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Poon ETC, Kwan WL, Chow CC, Chan DKC. Music Timing Differentiates Fatigue Perception and Performance during Isometric Strength Exercises: A Crossover Randomised Trial. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:258-264. [PMID: 38455446 PMCID: PMC10915614 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Music is well-known to elicit ergogenic effects on exercise performance; however, the moderating role of application timing remains unclear. This study examined the effects of the timing of music on fatigue perception and performance during isometric strength exercises. Using a within-subject, randomised crossover design, twelve recreationally active young adults performed two isometric strength tasks (plank-hold and wall-sit) in three separate conditions (MEE: music played during the entire exercise task; MDF: music played during fatigue alone; CON: no music). The total time to volitional exhaustion (TTE), time to the onset of fatigue perception (TFP), heart rate, and blood lactate responses were assessed during each trial. MEE resulted in a significantly longer TTE than CON in both the plank-hold (p < 0.05, d = 0.76) and wall-sit exercises (p < 0.05, d = 0.72), whereas MDF led to a significantly longer TTE than CON in wall-sit exercises alone (p < 0.05, d = 0.60). TFP was significantly longer in MEE than in CON in both the plank-hold (p < 0.05, d = 0.54) and wall-sit exercises (p < 0.05, d = 0.64). The music condition did not influence the heart rate or blood lactate changes in any of the trials. Our results suggest that listening to music during the entire exercise can delay the onset of fatigue perception in isometric strength tasks, whereas listening to music during fatigue has only a modest effect. Athletes and exercisers should consider extending music exposure throughout the entire exercise task to maximise performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Lam Kwan
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Ching Chow
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, Hong Kong
| | - Derwin King Chung Chan
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, Hong Kong
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Messaoudi H, Ouergui I, Delleli S, Ballmann CG, Ardigò LP, Chtourou H. Acute effects of plyometric-based conditioning activity and warm-up music stimuli on physical performance and affective state in male taekwondo athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 5:1335794. [PMID: 38287965 PMCID: PMC10822913 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1335794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study assesses the acute effects of combining a plyometric-based conditioning activity (CA) with different musical stimuli during warm-up on taekwondo (TKD) performance and related psychological aspects. Methods In a randomized cross-over study design, 16 male TKD athletes (age: 19.94 ± 1.12 years) performed the TKD-specific agility test (TSAT), frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10s) and its multiple version (FSKT-mult) under 7 experimental and one control condition. For the experimental conditions, participants experienced varying combinations of music selection process [self-selected (SSM) vs. pre-selected (PSM)], and music tempo [fast (F) vs. slow (S)], within preferred (PG) and non-preferred (NPG) music genre; all in the presence of a plyometric based-CA. Athletes were instructed to rate their perceived exertion (RPE) after each test and their felt arousal (FAS), feeling scale (FS), and motivation after testing completion. Results Findings showed that combining a plyometric-based CA with SSMPG at both fast and slow tempo improved TSAT, FSK-10s, FSKT-mult, FAS, motivation, and RPE post-TSAT greater than the other conditions (all p < 0.05). Additionally, FSSMPG combined with CA improved FS, and RPE after both FSKT-10s and FSKT-mult better than the other conditions (all p < 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, listening to fast self-selected music from a preferred genre in combination with a plyometric-based CA during warm-up setups an individualized warm-up strategy and serves to improve the subsequent specific performances and the related psychological aspects in TKD athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Messaoudi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sports Science, Health and Movement, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Slaheddine Delleli
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
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Rogers RR, Beardsley KG, Cumbie PE, Ballmann CG. Ammonia Inhalants Enhance Psychophysiological Responses and Performance During Repeated High Intensity Exercise. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:1035-1041. [PMID: 36036823 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Ammonia inhalants (NH3) are anecdotally used in competition by athletes for their purported stimulant effects. However, evidence on the efficacy of NH3 is conflicting, and little to no studies to date have investigated its effect on repeated exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of NH3 on psychophysiological responses and performance during repeated high-intensity exercise. Methods: In a counterbalanced crossover design, physically active females completed two repeated high-intensity sprint trials with a different treatment: Control (CON; water) or Ammonia Inhalants (NH3; 0.33 cc). For each trial, participants completed 3 × 15s Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT) separated by 2 min of active recovery. Prior to each WAnT, participants took a single 3-s inhale of the corresponding treatment. After the succession of each WAnT, heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were documented. Subjective feelings of alertness and "psyched up" energy were measured using a visual analog scale. Trials were separated by at least 48 hr. Results: The results indicate that over the WAnTs, mean power (p = .017) and peak power (p = .006) were significantly higher with NH3 compared to CON despite a lack of changes in fatigue index (p = .928). HR (p = .101) and RPE (p = .897) were not different with varying treatments. Perceived alertness (p = .010) and psyched-up energy (p = .002) were significantly higher with NH3 versus CON. Conclusion: These findings provide empirical support for the use of NH3 to improve repeated high-intensity exercise performance in females that may be underpinned by alterations in subjective alertness and energy.
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Delleli S, Ouergui I, Messaoudi H, Ballmann CG, Ardigò LP, Chtourou H. Effects of caffeine consumption combined with listening to music during warm-up on taekwondo physical performance, perceived exertion and psychological aspects. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292498. [PMID: 37871019 PMCID: PMC10593230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of caffeine (CAF) and music have been well documented when used separately, but their combined effects are not yet studied. Thus, the present study assessed the acute effects of combining a low dose of CAF with listening to music during warm-up on taekwondo physical performance, perceived exertion (RPE), and psychological responses during taekwondo-specific tasks in male elite athletes. In a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study design, male taekwondo athletes (n = 16; age: 18.25 ± 0.75 years) performed the taekwondo-specific agility test (TSAT), 10 s frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10s) and the multiple version of FSKT (FSKT-mult) under the following conditions: 1) CAF without music (CAF+NoM), 2) placebo (PL) without music (PL+NoM), 3) CAF with music (CAF+M), 4) PL with music (PL+M), 5) no supplement with music (NoS+M) and no supplement without music (control). RPE, feeling scale (FS), felt arousal scale (FAS) and physical enjoyment (PACES) were determined after each test. Findings showed the CAF+M condition induced better performances than other conditions for TSAT, FSKT-10s, FSKT-mult, RPE, FAS and FS and PACES post FSKT-10s (all p<0.05). Moreover, CAF+M resulted in better responses than other conditions for PACES post TSAT (p<0.05) with the exception of CAF+NoM. Likewise, CAF+M condition induced better physical enjoyment than PL+NoM, NoS+M and PL+M conditions post FSKT-mult (p<0.05). Combining low dose of CAF with music during warm-up was an effective strategy that induced greater effects than their isolated use during taekwondo specific tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaheddine Delleli
- Research Unit, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit, Sports Science, Health and Movement, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Messaoudi
- Research Unit, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Research Unit, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Waer FB, Alexe CI, Tohănean DI, Čaušević D, Alexe DI, Sahli S. The Influence of Listening to Preferred versus Non-Preferred Music on Static and Dynamic Balance in Middle-Aged Women. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2681. [PMID: 37830718 PMCID: PMC10572328 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11192681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many women perform postural tasks while listening to music, no study has investigated whether preferred music has different effects than non-preferred music. Thus, this study aimed to explore the effects of listening to preferred versus non-preferred music on postural balance among middle-aged women. Twenty-four women aged between 50 and 55 years were recruited for this study. To assess their static balance, a stabilometric platform was used, recording the mean center of pressure velocity (CoPVm), whereas the timed up and go test (TUGT) was used to assess their dynamic balance. The results showed that listening to their preferred music significantly decreased their CoPVm values (in the firm-surface/eyes-open (EO) condition: (p < 0.05; 95% CI [-0.01, 2.17])). In contrast, when the women were listening to non-preferred music, their CoPVm values significantly (p < 0.05) increased compared to the no-music condition in all the postural conditions except for the firm-surface/EO condition. In conclusion, listening to music has unique effects on postural performance, and these effects depend on the genre of music. Listening to preferred music improved both static and dynamic balance in middle-aged women, whereas listening to non-preferred music negatively affected these performances, even in challenged postural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ben Waer
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (F.B.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Cristina Ioana Alexe
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, “Vasile Alecsandri”, University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania
| | - Dragoș Ioan Tohănean
- Department of Motric Performance, “Transilvania” University of Brașov, 600115 Brașov, Romania;
| | - Denis Čaušević
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, “Vasile Alecsandri”, University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (F.B.W.); (S.S.)
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Bentouati E, Romdhani M, Abid R, Khemila S, Garbarino S, Souissi N. The combined effects of napping and self-selected motivation music during warming up on cognitive and physical performance of karate athletes. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1214504. [PMID: 37520834 PMCID: PMC10372344 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1214504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It has been established that napping or listening to motivational music during warm-up is an effective strategy to enhance cognitive and physical performances. However, which could provide better enhancement warrants further investigation. This study aimed to examine the effect of a 30-min nap opportunity (N30), a warm-up with self-selected motivational music (WUMM), and the combination of N30 with WUMM (WUMM + N30) on cognitive and physical performances in karate athletes. Method: In a randomized order, 14 national-level male karate athletes performed four experimental sessions: control, N30, WUMM, and WUMM + N30. Simple (SRT) and choice (CRT) reaction times, selective attention, subjective sleepiness (ESS), mood state (POMS), countermovement jump (CMJ), and karate agility test (KAT) were evaluated before and after an all-out exhaustive task [i.e., the Karate Specific Test (KST)]. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured immediately after the KST. Results: Compared to the control, all interventions improved cognitive outcomes, mood, and sleepiness. No effects on physical performances (CMJ and KAT) were found after N30. Compared to N30, WUMM + N30 improved SRT pre- and post-exercise (pre: p < 0.05, d = 0.72; post: p < 0.001, d = 0.14), CRT (pre: p < 0.001, d = 0.07; post: p < 0.001, d = 0.10), attention (pre: p < 0.05, d = 0.06; post: p < 0.01, d = 0.06), mood (pre: p < 0.001, d = 2.53; post: p < 0.001, d = 0.23), and decreased ESS scores (pre: p < 0.01, d = 1.41; post: p < 0.05, d = 1.18). However, there was no significant difference between WUMM and N30. KST performance was not affected by the experimental conditions. However, the KST-induced performance deficit in CMJ and KAT was smaller following WUMM + N30 compared to WUMM and N30. RPE scores were lower following WUMM + N30 and WUMM. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a combination of listening to self-selected motivational music during warm-up with a 30-min nap could be an effective strategy to enhance cognitive and physical performance decline caused by fatigue induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Bentouati
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Romdhani
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UPL, UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Rihab Abid
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Syrine Khemila
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neurology, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- School of Occupational Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nizar Souissi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
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Diehl TL, Yu JN, Storer FM, Malek MH. Listening to Music Pretask on Neuromuscular Fatigue During Exercise: Preferred vs. Nonpreferred Music. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1537-1542. [PMID: 37015012 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Diehl, TL, Yu, JN, Storer, FM, and Malek, MH. Listening to music pretask on neuromuscular fatigue during exercise: preferred vs. nonpreferred music. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1537-1542, 2023-Studies indicate that listening to music can elicit various physiological responses ranging from distracting the subject from the sensation of fatigue to changes in specific regions of the brain. Indeed, the use of music, as an ergogenic aid, to improve human performance has been shown to be a powerful tool. Many studies on the effect of music on human performance have had subjects listen to music in-task (i.e., during the activity). There is, however, a growing interest to determine the role of listening to music pretask (i.e., before the activity) on exercise outcomes. In addition, it is important to consider the subject's music preference as that may influence the target outcome variable(s). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether listening to preferred music pretask influences the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWC FT ). We hypothesized that listening to preferred music pretask will increase the estimated PWC FT compared with the control condition, which is listening to nonpreferred music. Nine healthy college-aged men (mean ± SEM : age, 23.4 ± 0.4 years; body mass, 71.6 ± 2.5 kg; and height, 1.81 ± 0.02 m) volunteered for this study. Each subject visited the laboratory on 2 occasions separated by 7 days. In a randomized manner, subjects listened to their preferred music for 30 minutes before the exercise test for 1 visit, whereas for the other visit, subjects listened to their nonpreferred music 30 minutes before the exercise test. Exercise outcomes were recorded for both visits and analyzed using a paired-samples t test. The results indicated no significant ( p > 0.05) mean differences for maximal power output (mean ± SEM : 60 ± 4 W vs. 60 ± 4 W), PWC FT (25 ± 3 W vs. 29 ± 2 W), or heart rate at end exercise (153 ± 8 b·min -1 vs. 155 ± 7 b·min -1 ) between listening to nonpreferred vs. preferred music 30 minutes before the exercise activity. These findings suggest that listening to music pretask does not influence neuromuscular fatigue during the exercise workbout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Diehl
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jennifer N Yu
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Frank M Storer
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Moh H Malek
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Karatrantou K, Papavasiliou T, Batatolis C, Vasilopoulou T, Ioakimidis P, Gerodimos V. A Chair-Based Music-Kinetic Combined Exercise Program as an Alternative Approach for Increasing Health, Functional Capacity, and Physical Fitness Indices in Middle-Aged Pre-Menopausal Women. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:81. [PMID: 37367245 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lately, chairs have been widely used as a cheap, easily accessible, safe, and effective training means in different settings (e.g., in gyms, the house, workplaces, and in rehabilitation). This study investigated the effectiveness of a 10-week chair-based music-kinetic integrated combined exercise program on health, functional capacity, and physical fitness indicators of middle-aged pre-menopausal women. A total of 40 healthy women (40-53 years) were assigned to two groups: exercise (EG) and control (CG). The EG followed a 10-week (3 times/weekly; 30 training sessions) chair-based exercise program including aerobic dance, flexibility, coordination, and strength exercises with body weight or auxiliary means. Selected indicators of health, functional capacity, and physical fitness were evaluated before and after the 10 weeks. Following the program, the EG significantly reduced their body fat (-2.5%), blood pressure (by -4.5 to -5.5%), the time during the timed up-and-go (TUG) test (by -10.27%), heart rate (by -6.35 to -13.78%), and the rate of perceived exertion (by -24.45 to -25.88%), while increasing respiratory function (3.5-4%), flexibility (12.17%), balance (50.38-51.07%), maximal handgrip strength (10-12.17%), and endurance strength (43.87-55.91%). The chair-based combined music-kinetic exercise program was effective and could be safely used in different settings to improve health, functional capacity, and physical fitness in middle-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Karatrantou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Theodoros Papavasiliou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Christos Batatolis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Theodora Vasilopoulou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Ioakimidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Vassilis Gerodimos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
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Rogers RR, Williams TD, Nester EB, Owens GM, Ballmann CG. The Influence of Music Preference on Countermovement Jump and Maximal Isometric Performance in Active Females. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010034. [PMID: 36976131 PMCID: PMC10051532 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that listening to preferred music during resistance and endurance exercises improves performance. However, it is unknown if these phenomena translate to short-duration explosive exercises. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of preferred and non-preferred music on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), and psychological responses to music during explosive movements. Physically active females (age 18-25) volunteered to take part in the study. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, participants completed three trials: (1) no music (NM), (2) non-preferred (NP), and (3) preferred (PV) music. Participants completed three maximal IMTP tests on a force-plate-equipped IMTP apparatus with an immovable bar. Attempts lasted 5 s and were separated by 3 min of rest. Furthermore, participants completed three single maximal CMJ attempts separated by 3 min of rest on force plates. All attempts were averaged for analysis. At the commencement of IMTP and CMJ testing, participants were asked to rate how motivated and psyched up they felt during the exercise portion using a visual analog scale. For isometric performance, listening to PM resulted in increased peak force (p = 0.039; d = 0.41) and rate of force development at 200 ms (p = 0.023; d = 0.91) compared with NP. For CMJ, there were no differences between conditions for jump height (p = 0.912; η2 = 0.007) or peak power during the propulsive phase (p = 0.460; η2 = 0.003). Levels of motivation were significantly higher with PM compared with NM (p < 0.001; d = 2.3) and NP (p = 0.001; d = 2.0). Feelings of being psyched up were significantly higher with PM compared with NM (p < 0.001; d = 4.2) and NP (p = 0.001; d = 2.8). Findings suggest that preferred music enhances isometric strength and increases motivation and feelings of being psyched up. Thus, PM may be used as an ergogenic aid during short-duration maximal-effort activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Rogers
- Center for Engagement in Disability Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (CEDHARS), School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 3810 Ridgeway, Birmingham, AL 35209, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA
| | - Emma B Nester
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA
| | - Grace M Owens
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA
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Jebabli N, Ben Aabderrahman A, Boullosa D, Chtourou H, Ouerghi N, Rhibi F, Govindasamy K, Saeidi A, Clark CCT, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Listening to music during a repeated sprint test improves performance and psychophysiological responses in healthy and physically active male adults. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:21. [PMID: 36810282 PMCID: PMC9945598 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-documented that listening to music has the potential to improve physical performance during intense physical exercise. Less information is available on the timing of music application. This study aimed to investigate the effects of listening to preferred music during the warm up of a subsequent test or during the test on performance of repeated sprint sets (RSS) in adult males. METHODS In a randomized cross-over design, 19 healthy males (age, 22.1 ± 1.2 years; body mass, 72.7 ± 9.3 kg; height, 1.79 ± 0.06 m; BMI, 22.6 ± 2.2 kg m-2) performed a test including 2 sets of 5*20-m repeated-sprints under one of three conditions: listening to preferred music during the test; listening to preferred music during the warm-up; or not listening to music. The assessed parameters comprised RSS performance indices, blood lactate, heart rate, the pacing strategy profile, rating of perceived exertion, and a feeling scale. RESULTS For performance indices during set 1 of the RSS test, we found a significant decrease in total sum sequence, fast time index and fatigue index in the listening to preferred music condition compared to the no music condition (total sum sequence: p = 0.006, d = 0.93; fast time index: p = 0.003, d = 0.67; fatigue index: p < 0.001; d = 1.30) and the listening to preferred music during the warm-up condition (fast time index: p = 0.002; d = 1.15; fatigue index: p = 0.006; d = 0.74). However, there was no significant effect of listening to preferred music on physical performance during set 2 of the RSS test. Compared to the no music condition, blood lactate concentrations were higher in the listening to preferred music during the test condition (p = 0.025; d = 0.92). In addition, listening to preferred music appears not to have an effect on heart rate, the pacing strategy profile, perceived exertion, and affective responses before, during and after the RSS test. CONCLUSION Findings from this study revealed that RSS performances were better (FT and FI indices) in the PMDT compared with the PMWU condition. Moreover, in set 1 of the RSS test, better RSS indices were found in the PMDT compared to NM condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhal Jebabli
- grid.442518.e0000 0004 0492 9538Research Unit: Sport Sciences, Health and Movement, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR22JS01, University of Jendouba, 7100 Kef, Tunisia ,grid.424444.60000 0001 1103 8547Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | | | - Daniel Boullosa
- grid.412352.30000 0001 2163 5978INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- grid.412124.00000 0001 2323 5644Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nejmeddine Ouerghi
- grid.442518.e0000 0004 0492 9538Research Unit: Sport Sciences, Health and Movement, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR22JS01, University of Jendouba, 7100 Kef, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Rhibi
- grid.410368.80000 0001 2191 9284M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Karuppasamy Govindasamy
- grid.412742.60000 0004 0635 5080Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu India
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- grid.411189.40000 0000 9352 9878Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan Iran
| | - Cain C. T. Clark
- grid.8096.70000000106754565Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France. .,Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2IS), 35850, Irodouer, France.
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Henry DB, Pemberton AL, Rogers RR, Ballmann CG. A Matter of Taste: Roles of Taste Preference on Performance and Psychological Responses during Anaerobic Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3730. [PMID: 36834425 PMCID: PMC9964433 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Various tastes including sweet, bitter, and sour have been shown to differentially influence physiological and psychological processes. Furthermore, ingestion of bitter and sweet solutions has been shown to acutely enhance exercise performance. However, the taste is highly individualized, and it is unclear if preference influences the ergogenic potential of taste. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of preferred and non-preferred drink tastes on anaerobic performance and psychological responses thereof. Physically active females participated in two counterbalanced sprint trials each with a different condition: (1) non-preferred taste (NPT), (2) Preferred taste (PT). Participants self-reported taste preferences (sweet, sour, bitter) with the highest-ranked taste being used for the PT condition and the lowest-ranked for NPT. For each visit, participants completed a 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) prior to (PRE) ingestion of ~20 mL of their NP or PREF taste. Following ingestion, participants completed 2 min of active recovery, rated their taste preference of the solution, and completed another 15 s WAnT. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE), motivation, and enjoyment were measured through a visual analog scale following each WAnT. Anaerobic performance measures and heart rate (HR) were also obtained at the succession of each WAnT. Findings revealed no differences between taste conditions for mean power (p = 0.455), peak power (p = 0.824), or HR (p = 0.847). RPE was significantly lower with PT versus NPT (p = 0.006). Exercise enjoyment (p = 0.022) was higher with PT compared to NPT. NPT resulted in worse motivation compared to PRE (p = 0.001) while no changes were observed between PT and PRE (p = 0.197). These findings suggest that preferred drink taste may not enhance acute performance but improves psychological responses to maximal anaerobic exercise which may have implications for improving exercise training and adherence.
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Filho RAA, Oliveira JJG, Zovico PVC, Rica RL, Barbosa WA, Machado AF, Evangelista AL, Costa EC, Bergamin M, Baker JS, Bocalini DS. Effects of music on psychophysiological responses during high intensity interval training using body weight exercises. Physiol Behav 2022; 255:113931. [PMID: 35907471 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of music in exercise sessions is considered an interesting strategy as it facilitates, through motivation, an improvement in physical performance, as well as a reduction in the subjective perception of effort and an improvement in mood. Such factors are important for the maintenance of physical exercise programs, however, considering high intensity interval training, the effects of music remain inconclusive. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of music during high intensity interval training sessions using body weight (HIIT-B) on the physiological parameters and mood state of adults. METHODS 11 CrossFit male practitioners were randomly submitted to three sessions of HIIT-C under the following experimental conditions: preference music (PM), non-preference music (nPM) and without music (WM). The HIIT-B protocol consisted of 20 sets of 30 seconds of stimulus using maximal intensities followed by 30 seconds of passive recovery. The following exercises were used: jumping jacks, burpee, mountain climbing and squat jumping. The following parameters were analyzed: heart rate (HR), lactate (La), total amount of movements (TAM), affective response (AR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and recovery (RPR) and mood states. RESULTS although an increase (p< 0.05) of HR, RPE and La reduction of RPR was found after performing the HIIT session, no differences were found between the three conditions to these parameters. The nPM condition promoted lower (p< 0.001) TAM compared to the WM and PM conditions, which also differed from each other. However, for AR, a music effect was found among the protocols (p< 0.0001), indicating that the PM session promoted an increase in pleasure, unlike WM and nPM session which provided pleasure reduction and displeasure respectively. The WM session did not promote any changes. There were no main effects on time for depression and anger, which were different for vigor, fatigue, mental confusion, tension and mood disturbance. Additionally, differences were found after session to tension (p= 0.0229), vigor (p= 0.0424) and fatigue (p= 0.0400) for PM condition, vigor (p= 0.0424), fatigue (p= 0.0400) mental confusion (p= 0.0302) and mood disturbance (p= 0.0129) and vigor (p= 0.0363) and fatigue (p= 0.0468) to WM conditions. CONCLUSION Listening to preferred music during an 'all out' HIIT-B session increases exercise performance and elicits more positive affective responses in recreationally active adult males, despite similar HR, blood lactate, RPE and fatigue compared to nonpreferred music or no-music.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo A Allocca Filho
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Jonathan J G Oliveira
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Paulo Vinicios C Zovico
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Roberta L Rica
- Department of Physical Education, Estacio de Sá University, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Welmo A Barbosa
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Machado
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L Evangelista
- Master Program in Assessment and Intervention of Physical and Functional Performance, Ibirapuera University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Costa
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, RN, Brazil
| | - Marco Bergamin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Danilo S Bocalini
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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Effects of Music Volume Preference on Endurance Exercise Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7020035. [PMID: 35645297 PMCID: PMC9149878 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preferred versus non-preferred music volume on relative power output, trial time to completion (TTC), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and motivation during endurance rowing exercise. Physically active females (age 18−25) volunteered to participate. In a crossover counterbalanced design, participants completed two trials: non-preferred (NPV) and preferred (PV) music volume. Participants began with a rowing warm-up at 50% of HRmax for 5 min. Following this, participants completed a 2000 m rowing time trial as quickly as possible. Relative power output, HR, and RPE were documented each minute during the exercise bout. TTC and motivation levels were documented at the cessation of exercise. Results showed that there were no significant differences between NPV and PV for relative power output (p = 0.287; d = 0.17), TTC (p = 0.816; d = 0.01), and HR (p = 0.956; d = 0.08). However, RPE was significantly lower (p = 0.002; d = 0.86) and motivation was significantly higher (p < 0.001; d = 2.14) during the PV condition versus NPV. Findings suggest that while PV does not impart performance-enhancing effects during endurance exercise compared to NPV, it may improve psychological responses related to intensity and effort which could have important implications for enduring intense exercise and training.
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Effects of Interactive Music Tempo with Heart Rate Feedback on Physio-Psychological Responses of Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084810. [PMID: 35457676 PMCID: PMC9032355 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces an interactive music tempo control with closed-loop heart rate feedback to yield a sportsperson with better physio-psychological states. A total of 23 participants (13 men, 10 women; 16−32 years, mean = 20.04 years) who are professionals or school team members further guide a sportsperson to amend their physical tempo to harmonize their psychological and physical states. The self-tuning mechanism between the surroundings and the human can be amplified using interactive music tempo control. The experiments showed that listening to interactive music had a significant effect on the heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of the basketball player compared to those listening to asynchronous music or no music during exercise (p < 0.01). Synchronized interactive music allows athletes to increase their heart rate and decrease RPE during exercise and does not require a multitude of preplanned playlists. All self-selected songs can be converted into sports-oriented music using algorithms. The algorithms of synchronous and asynchronous modes in this study can be adjusted and applied to other sports fields or recovery after exercise. In the future, other musical parameters should be adjusted in real-time based on physiological signals, such as tonality, beats, chords, and orchestration.
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Effects of Acute Yohimbine Hydrochloride Supplementation on Repeated Supramaximal Sprint Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031316. [PMID: 35162339 PMCID: PMC8835515 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a single acute dose of yohimbine hydrochloride on repeated anaerobic sprint ability. Physically active females (n = 18) completed two separate repeated supramaximal sprint trials each with a different single-dose treatment: placebo (PL; gluten-free corn starch) or yohimbine hydrochloride (YHM; 2.5 mg). For each trial, participants consumed their respective treatment 20 min before exercise. Following a warm-up, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnTs) separated by 2 min of active recovery. A capillary blood sample was obtained pre- and immediately post-exercise to measure blood concentrations of lactate (LA), epinephrine (EPI), and norepinephrine (NE). Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured following each WAnT. Findings showed that mean power (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.024), total work (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.061), and HR (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.046), were significantly higher with YHM supplementation versus PL. Fatigue index (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.054) and post-exercise LA (p < 0.001; d = 1.26) were significantly lower with YHM compared to PL. YHM resulted in significantly higher EPI concentrations versus PL (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.225) pre- and post-exercise while NE only increased as a function of time (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.227) and was unaffected by treatment. While RPE increased after each WAnT, no differences between treatments were observed (p = 0.539; η2 < 0.001). Together, these results suggest that acute YHM ingestion imparts ergogenic benefits which may be mediated by lower blood LA and fatigue concomitantly occurring with blood EPI increases. Thus, YHM may improve sprint performance although more mechanistic study is warranted to accentuate underlying processes mediating performance enhancement.
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Lehman JT, Whitmire BG, Rogers RR, Williams TD, Ballmann CG. Effects of Respite Music on Repeated Upper-body Resistance Exercise Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:79-87. [PMID: 36896024 PMCID: PMC9987432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of self-selected respite music on upper-body resistance exercise performance. In a crossover, counterbalanced study design, resistance-trained males (n = 10) participated in two bench press trials each with a different condition: 1) No music (NM), 2) Listening to respite music (RM; i.e. during rest periods). Following a warm-up, participants completed 3 sets × repetitions to failure (RTF) at 75% of 1-RM separated by 2 minutes of rest. During the 2-minute rest, participants either listened to NM or RM until the next subsequent set. A linear position transducer was used to measure mean barbell velocity during the first 3 repetitions and averaged for analysis. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and motivation were obtained after each set. Results indicate that mean velocity was higher during set 2 (p = 0.009; d = 1.34) and set 3 (p = 0.048; d = 0.95) while listening to RM versus NM. Furthermore, motivation was significantly higher following set 2 (p = 0.005; d = 1.15) and set 3 (p < 0.001; d = 1.79) while listening to RM compared to NM. No changes in RTF or RPE were noted between conditions (p > 0.05). These findings indicate listening to music during recovery may enhance subsequent explosive resistance performance and suggest that listening to music in between bouts of maximal effort could be an effective tool for optimizing performance during competition or training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca R Rogers
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Acute Effects of Verbal Encouragement and Listening to Preferred Music on Maximal Repeated Change-of-Direction Performance in Adolescent Elite Basketball Players—Preliminary Report. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Verbal encouragement (VE) and listening to preferred music (PM) are considered effective ergogenic methods in strength and conditioning, but studies examining the effectiveness of these two methods simultaneously are lacking. This study analyzed the influence of PM and VE on repeated change-of-direction performance (R-CoD) in elite young basketball players. On alternate days, 18 elite young basketball players (17.2 ± 0.61 years; 189.8 ± 7 cm; 71.6 ± 6.7 kg; body fat: 12.3 ± 2.5%) were assessed on R-CoD under three randomized conditions: team-selected PM, VE, and control condition. Total time (TT), peak time (PT), and fatigue index were registered and compared across conditions. Significant differences across conditions were evidenced for TT and PT (F-test = 6.96 and 4.15, p < 0.05; large effect size), with better results in VE and PM than in the control condition and no significant differences between VE and PM. No correlations were evidenced between changes that occurred as a result of VE and those which occurred as a result of PM, indicating individual responsiveness of the players to VE and PM. The results evidenced positive acute effects of VE and PM on R-CoD performance, indicating the usefulness of these training methods in the conditioning of youth basketball players. Future studies should evaluate the applicability of VE and PM in the training of other conditioning capacities and the individual responsiveness of players toward VE and PM.
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Meglic CE, Orman CM, Rogers RR, Williams TD, Ballmann CG. Influence of Warm-Up Music Preference on Anaerobic Exercise Performance in Division I NCAA Female Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030064. [PMID: 34449658 PMCID: PMC8395765 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of listening to preferred versus non-preferred warm-up music on anaerobic sprint performance in Division I NCAA female athletes. Female collegiate athletes (n = 14) were recruited for this study. In a counterbalanced, crossover study design, participants completed two separate visits, each with a different warm-up music condition: preferred (Pref) or non-preferred (Non-pref). During each visit, participants completed a 3 min standardized cycling warm-up at 50 Watts while listening to Pref or Non-pref music. Following this, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnTs) with a 2 min active recovery period in between tests. Motivation to exercise was measured immediately following the warm-up (WU), WAnT1, WAnT2, and WAnT3. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was also measured after each WAnT. Each visit was separated by a minimal recovery period of 48 h. Mean power, total work, RPE, and motivation were analyzed. Mean power (p = 0.044; d = 0.91) and total work (p = 0.045; d = 0.78) were significantly higher during the Pref music condition versus Non-pref. RPE remained unchanged regardless of condition (p = 0.536; d = 0.01). Motivation was significantly higher with Pref warm-up music compared to Non-pref (p < 0.001; d = 1.55). These results show that listening to Pref warm-up music has an ergogenic benefit during repeated sprints in comparison to Non-pref music and improves motivation to exercise. Listening to warm-up music prior to high-intensity repeated exercise may aid in optimizing performance and training in collegiate athletes.
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Dobashi S, Matsuura F, Ando D. Listening to Fast-Tempo Music During a Post-Exercise Passive Rest Period Improved Subsequent Sprint Cycling. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1747-1764. [PMID: 34078198 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211022701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Listening to music during active recovery between exercise bouts has been found to help maintain high levels of exercise performance; however, the effect of listening to music alone with no exercise while resting passively has not been elucidated. We examined whether listening to music during static (passive) recovery affects subsequent repeated sprint performances and/or psychological and physiological responses in healthy young males. Twelve healthy young male athletes completed two consecutive sets of 7 × 7 second maximal cycling sprints with a 30-second rest interval between the sprints. During a 15-minute interval between the sets, the participants rested passively while listening to fast-tempo (Fast, 130 bpm), slow-tempo (Slow, 70 bpm) music, or no music (Con). We assessed affective valence and arousal using the Affect Grid. The valence and arousal scores immediately after listening to fast-tempo music were significantly higher than those in the no music condition. Mean and peak power outputs during the second set after listening to fast-tempo music were significantly higher compared to those after the Slow and Con conditions (both adjusted p < .05). Moreover, the changes in exercise performances between the first and second set were significantly associated with changes in the arousal score induced by the music conditions, but not with changes in the valence score. These results suggested that listening to fast-tempo songs during passive recovery between the exercises improved subsequent repeated sprint cycling performance in physically active males. This type of rapid exercise recovery might be useful for competitive athletes, such as judo, track and fields, and swimming races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Dobashi
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan.,Management Office of Education for Graduate Student, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Ando
- Graduate School of Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
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The Influence of Music Preference on Exercise Responses and Performance: A Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6020033. [PMID: 33917781 PMCID: PMC8167645 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Listening to music has been repeatedly shown to have ergogenic benefits during various modes of exercise, including endurance, sprint, and resistance-based activities. Music is commonly incorporated into training regimens by recreational exercisers and competitive athletes alike. While specific modalities of exercise elicit varying physiological responses, listening to music has been shown to modulate many of these responses (i.e., heart rate, catecholamines, muscle activation) often leading to improved performance. Furthermore, listening to music during exercise may positively impact psychological (i.e., mood, motivation) and psychophysiological (i.e., rate of perceived exertion, arousal) changes, which may allow for favorable responses during an exercise challenge. However, there is mixed evidence regarding music's efficacy, which may be mediated through differences in music selection and preference. Emerging evidence has shown that, whether an individual prefers or does not prefer the music they are listening to during exercise greatly influences their ergogenic potential in addition to physiological, psychological, and psychophysiological responses to exercise. From a practical standpoint, music may be controlled by the individual through headphones but is often played communally over speakers in locker rooms, gyms, and health clubs, which may have consequences on performance and training. The following review will describe the physiological, psychological, and psychophysiological responses to exercise while listening to music and how music preference may particularly alter them. Current knowledge and new evidence on how music preference factors into enhancing performance in various modes of exercise will be further discussed, incorporating practical considerations for individuals and practitioners in real-world applications to optimize performance.
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Ballmann CG, Favre ML, Phillips MT, Rogers RR, Pederson JA, Williams TD. Effect of Pre-Exercise Music on Bench Press Power, Velocity, and Repetition Volume. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1183-1196. [PMID: 33722102 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211002406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of listening to pre-exercise music on bench press performance. We recruited 10 resistance trained males (M age= 22.8, SD = 5.8 years; M height= 173.7, SD = 8.3 cm; M body mass = 81.0, SD = 18.2 kg) for this crossover counterbalanced research design. Participants completed two bench press exercise trials of (a) No music (NM), and (b) Pre-exercise music (PreExM) separated by at least 48 hours. For each trial, following a warm-up, participants listened to music or no music for three minutes. After this 3-minute period, they completed one set of bench press repetitions with maximum explosive intent at 75% one repetition maximum (1 RPM). We used a rotary encoder to measure power and velocity of barbell movement. After a 3-minute rest during which they again listened to music or no music, participants completed another set of repetitions to failure (RTF) at 75% of 1RM. Immediately following this second set of repetitions, we measured exercise motivation with a visual analog scale (VAS). We found that the PreExM condition increased mean power output (p = 0.005; d = 0.792) and barbell velocity (p = 0.015; d = 0.722). RTF were significantly higher during the PreExM versus NM trial (p = 0.002; d = 0.985), and motivation was significantly higher in the PreExM trial versus NM (p = 0.001; d = 0.932). These findings suggest improved muscle power explosiveness and strength-endurance when listening to music before a bench press exercise. From a practical standpoint, athletes who have the option of listening to music immediately prior to resistance exercise may benefit from its use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mason L Favre
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Matthew T Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Rebecca R Rogers
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Joseph A Pederson
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Sex Differences in Response to Listening to Self-Selected Music during Repeated High-Intensity Sprint Exercise. SEXES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sexes2010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine possible sex differences in high-intensity exercise performance, fatigue, and motivational responses to exercise while listening to music. Physically active males and females (ages 18–24) were recruited to participate. Participants completed two separate repeated sprint exercise trials each with a different condition: (1) no music (NM) (2) self-selected music (SSM). During each trial, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnTs) while listening to NM or SSM separated by 2 min of active recovery. Following each WAnT, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and motivation to exercise were assessed. Relative power output, fatigue index, RPE, and motivation were analyzed. There were no significant sex differences for relative power between music conditions (p = 0.228). Fatigue index was significantly lower in females while listening to SSM (p = 0.032) versus NM while no differences were observed for males (p = 0.246). RPE was lower while listening to SSM versus NM in females (p = 0.020), but not for males (p = 0.277). Lastly, motivation to exercise increased in the SSM condition versus NM in females (p = 0.006) but not in males (p = 0.090). Results indicate that listening to SSM music did not result in superior anaerobic performance in either sex, but females responded more favorably to subjective outcomes (i.e., RPE and motivation) while listening to SSM, which may have in turn influenced indices of fatigue during the tests. These results suggest that females may respond more positively than males to exercise-induced fatigue while listening to SSM music during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise.
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Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Attenuates Morning-Associated Decrements in Supramaximal Exercise Performance in Trained Sprinters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020412. [PMID: 33430250 PMCID: PMC7825729 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diurnal fluctuations in power output have been well established with power loss typically occurring in morning (AM) times. Beetroot juice (BRJ) is a source of dietary nitrate that possess ergogenic properties, but it is unknown if ingestion can mitigate performance decrements in the morning. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute BRJ supplementation on diurnal fluctuations in anaerobic performance in trained sprinters. Male Division 1 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sprinters (n = 10) participated. In a double-blinded crossover study design, participants completed three counterbalanced exercise trials under different conditions: Morning–placebo (8:00 HR, AM-PL), Morning–BRJ (8:00 HR, AM-BRJ), and Afternoon–no supplement (15:00 HR, PM). For each trial, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate anaerobic tests separated by 2 min of rest. Each trial was separated by a 72 h washout period. Mean power output (p = 0.043), anaerobic capacity (p = 0.023), and total work (p = 0.026) were significantly lower with the AM-PL condition compared to PM. However, BRJ supplementation prevented AM losses of mean power output (p = 0.994), anaerobic capacity (p = 0.941), and total work (p = 0.933) in the AM-BRJ compared to the PM condition. Rate of perceived exertion was not significantly different between any conditions (p = 0.516). Heart rate was significantly lower during the AM-BRJ condition compared to AM-PL (p = 0.030) and PM (p < 0.001). Findings suggest anaerobic capacity suffers during AM versus PM times in trained sprinters, but BRJ ingestion abolishes AM-associated decrements in performance.
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Effects of Preferred and Non-Preferred Warm-Up Music on Resistance Exercise Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 6:jfmk6010003. [PMID: 33462165 PMCID: PMC7838790 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of listening to preferred and non-preferred warm-up music on upper-body resistance exercise performance. Resistance-trained males (ages 18-24) participated in two separate bench press trials each with a different warm-up music condition: preferred warm-up music (PREF) or non-preferred warm-up music (NON-PREF). In each trial, participants listened to PREF or NON-PREF music during a standardized bench press warm-up. Following the warm-up, motivation to exercise was measured using a visual analog scale followed by two sets × repetitions to failure (RTF) at 75% of 1-RM separated by 1 min of rest. A linear position transducer was used to measure mean barbell velocity. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was obtained after each set. RTF, velocity, RPE, and motivation were analyzed. RTF were significantly higher during the PREF versus NON-PREF trail (p = 0.001) while mean barbell velocity remained unchanged (p = 0.777). RPE was not significantly different between PREF and NON-PREF trials (p = 0.735). Motivation to exercise was significantly higher during the PREF versus NON-PREF trial (p < 0.001). Findings show that listening to PREF music during a warm-up improves subsequent RTF performance during bench press exercise. However, barbell velocity was largely unaffected. While perceived exertion was similar between trials, motivation to exercise was markedly increased during the PREF warm-up music trial. These findings suggest that competitors listening to warm-up music before giving maximal effort during resistance exercise could optimize performance by ensuring self-selection of their own preferred music.
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Wang HT, Tai HL, Yang CC, Chen YS. Acute Effects of Self-Selected Music Intervention on Golf Performance and Anxiety Level in Collegiate Golfers: A Crossover Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207478. [PMID: 33066601 PMCID: PMC7602473 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Music has been reported as a positive intervention for improving psychophysiological conditions and exercise performance. However, the effects of music intervention on golf performance in association with psychophysiological responses have not been well examined in the literature. The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute effects of self-selected music intervention on golf swing and putting performance, heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), and anxiety. Twenty collegiate golfers voluntarily participated in this study (age = 20.2 ± 1.4 years, height = 171.7 ± 8.0 cm, body weight = 69.5 ± 14.6 kg, golf experience = 7.5 ± 2.1 years). A cross-over and within-subject design was used in this study. Participants performed a non-music trial (T1), pre-exercise music trial (T2), and simultaneous music trial (T3) in a randomized order with 48–72 h apart. The participants were attached to a HR monitor to record the HR and HRV during the measurement. The golf swing and putting performance was assessed by using the Golfzon golf simulator system. The state-trait anxiety inventory-state questionnaire (STAI-S) was used to evaluate anxiety state. All measurements were taken during baseline (phase one) and after resting or music intervention (phase two). Repeated measurement of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Cohen’s effect size (ES) were used for statistical analyses. The results show no significant differences in golf swing and putting performance (p > 0.05). However, significant decrease in STAI-S score was found in T2 (p = 0.047, ES = 0.32). A significant increase in the standard deviation of normal R-R interval (SDNN), low-frequency power spectrum (LF), standard deviation of along the line-of-identity (SD2) in T2 and T3 were observed (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a single pre-exercise or simultaneous self-selected music intervention contributes minor effects to golf performance in collegiate golfers. The positive benefits of self-selected music intervention on the psychological condition and cardia-related modulation while practicing golf is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Tsung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan; (H.-T.W.); (C.-C.Y.)
| | - Hsia-Ling Tai
- Department of Physical Education, University of Taipei, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Chia-Chen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan; (H.-T.W.); (C.-C.Y.)
| | - Yung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan;
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26
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Rasteiro FM, Messias LHD, Scariot PPM, Cruz JP, Cetein RL, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Effects of preferred music on physiological responses, perceived exertion, and anaerobic threshold determination in an incremental running test on both sexes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237310. [PMID: 32785289 PMCID: PMC7423319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of preferred music on anaerobic threshold determination in an incremental running test, as well the physiological responses and perceived exertion at this intensity, in physically active men and women. Additionally, by using area under the curve (AUC) analysis of the parameters of interest during the graded test, we studied the effects of music at two physiological moments-before and after anaerobic threshold intensity (iAT)-in men and women. Twenty (men = 10; women = 10) healthy and active participants completed four visits to the laboratory. The first and second sessions were used for sample characterization. In the third and fourth sessions, participants performed an incremental running test (started at 7 km.h-1 with increments of 1 km.h-1 at each 3-minute stage) under preferred music and non-music conditions. Blood lactate ([Lac]), heart rate (HR), and perceived exertion were measured by two scales (RPEBorg and the estimation of time limit ‒ ETL) during all tests, and the total time of effort (TT) was considered as performance. Individual curves of the "intensity vs blood lactate" analyzed by the bissegmentation method provide the iAT and the AUC of [Lac], HR, RPEBorg, and ETL before and after the iAT attainment were calculated. The iAT for men (non-music: 11.5±0.9km.h-1 vs music: 11.6±1.1km.h-1) and women (non-music: 9.8±0.7km.h-1 vs music: 9.7±0.7km.h-1) was not affected by music, and for both sexes, there was no difference between non-music and music conditions in all variables obtained at iAT. The AUC of all variables were not affected by music before the iAT attainment. However, [Lac], HR, and RPEBorg presented higher values of AUC after iAT for the female group with preferred music. This may be due to the fact that 70% of women have increased TT under music conditions. Overall, preferred music did not affect the iAT determination in an incremental running test. However, some physiological responses and perceived exertion after iAT of female subjects seems to be influenced by preferred music.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Marroni Rasteiro
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology - LAFAE, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Paulo Menezes Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology - LAFAE, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Cruz
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology - LAFAE, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lucas Cetein
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology - LAFAE, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology - LAFAE, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia Barros Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology - LAFAE, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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Duckworth SC, Higginbotham CS, Pederson JA, Rogers RR, Marshall MR, Williams TD, Ballmann CG. Physical and Cognitive Performance During Upper-Extremity Versus Full-Body Exercise Under Dual Tasking Conditions. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:338-352. [PMID: 32741251 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520945088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate physical and cognitive performance during dual task conditions of upper-extremity (UE) or full-body (FB) rowing exercise. In a crossover counterbalanced design, college-aged male and female participants completed five conditions: (a) Sitting, (b) Single task UE rowing, (c) Single task FB rowing, (d) Dual task UE rowing, and (e) Dual task FB rowing. For single task UE and FB rowing conditions, participants were asked to row as hard as possible. After sitting and dual-task conditions, we administered the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and a word-list memory test. We analyzed participants' absolute differences (single task - dual task) in power output and their cognitive test scores to compare UE and FB rowing. There were no significant absolute differences from sitting to dual task conditions of UE and FB rowing for either PASAT (p = 0.958) or word list memory (p = 0.899) cognitive scores. Absolute power output loss from single to dual task conditions was significantly higher in FB versus UE for PASAT (p = 0.039; d = 0.54) and word list memory (p = 0.021; d = 0.66) in the dual task condition. These results suggest that, while cognitive performance was preserved regardless of the amount of muscle mass activated during dual task rowing, physical performance suffered more during FB than UE rowing under the dual task condition. These findings have important implications for optimizing cognitive and physical performance in dual task situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Duckworth
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Carrie S Higginbotham
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Joseph A Pederson
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Rebecca R Rogers
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Mallory R Marshall
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Effect of Listening to Music on Wingate Anaerobic Test Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124564. [PMID: 32599941 PMCID: PMC7344562 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: There are many athletes who like to listen to music while making a high intensity effort. However, research into the effects of listening to music on athletic performance has provided controversial results, and it is suggested that the timing and type of music might affect the anaerobic performance response. Purpose: The main aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the effects while listening to music tasks via the 30 s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) on absolute performance and relative peak power (APP and RPP), absolute and relative mean power (AMP and RMP), and fatigue index (FI). Methods: PRISMA guidelines were used as a basis for conducting this systematic review, with inclusion criteria being set out according to the PICOS model. Computer-based literature research was undertaken until 10 March 2020 using the following online databases: PubMed/Medline, WOS, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. The literature was reviewed with regard to the effects of listening to music on the WAnT using several music variables on: APP, RPP, AMP, RMP and FI. Hedges' g formula was used to calculate both standard mean differences and 95% confidence intervals, in order to establish continuous outcomes. Furthermore, the I2 statistic evaluated systematic differences (heterogeneity) together with a random effect meta-analysis model. Results: This systematic review included nine articles that researched into the effects of music on WAnT performance (six studies describe improvements in APP and/or RPP, four in AMP and/or RMP and three in FI). The random effects model was used to undertake a final meta-analysis, with standardized mean differences (SMD) and magnitude of standardized mean differences (MSMD) (Hedges' g) being pooled accordingly. The resulting meta-analysis incorporated eight studies that had been previously published, with results showing that there were no apparent beneficial effects on APP (p = 0.09), AMP (p = 0.33) and FI (p = 0.46) as a consequence of listening to music. However, listening to music showed beneficial effects on RPP (SMD: 0.65; 95%: CI 0.35 to 0.96; MSMD: moderate; I2, 0%; p < 0.001) and RMP (SMD: 1.03; 95%: CI, 0.63 to 1.42; MSMD: trivial; I2, 0%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis has shown that listening to music during the WAnT might physiologically enhance relative anaerobic exercise performance, although reasons remain speculative.
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29
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Nocebo Effects on Perceived Muscle Soreness and Exercise Performance Following Unaccustomed Resistance Exercise: A Pilot Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5020040. [PMID: 33467255 PMCID: PMC7739351 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nocebo administration on perceived soreness and exercise performance following unaccustomed resistance exercise. Untrained males were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: (1) control or (2) negative-belief. For the negative-belief group, participants were given a capsule before exercise containing 400 mg of an inert substance (gluten-free cornstarch) and were told the supplement would increase muscle soreness. The control group received no treatment. An algometer and pain scale was used to obtain soreness, and a goniometer was used to measure elbow range of motion (ROM). Participants completed an eccentric bicep curl pyramid with their non-dominant arm. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and repetitions were recorded. Then, 48 h after the initial exercise bout, participants repeated all procedures. Perceived soreness, ROM, average RPE, and total repetitions performed were analyzed. Perceived soreness was significantly higher in both control and negative-belief groups 48 h after exercise (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.23). ROM was significantly lower 48 h post in the negative-belief group (p = 0.004; d = 1.83) while no differences existed for controls (p = 0.999; d = 0.16). Average RPE was unaffected between groups (p = 0.282; η2 = 0.07). Total repetitions were significantly lower 48 h post in the negative-belief group (p < 0.001; d = 2.51) while no differences existed for the controls (p = 0.999; d = 0.08). Findings suggest that 48 h after unaccustomed resistance exercise, negative expectation does not worsen soreness but hinders ROM and exercise performance.
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Karow MC, Rogers RR, Pederson JA, Williams TD, Marshall MR, Ballmann CG. Effects of Preferred and Nonpreferred Warm-Up Music on Exercise Performance. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 127:912-924. [PMID: 32493179 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520928244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of preferred and non-preferred warm-up music listening conditions on subsequent exercise performance. A total of 12 physically active male and female participants engaged in a crossover, counterbalanced research design in which they completed exercise trials after 3 different warm-up experiences of (a) no music (NM), (b) preferred music (PREF), and (c) nonpreferred music (NON-PREF). Participants began warming up by rowing at 50% of of age-predicted heart rate maximum (HRmax) for 5 minutes while exposed to the three music conditions. Immediately following the warm-up and cessation of any music, participants completed a 2000-m rowing time trial as fast as possible. Relative power output, trial time, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and motivation were analyzed. Results indicated that, compared with NM, relative power output was significantly higher (p = .018), trial time was significantly lower (p = .044), and heart rate was significantly higher (p = .032) during the PREF but not the NON-PREF condition. Rating of perceived exertion was not altered, regardless of music condition (p > .05). Motivation to exercise was higher during the PREF condition versus the NM (p = .001) and NON-PREF (p < .001) conditions. Listening to preferred warm-up music improved subsequent exercise performance compared with no music, while nonpreferred music did not impart ergogenic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C Karow
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Rebecca R Rogers
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Joseph A Pederson
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Mallory R Marshall
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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