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Franko M, Goljat L, Liu M, Budasheva H, Žorž Furlan M, Korte D. Recent Progress and Applications of Thermal Lens Spectrometry and Photothermal Beam Deflection Techniques in Environmental Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:472. [PMID: 36617073 PMCID: PMC9824884 DOI: 10.3390/s23010472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents recent development and applications of thermal lens microscopy (TLM) and beam deflection spectrometry (BDS) for the analysis of water samples and sea ice. Coupling of TLM detection to a microfluidic system for flow injection analysis (μFIA) enables the detection of microcystin-LR in waters with a four samples/min throughput (in triplicate injections) and provides an LOD of 0.08 µg/L which is 12-times lower than the MCL for microcystin-LR in water. μFIA-TLM was also applied for the determination of total Fe and Fe(II) in 3 µL samples of synthetic cloudwater. The LODs were found to be 100 nM for Fe(II) and 70 nM for total Fe. The application of µFIA-TLM for the determination of ammonium in water resulted in an LOD of 2.3 µM for injection of a 5 µL sample and TLM detection in a 100 µm deep microfluidic channel. For the determination of iron species in sea ice, the BDS was coupled to a diffusive gradient in the thin film technique (DGT). The 2D distribution of Fe(II) and total Fe on DGT gels provided by the BDS (LOD of 50 nM) reflected the distribution of Fe species in sea ice put in contact with DGT gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Franko
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (D.K.); Tel.: +386-5-331-53-29 (M.F.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dorota Korte
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (D.K.); Tel.: +386-5-331-53-29 (M.F.)
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Lu C, Vieira FS, Głuszek A, Silander I, Soboń G, Foltynowicz A. Robust, fast and sensitive near-infrared continuous-filtering Vernier spectrometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:30155-30167. [PMID: 34614744 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a new design of a robust cavity-enhanced frequency comb-based spectrometer operating under the continuous-filtering Vernier principle. The spectrometer is based on a compact femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser, a medium finesse cavity, a diffraction grating, a custom-made moving aperture, and two photodetectors. The new design removes the requirement for high-bandwidth active stabilization present in the previous implementations of the technique, and allows scan rates up to 100 Hz. We demonstrate the spectrometer performance over a wide spectral range by detecting CO2 around 1575 nm (1.7 THz bandwidth and 6 GHz resolution) and CH4 around 1650 nm (2.7 THz bandwidth and 13 GHz resolution). We achieve absorption sensitivity of 5 × 10-9 cm-1 Hz-1/2 at 1575 nm, and 1 × 10-7 cm-1 Hz-1/2 cm-1 at 1650 nm. We discuss the influence of the scanning speed above the adiabatic limit on the amplitude of the absorption signal.
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Arques-Orobon FJ, Prieto-Castrillo F, Nuñez N, Gonzalez-Posadas V. Processing Fluorescence Spectra for Pollutants Detection Systems in Inland Waters. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20113102. [PMID: 32486331 PMCID: PMC7308969 DOI: 10.3390/s20113102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Development of contaminant detection systems in various natural and industrial environments has been favored in recent years thanks to the evolution of processors and sensors. Our group works specifically on contaminant detection systems in inland waters: immediate and continuous detection is a fundamental requirement in this type of sensing. Regarding the sensors, the proposed system is based on fluorescence, since it offers a method in which there is no contact with water, which means less wear on the components and a great saving in cleaning and maintenance. On the other hand, the spectrum processing is of great importance, since it is used both in the generation of a library of fluorescence spectra taken in the laboratory and in the continuous analysis of the samples and in the comparison algorithm for identification. The validity of the system is based on the last process that is carried out in a very short time. This article describes a system to process spectra in a more accelerated way.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Jose Arques-Orobon
- Escuela Técnica superior de Ingeniería y Sistemas de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (N.N.); (V.G.-P.)
| | - Francisco Prieto-Castrillo
- Complex Systems Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neftali Nuñez
- Escuela Técnica superior de Ingeniería y Sistemas de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (N.N.); (V.G.-P.)
- Instituto de Energía Solar, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Gonzalez-Posadas
- Escuela Técnica superior de Ingeniería y Sistemas de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (N.N.); (V.G.-P.)
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Fendt P, Retzer U, Ulrich H, Will S, Zigan L. Stability Analysis of the Fluorescent Tracer 1-Methylnaphthalene for IC Engine Applications by Supercontinuum Laser Absorption Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102871. [PMID: 32438554 PMCID: PMC7287813 DOI: 10.3390/s20102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN) is a widely used laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) tracer for planar imaging of mixture formation and temperature distributions in internal combustion (IC) engines. As the LIF measurement results can be biased by partial tracer oxidation, the conversion of 1-MN and the base fuel isooctane is analyzed in a calibration cell. First, measurements using supercontinuum laser absorption spectroscopy (SCLAS) are presented in order to quantify the conversion by detection of the produced H2O mole fraction. A single mode fiber (SMF) coupled setup is presented, with the fiber core acting as entrance slit of a Czerny-Turner spectrometer. Dependencies on residence time and global air-fuel ratio are presented at pressures up to 1.5 MPa and temperatures up to 900 K, at which distinct tracer and fuel consumption is observed. Signal loss due to intense beam steering was partially compensated using a self-stabilizing double-pass setup with a retroreflector.
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Li E, Jie K, Liu M, Sheng X, Zhu W, Huang F. Vapochromic crystals: understanding vapochromism from the perspective of crystal engineering. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:1517-1544. [PMID: 32016241 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00098d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vapochromic materials, which undergo colour and/or emission changes upon exposure to certain vapours or gases, have received increasing attention recently because of their wide range of applications in, e.g., chemical sensors, light-emitting diodes, and environmental monitors. Vapochromic crystals, as a specific kind of vapochromic materials, can be investigated from the perspective of crystal engineering to understand the mechanism of vapochromism. Moreover, understanding the vapochromism mechanism will be beneficial to design and prepare task-specific vapochromic crystals as one kind of low-cost 'electronic nose' to detect toxic gases or volatile organic compounds. This review provides important information in a broad scientific context to develop new vapochromic materials, which covers organometallic or coordination complexes and organic crystals, as well as the different mechanisms of the related vapochromic behaviour. In addition, recent examples of supramolecular vapochromic crystals and metal-organic-framework (MOFs) vapochromic crystals are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.
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Meng F, Zhao Y, Wang H, Zhang Y. High-performance compact spectrometer based on multimode interference in a tapered spiral-shaped waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:38349-38358. [PMID: 31878603 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.038349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multimode interference patterns are strongly dependent on spectral components and can be used as fingerprints to reconstruct a spectrum with random amplitudes. Motivated by this concept, we designed and realized a high-performance compact spectrometer based on a tapered spiral-shaped waveguide with a detector array integrated directly on top. The device relies on imaging the multimode interference from leaky modes, resulting in a resolution of 20 pm in the visible range and a bandwidth from 545 to 725 nm with a 250 µm radius structure. Spectra of multiple narrow lines and synthesized broadband are well reconstructed. The ability to achieve such high resolution and broad bandwidth in a compact footprint is expected to have a significant role in low-cost and multifunctional integrated systems.
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Nabiev SS, Grigor’ev GY, Lagutin AS, Palkina LA, Vasil’ev AA, Mukhamedieva LN, Pakhomova AA, Golubkov GV, Malashevich SV, Semenov VM, Stavrovskii DB, Ivanov SV. Monitoring the Chemical Composition of Air in Case of Interplanetary and Long-Term Space Flights: Problems, Approaches, and Solutions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793119040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Burba G, Anderson T, Komissarov A. Accounting for spectroscopic effects in laser-based open-path eddy covariance flux measurements. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2189-2202. [PMID: 30849208 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A significant portion of the production and consumption of trace gases (e.g. CO2 , CH4 , N2 O, NH3 , etc.) by world ecosystems occurs in areas without sufficient infrastructure or easily available grid power to run traditional closed-path flux stations. Open-path analyzer design allows such measurements with power consumption 10-150 times below present closed-path technologies, helping to considerably expand the global coverage and improve the estimates of gas emissions and budgets, informing the remote sensing and modeling communities and policy decisions, all the way to IPCC reports. Broad-band nondispersive infrared devices have been used for open-path CO2 and H2 O measurements since the late 1970s, but since recently, a growing number of new narrow-band laser-based instruments are being rapidly developed. The new design comes with its own challenges, specifically: (a) mirror contamination, and (b) uncontrolled air temperature, pressure and humidity, affecting both the gas density and the laser spectroscopy of the measurements. While the contamination can be addressed via automated cleaning, and density effects can be addressed via the Webb-Pearman-Leuning approach, the spectroscopic effects of the in situ temperature, pressure and humidity fluctuations on laser-measured densities remain a standing methodological question. Here we propose a concept accounting for such effects in the same manner as Webb et al. proposed to account for respective density effects. Derivations are provided for a general case of flux of any gas, examined using a specific example of CH4 fluxes from a commercially available analyzer, and then tested using "zero-flux" experiment. The proposed approach helps reduce errors in open-path, enclosed, and temperature- or pressure-uncontrolled closed-path laser-based flux measurements due to the spectroscopic effects from few percents to multiple folds, leading to methodological advancement and geographical expansion of the use of such systems providing reliable and consistent results for process-level studies, remote sensing and Earth modeling applications, and GHG policy decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Burba
- R&D, LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, Nebraska
- R.B. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute & School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Liu Z, Zheng C, Chen C, Li Y, Xie H, Ren Q, Wang Y, Tittel FK. ICL-based mid-infrared carbon dioxide sensor system for deep-sea natural gas hydrate exploration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:5598-5609. [PMID: 30876159 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.005598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For deep-sea natural gas hydrate exploration, highly sensitive detection of the dissolved gas in seawater near the seabed is significant because it requires the sensor system to be small in size, low in power consumption, and high in sensitivity. A mid-infrared sensor system was developed to detect dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) in sea-water, while employing a 4319 nm continuous-wave interband cascade laser (ICL) and a multi-pass gas cell (MPGC) with a 29.8 m optical path length. A compact rectilinear optical structure was proposed by using the free-space-emitting ICL and tunable laser absorption spectroscopy (TLAS). This leads to a minimized sensor size and a simple optical alignment for deep-sea operation. A strong CO2 absorption line, located at 2315.19 cm-1 and a weak 2315.28 cm-1 line and at a low pressure of 40 Torr, was targeted for low- and high-concentration CO2 detection within a concentration range of 0-1000 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) and 0-40 parts per million by volume (ppmv), respectively. The limit of detection (LoD) was assessed to be 0.72 ppbv at an averaging time of 2 s, and the response time was measured to be ~30 s at a flow rate of ~180 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm). Deployment of the CO2 sensor combined with a gas-liquid separator was carried out for the CO2 detection in the gas extracted from water, which validated the reported sensor system's potential application for deep-sea natural gas hydrate exploration.
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Li C, Shao L, Meng H, Wei J, Qiu X, He Q, Ma W, Deng L, Chen Y. High-speed multi-pass tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer based on frequency-modulation spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:29330-29339. [PMID: 30470098 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a multi-pass tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer based on the frequency-modulation spectroscopy (FMS) technique. It has the advantage of high scan speed and is immune to the etalon effect. A multi-pass Herriott-type cell was used in the spectrometer to increase the effective optical length to 17.5 m and compact the physical dimensions of the spectrometer to 60×30×30 cm3. Noise due to low-frequency fluctuation of the laser power and the 1/f noise in the rapid detection are sufficiently reduced by FMS. Interference fringes are effectively suppressed when the modulation frequency equals to integer or half-integer times of their free spectral range (FSR). An absorption line of C2H2 around 1.51 µm was recorded with the spectrometer to demonstrate its capabilities. The response frequency of the spectrometer is up to 100 kHz (10 µs) thanks to the high modulation frequency of FMS. The detection sensitivity of the spectrometer is about 240 ppb (3σ) at 100 kHz measurement repetition rate. The amplitude of the absorption signal is highly linear to the C2H2 concentration in the range of 300 ppb -100 ppm. Based on the Allan variation, the detection limit was determined to be 18 ppb with a detection time of 166 s.
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Zheng K, Zheng C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Tittel FK. Review of Incoherent Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) for Gas Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3646. [PMID: 30373252 PMCID: PMC6263486 DOI: 10.3390/s18113646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) is of importance for gas detection in environmental monitoring. This review summarizes the unique properties, development and recent progress of the IBBCEAS technique. Principle of IBBCEAS for gas sensing is described, and the development of IBBCEAS from the perspective of system structure is elaborated, including light source, cavity and detection scheme. Performances of the reported IBBCEAS sensor system in laboratory and field measurements are reported. Potential applications of this technique are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Chuantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Frank K Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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Hayden J, Westberg J, Patrick CL, Lendl B, Wysocki G. Frequency-locked cavity ring-down Faraday rotation spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5046-5049. [PMID: 30320815 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cavity ring-down Faraday rotation spectroscopy (CRD-FRS) is a technique for trace gas measurements of paramagnetic species that retrieves the molecular concentration from the polarization rotation measured as the difference between simultaneously recorded ring-down times of two orthogonal polarization states. The differential measurement is inherently insensitive to nonabsorber related losses, which makes off-resonance measurements redundant. We exploit this unique property by actively line-locking to a molecular transition for calibration-free trace gas concentration retrieval. In addition, we enhance the effective duty-cycle of the system by implementing a Pound-Drever-Hall laser lock to the cavity resonance, which allows for ring-down rates of up to 9 kHz. The system performance is demonstrated by measurements of trace oxygen with a minimum detection limit at the ppmv/√Hz-level.
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Bayrakli I. Tunable double-mode sensor for multi-gas detection based on the external-cavity diode laser. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:4039-4042. [PMID: 29791375 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.004039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An optoelectronic sensor system based on a thermoelectrically cooled (TEC) continuous-wave (CW) double-mode external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) is demonstrated for a multi-gas analysis in this paper. An ECDL that can simultaneously emit at two different wavelengths in the range from 1275 to 1340 nm was utilized as the excitation source for molecule absorption. Each wavelength can be independently tuned. The ECDL was combined with an off-axis cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OA-CEAS) cell to perform multi-gas sensing. It was shown that the sensor system can be used for detection of multiple trace gases (H2O, CO2, and CH4). The advantages of the reported sensor system are that a single laser and detector system are utilized and that there is no overlapping between the two modes on the mirror surfaces because of the single fiber output from the ECDL.
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Abstract
The CO2 formation during food storage can often be correlated with the increase in yeast population. Yogurt and other dairy products are susceptible to yeast contamination. Accumulation of CO2 in the headspace of yogurt packages can lead to the eventual blowing off of the package. Therefore, determination of CO2 in the yogurt packages can indicate eventual unsafety of the product. The aim of this paper was to determine CO2 concentration in the headspace of different yogurt containers contaminated with yeast at the levels of 1 and 5 CFU/ml. Yeast Candida kefyr, previously isolated from spoiled yogurt, was used for contamination. Contaminated and control samples of yogurt were incubated at 30°C. A device based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy was used for the measurement of CO2 concentration. The CO2 content in all analysed samples changed in a similar manner with slow increase to the value of 6% during the first 30 h and, after that, rapid accumulation to 17–20%. The initial level of yeast contamination did not have significant influence to the CO2 content trend. The increase in the number of yeast was observed after 10 h of incubation, and the final value of 6-7 log·CFU/cm3 was reached after 40 h of incubation. The significant increase in the yeast number can be correlated with the CO2 content in a way that CO2 concentration of 6% can be considered as critical for microbial spoilage. Since the TDLAS technique is simple and nondestructive, it can be a promising possibility for detection of the microbial spoilage in food.
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Ultra-portable, wireless smartphone spectrometer for rapid, non-destructive testing of fruit ripeness. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32504. [PMID: 27606927 PMCID: PMC5015488 DOI: 10.1038/srep32504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a smartphone based spectrometer design that is standalone and supported on a wireless platform. The device is inherently low-cost and the power consumption is minimal making it portable to carry out a range of studies in the field. All essential components of the device like the light source, spectrometer, filters, microcontroller and wireless circuits have been assembled in a housing of dimensions 88 mm × 37 mm × 22 mm and the entire device weighs 48 g. The resolution of the spectrometer is 15 nm, delivering accurate and repeatable measurements. The device has a dedicated app interface on the smartphone to communicate, receive, plot and analyze spectral data. The performance of the smartphone spectrometer is comparable to existing bench-top spectrometers in terms of stability and wavelength resolution. Validations of the device were carried out by demonstrating non-destructive ripeness testing in fruit samples. Ultra-Violet (UV) fluorescence from Chlorophyll present in the skin was measured across various apple varieties during the ripening process and correlated with destructive firmness tests. A satisfactory agreement was observed between ripeness and fluorescence signals. This demonstration is a step towards possible consumer, bio-sensing and diagnostic applications that can be carried out in a rapid manner.
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Hausmaninger T, Silander I, Axner O. Narrowing of the linewidth of an optical parametric oscillator by an acousto-optic modulator for the realization of mid-IR noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry down to 10⁻¹⁰ cm⁻¹ Hz⁻¹/². OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:33641-33655. [PMID: 26832028 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.033641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The linewidth of a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) has been narrowed with respect to an external cavity by the use of an acousto-optic modulator (AOM). This made possible an improvement of the sensitivity of a previously realized OPO-based noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry instrument for the 3.2 - 3.9 µm mid-infrared region by one order of magnitude. The resulting system shows a detection sensitivity for methane of 2.4 × 10(-10) cm(-1) Hz(-1∕2) and 1.3 × 10(-10) cm(-1) at 20 s, which allows for detection of both the environmentally important (13)CH(4) and CH(3)D isotopologues in atmospheric samples.
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Konthasinghe K, Fitzmorris K, Peiris M, Hopkins AJ, Petrak B, Killinger DK, Muller A. Laser-induced fluorescence from N2(+) ions generated by a corona discharge in ambient air. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:1042-1046. [PMID: 26414524 DOI: 10.1366/14-07696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present the measurement of laser-induced fluorescence from N2(+) ions via the B(2)Σu(+)-X(2)Σg(+) band system in the near-ultraviolet. The ions were generated continuously by a plasma glow discharge in low pressure N2 and by a corona discharge in ambient air. The fluorescence decay time was found to rapidly decrease with increasing pressure leading to an extrapolated decay rate of ≍10(10) s(-1) at atmospheric pressure. In spite of this quenching, we were able to observe laser induced fluorescence in ambient air by means of a time-gated spectral measurement. In the process of comparing the emission signal with that of N2 spontaneous Raman scattering, ion concentrations in ambient air of order 10(8-)10(10) cm(-3) were determined. With moderate increases in laser power and collection efficiency, ion concentrations of less than 10(6) cm(-3) may be measurable, potentially enabling applications in atmospheric standoff detection of ionizing radiation from hazardous radioactive sources.
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Wan NH, Meng F, Schröder T, Shiue RJ, Chen EH, Englund D. High-resolution optical spectroscopy using multimode interference in a compact tapered fibre. Nat Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Mei L, Svanberg S. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy--digital detection of gas absorption harmonics based on Fourier analysis. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:2234-43. [PMID: 25968506 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.002234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a detailed study of the theoretical aspects of the Fourier analysis method, which has been utilized for gas absorption harmonic detection in wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS). The lock-in detection of the harmonic signal is accomplished by studying the phase term of the inverse Fourier transform of the Fourier spectrum that corresponds to the harmonic signal. The mathematics and the corresponding simulation results are given for each procedure when applying the Fourier analysis method. The present work provides a detailed view of the WMS technique when applying the Fourier analysis method.
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Chen B, Sun YR, Zhou ZY, Chen J, Liu AW, Hu SM. Ultrasensitive, self-calibrated cavity ring-down spectrometer for quantitative trace gas analysis. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:7716-7723. [PMID: 25402995 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.007716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A cavity ring-down spectrometer is built for trace gas detection using telecom distributed feedback (DFB) diode lasers. The longitudinal modes of the ring-down cavity are used as frequency markers without active-locking either the laser or the high-finesse cavity. A control scheme is applied to scan the DFB laser frequency, matching the cavity modes one by one in sequence and resulting in a correct index at each recorded spectral data point, which allows us to calibrate the spectrum with a relative frequency precision of 0.06 MHz. Besides the frequency precision of the spectrometer, a sensitivity (noise-equivalent absorption) of 4×10-11 cm-1 Hz-1/2 has also been demonstrated. A minimum detectable absorption coefficient of 5×10-12 cm-1 has been obtained by averaging about 100 spectra recorded in 2 h. The quantitative accuracy is tested by measuring the CO2 concentrations in N2 samples prepared by the gravimetric method, and the relative deviation is less than 0.3%. The trace detection capability is demonstrated by detecting CO2 of ppbv-level concentrations in a high-purity nitrogen gas sample. Simple structure, high sensitivity, and good accuracy make the instrument very suitable for quantitative trace gas analysis.
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Synthesis, structures, and photoluminescence properties of lanthanide dicyanoaurates containing dimeric aurophilic interactions. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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López-de-Luzuriaga JM, Monge M, Olmos ME, Pascual D. Experimental and Theoretical Comparison of the Metallophilicity between d10–d10 AuI–HgII and d8–d10 AuIII–HgII Interactions. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:1275-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic403036s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. López-de-Luzuriaga
- Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química
(CISQ), Complejo Científico-Tecnológico, Departamento
de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Miguel Monge
- Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química
(CISQ), Complejo Científico-Tecnológico, Departamento
de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - M. Elena Olmos
- Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química
(CISQ), Complejo Científico-Tecnológico, Departamento
de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - David Pascual
- Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química
(CISQ), Complejo Científico-Tecnológico, Departamento
de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26004 Logroño, Spain
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24
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Wenger OS. Vapochromism in organometallic and coordination complexes: chemical sensors for volatile organic compounds. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3686-733. [PMID: 23317416 DOI: 10.1021/cr300396p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S Wenger
- Departement für Chemie, Universität Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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25
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Lim SH, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Inorganic topochemistry. Vapor-induced solid state transformations of luminescent, three-coordinate gold(i) complexes. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20820b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Flemmer MM, Ham JE. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy with an automated control feedback system for investigating nitrate radical surface chemistry reactions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:085103. [PMID: 22938328 PMCID: PMC4643663 DOI: 10.1063/1.4739768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate radical (NO(3)(●)) surface chemistry of indoor environments has not been well studied due to the difficulty in generating and maintaining NO(3)(●) at low concentrations for long term exposures. This article presents the Surface Chemistry Reactant Air Delivery and Experiment System (SCRADES), a novel feedback controlled system developed to deliver nitrate radicals at specified concentrations (50-500 ppt, ±30 ppt) and flow rates (500-2000 ml min(-1)) to a variety of indoor surfaces to initiate reaction chemistry for periods of up to 72 h. The system uses a cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS), with a detection limit of 1.7 ppt, to measure the concentration of NO(3)(●) supplied to a 24 l experiment chamber. Nitrate radicals are introduced via thermal decomposition of N(2)O(5) and diluted with clean dry air until the desired concentration is achieved. Additionally, this article addresses details concerning NO(3)(●) loss through the system, consistency of the NO(3)(●) concentration delivered, and stability of the CRDS cavity over long exposure durations (72 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Flemmer
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
| | - Jason E. Ham
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
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27
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Malwitz MA, Lim SH, White-Morris RL, Pham DM, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Crystallization and interconversions of vapor-sensitive, luminescent polymorphs of [(C6H11NC)2Au(I)](AsF6) and [(C6H11NC)2Au(I)](PF6). J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10885-93. [PMID: 22506844 DOI: 10.1021/ja302025m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable, vapor-induced transformation of the yellow polymorphs of [(C(6)H(11)NC)(2)Au(I)](AsF(6)) and [(C(6)H(11)NC)(2)Au(I)](PF(6)) into the colorless forms are reported along with related studies of the crystallization of these polymorphs. Although the interconversion of these polymorphs is produced by vapor exposure, molecules of the vapor are not incorporated into the crystals. Thus, our observations may have broad implications regarding the formation and persistence of other crystal polymorphs where issues of stability and reproducibility of formation exist. Crystallographic studies show that the colorless polymorphs, which display blue luminescence, are isostructural and consist of linear chains of gold(I) cations that self-associate through aurophilic interactions. Significantly, the yellow polymorph of [(C(6)H(11)NC)(2)Au(I)](AsF(6)) is not isostructural with the yellow polymorph of [(C(6)H(11)NC)(2)Au(I)](PF(6)). Both yellow polymorphs exhibit green emission and have the gold cations arranged into somewhat bent chains with significantly closer Au···Au separations than are seen in the colorless counterparts. Luminescence differences in these polymorphs clearly enhance the ability to detect and monitor their phase stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Malwitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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28
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Simeonsson JB, Matta A, Boddeti R. Direct Measurement of SO2in Air by Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectrometry Using a Nontunable Laser Source. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.655681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Thomas RB, Smith PA, Jaleel A, Vogel P, Crawford C, Assefa Z, Sykora RE. Synthesis, Structural, and Photoluminescence Studies of Gd(terpy)(H2O)(NO3)2M(CN)2 (M = Au, Ag) Complexes: Multiple Emissions from Intra- and Intermolecular Excimers and Exciplexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3399-408. [PMID: 22364196 DOI: 10.1021/ic2014495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rylee B. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University
of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
| | - Philip A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University
of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
| | - Ayesha Jaleel
- Department of Chemistry, University
of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
| | - Paul Vogel
- Department of Chemistry, University
of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
| | - Carlos Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | - Zerihun Assefa
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | - Richard E. Sykora
- Department of Chemistry, University
of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
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30
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Lasanta T, Olmos ME, Laguna A, López-de-Luzuriaga JM, Naumov P. Making the Golden Connection: Reversible Mechanochemical and Vapochemical Switching of Luminescence from Bimetallic Gold–Silver Clusters Associated through Aurophilic Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16358-61. [PMID: 21910487 DOI: 10.1021/ja206845s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Lasanta
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de la Rioja, Grupo de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, UA-CSIC Complejo Científico Tecnológico, E-26001 Logroño, Spain
| | - M. Elena Olmos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de la Rioja, Grupo de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, UA-CSIC Complejo Científico Tecnológico, E-26001 Logroño, Spain
| | - Antonio Laguna
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José M. López-de-Luzuriaga
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de la Rioja, Grupo de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, UA-CSIC Complejo Científico Tecnológico, E-26001 Logroño, Spain
| | - Panče Naumov
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, 565-0871 Suita, Osaka, Japan
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31
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32
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Lim SH, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Molecular Accordion: Vapoluminescence and Molecular Flexibility in the Orange and Green Luminescent Crystals of the Dimer, Au2(μ-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane)2Br2. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10229-38. [PMID: 21615173 DOI: 10.1021/ja2026807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Marilyn M. Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alan L. Balch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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33
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Begashaw I, Fiddler MN, Bililign S, Brown SS. Measurement of the Fourth O−H Overtone Absorption Cross Section in Acetic Acid Using Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:753-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1087338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Begashaw
- Department of Physics and NOAA-ISET Center, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411
| | - Marc N. Fiddler
- Department of Physics and NOAA-ISET Center, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411
| | - Solomon Bililign
- Department of Physics and NOAA-ISET Center, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Science Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305
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