1
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Youssef S, Tsang E, Samanta A, Kumar V, Gothelf KV. Reversible Protection and Targeted Delivery of DNA Origami with a Disulfide-Containing Cationic Polymer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2301058. [PMID: 37916910 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanostructures have considerable biomedical potential as intracellular delivery vehicles as they are highly homogeneous and can be functionalized with high spatial resolution. However, challenges like instability under physiological conditions, limited cellular uptake, and lysosomal degradation limit their use. This paper presents a bio-reducible, cationic polymer poly(cystaminebisacrylamide-1,6-diaminohexane) (PCD) as a reversible DNA origami protector. PCD displays a stronger DNA affinity than other cationic polymers. DNA nanostructures with PCD protection are shielded from low salt conditions and DNase I degradation and show a 40-fold increase in cell-association when linked to targeting antibodies. Confocal microscopy reveals a potential secondary cell uptake mechanism, directly delivering the nanostructures to the cytoplasm. Additionally, PCD can be removed by cleaving its backbone disulfides using the intracellular reductant, glutathione. Finally, the application of these constructs is demonstrated for targeted delivery of a cytotoxic agent to cancer cells, which efficiently decreases their viability. The PCD protective agent that is reported here is a simple and efficient method for the stabilization of DNA origami structures. With the ability to deprotect the DNA nanostructures upon entry of the intracellular space, the possibility for the use of DNA origami in pharmaceutical applications is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Youssef
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Emily Tsang
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Anirban Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
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2
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Wang Y, Xu K, Liu H, Zhang W, Hu C, Li Y. Design, synthesis of auristatins-glucuronide conjugates targeting the β-glucuronidase in tumor microenvironment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 95:129493. [PMID: 37793497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Auristatins-glucuronide conjugates designed targeting the β-Glucuronidase in tumor microenvironment were synthesized and evaluated on stabilities, the release of auristatins and the antitumor activities in this study. Conjugates 20 and 21 showed remarkable stabilities in phosphate buffer and bovine serum solution, and excellent selectivity between the in vitro antiproliferative activities against β-glucuronidase pretreated and untreated cancer cells (IC50 = 5.7 nM ∼ 9.7 nM, IC50 (-Enz) > 1 μM). Furthermore, conjugate 20 showed potent antitumor efficacy in HCT-116 xenograft mouse model without inducing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Keshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hongchun Liu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yingxia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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3
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Petersen ME, Brant MG, Lasalle M, Fung VKC, Rojas AH, Wong J, Das S, Barnscher SD, Rich JR, Winters GC. Structure-Activity Relationships of Bis-Intercalating Peptides and Their Application as Antibody-Drug Conjugate Payloads. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37307297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic analogs based on the DNA bis-intercalating natural product peptides sandramycin and quinaldopeptin were investigated as antibody drug conjugate (ADC) payloads. Synthesis, biophysical characterization, and in vitro potency of 34 new analogs are described. Conjugation of an initial drug-linker derived from a novel bis-intercalating peptide produced an ADC that was hydrophobic and prone to aggregation. Two strategies were employed to improve ADC physiochemical properties: addition of a solubilizing group in the linker and the use of an enzymatically cleavable hydrophilic mask on the payload itself. All ADCs showed potent in vitro cytotoxicity in high antigen expressing cells; however, masked ADCs were less potent than payload matched unmasked ADCs in lower antigen expressing cell lines. Two pilot in vivo studies were conducted using stochastically conjugated DAR4 anti-FRα ADCs, which showed toxicity even at low doses, and site-specific conjugated (THIOMAB) DAR2 anti-cMet ADCs that were well tolerated and highly efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Petersen
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Michael G Brant
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Manuel Lasalle
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Vincent K C Fung
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | | | - Jodi Wong
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Samir Das
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Stuart D Barnscher
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Jamie R Rich
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Geoffrey C Winters
- Technical and Manufacturing Operations, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
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4
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Recent Discoveries on Marine Organism Immunomodulatory Activities. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070422. [PMID: 35877715 PMCID: PMC9324980 DOI: 10.3390/md20070422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms have been shown to be a valuable source for biologically active compounds for the prevention and treatment of cancer, inflammation, immune system diseases, and other pathologies. The advantage of studying organisms collected in the marine environment lies in their great biodiversity and in the variety of chemical structures of marine natural products. Various studies have focused on marine organism compounds with potential pharmaceutical applications, for instance, as immunomodulators, to treat cancer and immune-mediated diseases. Modulation of the immune system is defined as any change in the immune response that can result in the induction, expression, amplification, or inhibition of any phase of the immune response. Studies very often focus on the effects of marine-derived compounds on macrophages, as well as lymphocytes, by analyzing the release of mediators (cytokines) by using the immunological assay enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR. The main sources are fungi, bacteria, microalgae, macroalgae, sponges, mollusks, corals, and fishes. This review is focused on the marine-derived molecules discovered in the last three years as potential immunomodulatory drugs.
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5
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Märcher A, Nijenhuis MAD, Gothelf KV. A Wireframe DNA Cube: Antibody Conjugate for Targeted Delivery of Multiple Copies of Monomethyl Auristatin E. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Märcher
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Minke A. D. Nijenhuis
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
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6
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Sokka IK, Imlimthan S, Sarparanta M, Maaheimo H, Johansson MP, Ekholm FS. Halogenation at the Phenylalanine Residue of Monomethyl Auristatin F Leads to a Favorable cis/ trans Equilibrium and Retained Cytotoxicity. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3125-3131. [PMID: 34296616 PMCID: PMC8397390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Halogenation can be utilized for the purposes of labeling and molecular imaging, providing a means to, e.g., follow drug distribution in an organism through positron emission tomography (PET) or study the molecular recognition events unfolding by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. For cancer therapeutics, where often highly toxic substances are employed, it is of importance to be able to track the distribution of the drugs and their metabolites in order to ensure minimal side effects. Labeling should ideally have a negligible disruptive effect on the efficacy of a given drug. Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and cytotoxicity assays, we identify a site susceptible to halogenation in monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), a widely used cytotoxic agent in the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) family of cancer drugs, and study the effects of fluorination and chlorination on the physiological solution structure of the auristatins and their cytotoxicity. We find that the cytotoxicity of the parent drug is retained, while the conformational equilibrium is shifted significantly toward the biologically active trans isomer, simultaneously decreasing the concentration of the inactive and potentially disruptive cis isomer by up to 50%. Our results may serve as a base for the future assembly of a multifunctional toolkit for the assessment of linker technologies and exploring bystander effects from the warhead perspective in auristatin-derived ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K. Sokka
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Surachet Imlimthan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirkka Sarparanta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Maaheimo
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, VTT, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikael P. Johansson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- CSC,
IT Center for Science Ltd., P.O. Box
405, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Filip S. Ekholm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Märcher A, Nijenhuis MAD, Gothelf KV. A Wireframe DNA Cube: Antibody Conjugate for Targeted Delivery of Multiple Copies of Monomethyl Auristatin E. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21691-21696. [PMID: 34309988 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several antibody drug conjugates (ADC) have been accepted by the FDA as therapeutics against cancer. It is well-known that control of drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) is vital for the success of an ADC, which inspires the advancement of better and simpler methods for tight control of DAR. We present the development of an antibody DNA wireframe cube conjugate for precise control of DAR. The DNA wireframe cube consists of four single strands, which when folded present eight single stranded domains. One domain is bound to a monofunctionalized antibody DNA conjugate, and the seven others are attached to DNA functionalized with the potent tubulin inhibitor MMAE, thereby preparing an ADC with a DAR of precisely seven. The formation of the ADC is investigated by gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy. Lastly, the developed MMAE loaded ADC was used for targeted drug delivery in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Märcher
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Minke A D Nijenhuis
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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Krzyscik MA, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J. Site-Specific, Stoichiometric-Controlled, PEGylated Conjugates of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) with Hydrophilic Auristatin Y for Highly Selective Killing of Cancer Cells Overproducing Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1). Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2734-2748. [PMID: 32501706 PMCID: PMC7588128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In
spite of significant progress in the field of targeted anticancer
therapy, the FDA has approved only five ADC-based drugs. Hence the
search for new targeted anticancer agents is an unfulfilled necessity.
Here, we present novel types of protein–drug conjugates (PDCs)
that exhibit superior anticancer activities. Instead of a monoclonal
antibody, we used fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) as a targeting
molecule. FGF2 is a natural ligand of fibroblast growth factor receptor
1 (FGFR1), a transmembrane receptor overproduced in various types
of cancers. We synthesized site-specific and stoichiometric-controlled
conjugates of FGF2 with a highly potent, hydrophilic derivative of
auristatin called auristatin Y. To increase the hydrophilicity and
hydrodynamic radius of conjugates, we employed PEG4 and PEG27 molecules
as a spacer between the targeting molecule and the cytotoxic payload.
All conjugates were selective to FGFR1-positive cell lines, effectively
internalized via the FGFR1-dependent pathway, and exhibited a highly
cytotoxic effect only on FGFR1-positive cancer cell lines.
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9
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Sokka IK, Ekholm FS, Johansson MP. Increasing the Potential of the Auristatin Cancer-Drug Family by Shifting the Conformational Equilibrium. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3600-3608. [PMID: 31199662 PMCID: PMC6750905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Monomethyl auristatin E and monomethyl
auristatin F are widely
used cytotoxic agents in antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), a
group of promising cancer drugs. The ADCs specifically target cancer
cells, releasing the auristatins inside, which results in the prevention
of mitosis. The auristatins suffer from a potentially serious flaw,
however. In solution, the molecules exist in an equal mixture of two
conformers, cis and trans. Only the trans-isomer is biologically active
and the isomerization process, i.e., the conversion of cis to trans
is slow. This significantly diminishes the efficiency of the drugs
and their corresponding ADCs, and perhaps more importantly, raises
concerns over drug safety. The potency of the auristatins would be
enhanced by decreasing the amount of the biologically inactive isomer,
either by stabilizing the trans-isomer or destabilizing the cis-isomer.
Here, we follow the computer-aided design strategy of shifting the
conformational equilibrium and employ high-level quantum chemical
modeling to identify promising candidates for improved auristatins.
Coupled cluster calculations predict that a simple halogenation in
the norephedrine/phenylalanine residues shifts the isomer equilibrium
almost completely toward the active trans-conformation, due to enhanced
intramolecular interactions specific to the active isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Sokka
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Filip S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Mikael P Johansson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, HELSUS , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
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10
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Ruokonen SK, Ekholm FS, Wiedmer SK. Assessing the Interactions of Auristatin Derivatives with Mixed Phospholipid-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Aggregate Dispersions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5232-5240. [PMID: 30889955 PMCID: PMC6727603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess what properties of the pseudostationary phases in electrokinetic capillary chromatography affect the interactions between monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and hydrophilically modified structural analogues thereof with various lipophilic phases. MMAE is a widely used cytotoxic agent in antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), which are used as selective biopharmaceutical drugs in the treatment of cancers. MMAE and its derivatives are highly lipophilic, yet they fail to interact with biomimicking phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine liposomes. To reveal what properties affect the interaction of the auristatin derivatives with cell plasma membrane-mimicking vesicles, capillary electrokinetic chromatography was used with four different types of micellar and vesicular pseudostationary phases: pure vesicles, mixed vesicles, mixed micelles, and pure micelles. Vesicular phases were composed of pure phospholipids [dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC)] and phospholipid-surfactant mixtures [sodium dodecyl sulfate, (SDS) with DMPC and DLPC] while the micellar phases comprised pure surfactant (SDS) and surfactant-phospholipid mixtures (SDS-DMPC and SDS-DLPC). In addition, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic light scattering were used to monitor the aggregate composition. Our data shows that the interaction between hydrophobic auristatin derivatives and hydrophobic pseudostationary phases critically depends on the type, size, and hydrogen bonding capability of the pseudostationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi-Katriina Ruokonen
- Department
of Chemistry, A. I. Virtasen
aukio 1, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Filip S. Ekholm
- Department
of Chemistry, A. I. Virtasen
aukio 1, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Glykos Finland Ltd., Viikinkaari 6, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanne K. Wiedmer
- Department
of Chemistry, A. I. Virtasen
aukio 1, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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