2013; 13:8303-30. [PMID: 23807689 PMCID: PMC3758595 DOI: 10.3390/s130708303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of routing protocols on wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs), focusing on the control system response and the energy consumption of nodes in a network. We demonstrate that routing algorithms designed without considering the relationship between communication and control cannot be appropriately used in wireless networked control applications. For this purpose, an ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing, an IEEE 802.15.4, and a building-temperature control system are employed for this exploration. The findings from our scenarios show that the AODV routing can select a path with a high traffic load for data transmission. It takes a long time before deciding to change a new route although it experiences the unsuccessful transmission of packets. As a result, the desirable control target cannot be achieved in time, and nodes consume more energy due to frequent packet collisions and retransmissions. Consequently, we propose a simple routing solution to alleviate these research problems by modifying the original AODV routing protocol. The delay-threshold is considered to avoid any congested connection during routing procedures. The simulation results demonstrate that our solution can be appropriately applied in WSANs. Both the energy consumption and the control system response are improved.
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11
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Kim S, Brendle C, Lee HY, Walter M, Gloeggler S, Krueger S, Leonhardt S. Evaluation of a 433 MHz band body sensor network for biomedical applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:898-917. [PMID: 23344383 PMCID: PMC3574711 DOI: 10.3390/s130100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Body sensor networks (BSN) are an important research topic due to various advantages over conventional measurement equipment. One main advantage is the feasibility to deploy a BSN system for 24/7 health monitoring applications. The requirements for such an application are miniaturization of the network nodes and the use of wireless data transmission technologies to ensure wearability and ease of use. Therefore, the reliability of such a system depends on the quality of the wireless data transmission. At present, most BSNs use ZigBee or other IEEE 802.15.4 based transmission technologies. Here, we evaluated the performance of a wireless transmission system of a novel BSN for biomedical applications in the 433MHz ISM band, called Integrated Posture and Activity NEtwork by Medit Aachen (IPANEMA) BSN. The 433MHz ISM band is used mostly by implanted sensors and thus allows easy integration of such into the BSN. Multiple measurement scenarios have been assessed, including varying antenna orientations, transmission distances and the number of network participants. The mean packet loss rate (PLR) was 0.63% for a single slave, which is comparable to IEEE 802.15.4 BSNs in the proximity of Bluetooth or WiFi networks. Secondly, an enhanced version is evaluated during on-body measurements with five slaves. The mean PLR results show a comparable good performance for measurements on a treadmill (2.5%), an outdoor track (3.4%) and in a climate chamber (1.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saim Kim
- Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen 52074, Germany; E-Mails: (C.B.); (H.-Y.L.); (M.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Christian Brendle
- Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen 52074, Germany; E-Mails: (C.B.); (H.-Y.L.); (M.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Hyun-Young Lee
- Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen 52074, Germany; E-Mails: (C.B.); (H.-Y.L.); (M.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Marian Walter
- Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen 52074, Germany; E-Mails: (C.B.); (H.-Y.L.); (M.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Sigrid Gloeggler
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany; E-Mails: (S.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Stefan Krueger
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany; E-Mails: (S.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Steffen Leonhardt
- Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen 52074, Germany; E-Mails: (C.B.); (H.-Y.L.); (M.W.); (S.L.)
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12
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Formal specification and design techniques for wireless sensor and actuator networks. SENSORS 2012; 11:1059-77. [PMID: 22344203 PMCID: PMC3274114 DOI: 10.3390/s110101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A current trend in the development and implementation of industrial applications is to use wireless networks to communicate the system nodes, mainly to increase application flexibility, reliability and portability, as well as to reduce the implementation cost. However, the nondeterministic and concurrent behavior of distributed systems makes their analysis and design complex, often resulting in less than satisfactory performance in simulation and test bed scenarios, which is caused by using imprecise models to analyze, validate and design these systems. Moreover, there are some simulation platforms that do not support these models. This paper presents a design and validation method for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) which is supported on a minimal set of wireless components represented in Colored Petri Nets (CPN). In summary, the model presented allows users to verify the design properties and structural behavior of the system.
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13
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Okhovvat M, Sharifi M, Momeni H. Task allocation to actors in wireless sensor actor networks: an energy and time aware technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2010.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Farias G, Cervin A, Årzén KE, Dormido S, Esquembre F. Java simulations of embedded control systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:8585-603. [PMID: 22163674 PMCID: PMC3231210 DOI: 10.3390/s100908585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new Open Source Java library suited for the simulation of embedded control systems. The library is based on the ideas and architecture of TrueTime, a toolbox of Matlab devoted to this topic, and allows Java programmers to simulate the performance of control processes which run in a real time environment. Such simulations can improve considerably the learning and design of multitasking real-time systems. The choice of Java increases considerably the usability of our library, because many educators program already in this language. But also because the library can be easily used by Easy Java Simulations (EJS), a popular modeling and authoring tool that is increasingly used in the field of Control Education. EJS allows instructors, students, and researchers with less programming capabilities to create advanced interactive simulations in Java. The paper describes the ideas, implementation, and sample use of the new library both for pure Java programmers and for EJS users. The JTT library and some examples are online available on http://lab.dia.uned.es/jtt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Farias
- Department of Computer Science and Automatic Control, UNED, Juan del Rosal 16, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mail: (S.D.)
| | - Anton Cervin
- Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Box 118, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden; E-Mails: (A.C.); (K.Å.)
| | - Karl-Erik Årzén
- Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Box 118, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden; E-Mails: (A.C.); (K.Å.)
| | - Sebastián Dormido
- Department of Computer Science and Automatic Control, UNED, Juan del Rosal 16, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mail: (S.D.)
| | - Francisco Esquembre
- Department of Mathematics, Murcia University, Murcia 30071, Spain; E-Mail: (F.E.)
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Wireless Sensor Networks for oceanographic monitoring: a systematic review. SENSORS 2010; 10:6948-68. [PMID: 22163583 PMCID: PMC3231109 DOI: 10.3390/s100706948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of the marine environment has come to be a field of scientific interest in the last ten years. The instruments used in this work have ranged from small-scale sensor networks to complex observation systems. Among small-scale networks, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a highly attractive solution in that they are easy to deploy, operate and dismantle and are relatively inexpensive. The aim of this paper is to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to the use of WSNs in oceanographic monitoring. The literature is systematically reviewed to offer an overview of the present state of this field of study and identify the principal resources that have been used to implement networks of this kind. Finally, this article details the challenges and difficulties that have to be overcome if these networks are to be successfully deployed.
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Real-time control architecture using Xenomai for intelligent service robots in USN environments. INTEL SERV ROBOT 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11370-009-0040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Development of a sensor node for precision horticulture. SENSORS 2009; 9:3240-55. [PMID: 22412309 PMCID: PMC3297156 DOI: 10.3390/s90503240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the design of a new wireless sensor node (GAIA Soil-Mote) for precision horticulture applications which permits the use of precision agricultural instruments based on the SDI-12 standard. Wireless communication is achieved with a transceiver compliant with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The GAIA Soil-Mote software implementation is based on TinyOS. A two-phase methodology was devised to validate the design of this sensor node. The first phase consisted of laboratory validation of the proposed hardware and software solution, including a study on power consumption and autonomy. The second phase consisted of implementing a monitoring application in a real broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var Marathon) crop in Campo de Cartagena in south-east Spain. In this way the sensor node was validated in real operating conditions. This type of application was chosen because there is a large potential market for it in the farming sector, especially for the development of precision agriculture applications.
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A new method for node fault detection in wireless sensor networks. SENSORS 2009; 9:1282-94. [PMID: 22399967 PMCID: PMC3280859 DOI: 10.3390/s90201282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are an important tool for monitoring distributed remote environments. As one of the key technologies involved in WSNs, node fault detection is indispensable in most WSN applications. It is well known that the distributed fault detection (DFD) scheme checks out the failed nodes by exchanging data and mutually testing among neighbor nodes in this network., but the fault detection accuracy of a DFD scheme would decrease rapidly when the number of neighbor nodes to be diagnosed is small and the node's failure ratio is high. In this paper, an improved DFD scheme is proposed by defining new detection criteria. Simulation results demonstrate that the improved DFD scheme performs well in the above situation and can increase the fault detection accuracy greatly.
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Simulation of greenhouse climate monitoring and control with wireless sensor network and event-based control. SENSORS 2009; 9:232-52. [PMID: 22389597 PMCID: PMC3280743 DOI: 10.3390/s90100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring and control of the greenhouse environment play a decisive role in greenhouse production processes. Assurance of optimal climate conditions has a direct influence on crop growth performance, but it usually increases the required equipment cost. Traditionally, greenhouse installations have required a great effort to connect and distribute all the sensors and data acquisition systems. These installations need many data and power wires to be distributed along the greenhouses, making the system complex and expensive. For this reason, and others such as unavailability of distributed actuators, only individual sensors are usually located in a fixed point that is selected as representative of the overall greenhouse dynamics. On the other hand, the actuation system in greenhouses is usually composed by mechanical devices controlled by relays, being desirable to reduce the number of commutations of the control signals from security and economical point of views. Therefore, and in order to face these drawbacks, this paper describes how the greenhouse climate control can be represented as an event-based system in combination with wireless sensor networks, where low-frequency dynamics variables have to be controlled and control actions are mainly calculated against events produced by external disturbances. The proposed control system allows saving costs related with wear minimization and prolonging the actuator life, but keeping promising performance results. Analysis and conclusions are given by means of simulation results.
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Pei Z, Deng Z, Xu S, Xu X. Anchor-free localization method for mobile targets in coal mine wireless sensor networks. SENSORS 2009; 9:2836-50. [PMID: 22574048 PMCID: PMC3348832 DOI: 10.3390/s90402836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe natural conditions and complex terrain make it difficult to apply precise localization in underground mines. In this paper, an anchor-free localization method for mobile targets is proposed based on non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (Multi-dimensional Scaling: MDS) and rank sequence. Firstly, a coal mine wireless sensor network is constructed in underground mines based on the ZigBee technology. Then a non-metric MDS algorithm is imported to estimate the reference nodes’ location. Finally, an improved sequence-based localization algorithm is presented to complete precise localization for mobile targets. The proposed method is tested through simulations with 100 nodes, outdoor experiments with 15 ZigBee physical nodes, and the experiments in the mine gas explosion laboratory with 12 ZigBee nodes. Experimental results show that our method has better localization accuracy and is more robust in underground mines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China; E-Mail: (X.X.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.-D.D.); (Z.-M.P.); Tel. +86-10-62796830; Fax: +86-10-62796830
| | - Zhidong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China; E-Mail: (X.X.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.-D.D.); (Z.-M.P.); Tel. +86-10-62796830; Fax: +86-10-62796830
| | - Shuo Xu
- Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, Beijing 100038, P.R. China; E-Mail: (S.X.)
| | - Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China; E-Mail: (X.X.)
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Song G, Zhou Y, Ding F, Song A. A Mobile Sensor Network System for Monitoring of Unfriendly Environments. SENSORS 2008; 8:7259-7274. [PMID: 27873927 PMCID: PMC3787443 DOI: 10.3390/s8117259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Observing microclimate changes is one of the most popular applications of wireless sensor networks. However, some target environments are often too dangerous or inaccessible to humans or large robots and there are many challenges for deploying and maintaining wireless sensor networks in those unfriendly environments. This paper presents a mobile sensor network system for solving this problem. The system architecture, the mobile node design, the basic behaviors and advanced network capabilities have been investigated respectively. A wheel-based robotic node architecture is proposed here that can add controlled mobility to wireless sensor networks. A testbed including some prototype nodes has also been created for validating the basic functions of the proposed mobile sensor network system. Motion performance tests have been done to get the positioning errors and power consumption model of the mobile nodes. Results of the autonomous deployment experiment show that the mobile nodes can be distributed evenly into the previously unknown environments. It provides powerful support for network deployment and maintenance and can ensure that the sensor network will work properly in unfriendly environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Song
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P.R. China.
| | - Yaoxin Zhou
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P.R. China.
| | - Fei Ding
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P.R. China.
| | - Aiguo Song
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P.R. China.
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22
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Impact of Link Unreliability and Asymmetry on the Quality of Connectivity in Large-scale Sensor Networks. SENSORS 2008; 8:6674-6691. [PMID: 27873892 PMCID: PMC3707473 DOI: 10.3390/s8106674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Connectivity is a fundamental issue in research on wireless sensor networks. However, unreliable and asymmetric links have a great impact on the global quality of connectivity (QoC). By assuming the deployment of nodes a homogeneous Poisson point process and eliminating the border effect, this paper derives an explicit expression of node non-isolation probability as the upper bound of one-connectivity, based on an analytical link model which incorporates important parameters such as path loss exponent, shadowing variance of channel, modulation, encoding method etc. The derivation has built a bridge over the local link property and the global network connectivity, which makes it clear to see how various parameter impact the QoC. Numerical results obtained further confirm the analysis and can be used as reference for practical design and simulation of wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. Besides, we find giant component size a good relaxed measure of connectivity in some applications that do not require full connectivity.
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23
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Cross-Layer Adaptive Feedback Scheduling of Wireless Control Systems. SENSORS 2008; 8:4265-4281. [PMID: 27879934 PMCID: PMC3697173 DOI: 10.3390/s8074265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a trend towards using wireless technologies in networked control systems. However, the adverse properties of the radio channels make it difficult to design and implement control systems in wireless environments. To attack the uncertainty in available communication resources in wireless control systems closed over WLAN, a cross-layer adaptive feedback scheduling (CLAFS) scheme is developed, which takes advantage of the co-design of control and wireless communications. By exploiting cross-layer design, CLAFS adjusts the sampling periods of control systems at the application layer based on information about deadline miss ratio and transmission rate from the physical layer. Within the framework of feedback scheduling, the control performance is maximized through controlling the deadline miss ratio. Key design parameters of the feedback scheduler are adapted to dynamic changes in the channel condition. An event-driven invocation mechanism for the feedback scheduler is also developed. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is efficient in dealing with channel capacity variations and noise interference, thus providing an enabling technology for control over WLAN.
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24
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QoS Challenges and Opportunities in Wireless Sensor/Actuator Networks. SENSORS 2008; 8:1099-1110. [PMID: 27879755 PMCID: PMC3927516 DOI: 10.3390/s8021099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A wireless sensor/actuator network (WSAN) is a group of sensors and actuators that are geographically distributed and interconnected by wireless networks. Sensors gather information about the state of physical world. Actuators react to this information by performing appropriate actions. WSANs thus enable cyber systems to monitor and manipulate the behavior of the physical world. WSANs are growing at a tremendous pace, just like the exploding evolution of Internet. Supporting quality of service (QoS) will be of critical importance for pervasive WSANs that serve as the network infrastructure of diverse applications. To spark new research and development interests in this field, this paper examines and discusses the requirements, critical challenges, and open research issues on QoS management in WSANs. A brief overview of recent progress is given.
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Fuzzy Logic Control Based QoS Management in Wireless Sensor/Actuator Networks. SENSORS 2007; 7:3179-3191. [PMID: 28903288 PMCID: PMC3841889 DOI: 10.3390/s7123179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wireless sensor/actuator networks (WSANs) are emerging rapidly as a newgeneration of sensor networks. Despite intensive research in wireless sensor networks(WSNs), limited work has been found in the open literature in the field of WSANs. Inparticular, quality-of-service (QoS) management in WSANs remains an important issue yetto be investigated. As an attempt in this direction, this paper develops a fuzzy logic controlbased QoS management (FLC-QM) scheme for WSANs with constrained resources and indynamic and unpredictable environments. Taking advantage of the feedback controltechnology, this scheme deals with the impact of unpredictable changes in traffic load on theQoS of WSANs. It utilizes a fuzzy logic controller inside each source sensor node to adaptsampling period to the deadline miss ratio associated with data transmission from the sensorto the actuator. The deadline miss ratio is maintained at a pre-determined desired level sothat the required QoS can be achieved. The FLC-QM has the advantages of generality,scalability, and simplicity. Simulation results show that the FLC-QM can provide WSANswith QoS support.
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26
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Xia F, Zhao W. Flexible Time-Triggered Sampling in Smart Sensor-Based Wireless Control Systems. SENSORS 2007; 7:2548-2564. [PMID: 28903245 PMCID: PMC3965246 DOI: 10.3390/s7112548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wireless control systems (WCSs) often have to operate in dynamic environments where the network traffic load may vary unpredictably over time. The sampling in sensors is conventionally time triggered with fixed periods. In this context, only worse-than-possible quality of control (QoC) can be achieved when the network is underloaded, while overloaded conditions may significantly degrade the QoC, even causing system instability. This is particularly true when the bandwidth of the wireless network is limited and shared by multiple control loops. To address these problems, a flexible time-triggered sampling scheme is presented in this work. Smart sensors are used to facilitate dynamic adjustment of sampling periods, which enhances the flexibility and resource efficiency of the system based on time-triggered sampling. Feedback control technology is exploited for adapting sampling periods in a periodic manner. The deadline miss ratio in each control loop is maintained at/around a desired level, regardless of workload variations. Simulation results show that the proposed sampling scheme is able to deal with dynamic and unpredictable variations in network traffic load. Compared to conventional time-triggered sampling, it leads to much better QoC in WCSs operating in dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xia
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Wenhong Zhao
- Precision Engineering Laboratory, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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