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Doma Sherpa D, Dasgupta S, Mitra I, Kanti Das T, Chakraborty P, Joshi M, Sharma S, Kalapahar S, Chaudhury K. PI3K/AKT signaling alters glucose metabolism in uterine microenvironment of women with idiopathic recurrent spontaneous miscarriage. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 561:119834. [PMID: 38944409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to identify metabolomic signatures in uterine fluid of women with idiopathic recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (IRSM) during window of implantation (WOI). Also, glucose transporters GLUT3 and GLUT4 and proteins of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in endometrial tissue are assessed. METHODS Paired uterine fluid and endometrial biopsies were collected during WOI from women with IRSM (n = 24) and healthy women with azoospermic male partners as controls (n = 15). NMR metabolomics was used to identify the dysregulated metabolites in uterine fluid of IRSM women. Additionally, proteins and glucose transporters were investigated in the endometrial tissue using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting. RESULTS Uterine fluid metabolomics indicated eleven metabolites to be significantly downregulated in IRSM. While expression levels of PI3K (p85), PI3K (p110), p-Akt (Thr308), p-Akt (Ser473), GLUT3 and GLUT4 were significantly downregulated in endometrial tissue of these women, p-IKK α/β (Ser176/180) and p-NFkBp65 (Ser536) were significantly increased. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that dysregulation of PI3K/Akt pathway in the uterine microenvironment could be a likely cause of endometrial dysfunction, thereby affecting implantation. Further studies on the downstream effects of the Akt signaling pathway in-vitro for improved understanding of the Akt-mediated cellular responses in IRSM is, therefore, warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Doma Sherpa
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Imon Mitra
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | | | | | - Mamata Joshi
- National Facility for High-field NMR, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
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2
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Mieszkowski J, Kochanowicz A, Brzezińska P, Kochanowicz M, Żołądkiewicz K, Stankiewicz B, Niespodziński B, Reczkowicz J, Kowalski K, Antosiewicz J. Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q-10) Supplementation Influences Exercise-Induced Changes in Serum 25(OH)D 3 and the Methyl-Arginine Metabolites: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:760. [PMID: 39061829 PMCID: PMC11274209 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Researchers have studied the effects of exercise on serum methyl-arginine and vitamin D metabolites; however, the effects of exercise combined with antioxidants are not well documented. Since oxidative stress affects the metabolism of vitamin D and methyl-arginine, we hypothesised that the antioxidant coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) might modulate exercise-induced changes. A group of twenty-eight healthy men participated in this study and were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The exercise test was performed until exhaustion, with gradually increasing intensity, before and after the 21-day CoQ10 supplementation. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 3 and 24 h after exercise. CoQ10, vitamin D metabolites, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine, methylarginine, dimethylamine, arginine, citrulline, and ornithine were analysed in serum samples. CoQ10 supplementation caused a 2.76-fold increase in the concentration of serum CoQ10. Conversely, the 25(OH)D3 concentration increased after exercise only in the placebo group. ADMA increased after exercise before supplementation, but a decrease was observed in the CoQ10 supplementation group 24 h after exercise. In conclusion, our data indicate that CoQ10 supplementation modifies the effects of exercise on vitamin D and methyl-arginine metabolism, suggesting its beneficial effects. These findings contribute to the understanding of how antioxidants like CoQ10 can modulate biochemical responses to exercise, potentially offering new insights for enhancing athletic performance and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland (K.Ż.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland (K.Ż.)
| | - Paulina Brzezińska
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland (K.Ż.)
| | - Magdalena Kochanowicz
- Department of Physical Therapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Żołądkiewicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland (K.Ż.)
| | - Błażej Stankiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Basis of Physical Education, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Department of Biological Foundations of Physical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Reczkowicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.R.); (K.K.)
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Giers J, Bartel A, Kirsch K, Müller SF, Horstmann S, Gehlen H. Blood-Based Markers for Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Function in Eventing Horses before and after Cross-Country Rides and How They Are Influenced by Plasma Volume Shift. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3110. [PMID: 37835716 PMCID: PMC10572052 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses competing in cross-country tests are subjected to high physical demands. Within the scope of this prospective longitudinal study, blood values of 20 elite eventing horses were examined before and after two- to four-star cross-country rides. The aim was to find out whether blood-based markers for skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle function change after cross-country exercise. Parameters that provide information about fluid balance, muscle enzymes, metabolites and cardiac muscle-specific markers were investigated. We developed an approach to eliminate the concentration changes caused by reduced plasma volume. Parameters were measured pre, 10 and 30 min post exercise and the next morning and were evaluated using a mixed model. Thirty minutes after exercise, most parameter concentrations changed in an exercise-dependent manner. The next morning, most exercise-related markers recovered rapidly, while creatine kinase (CK) (26% increase; p = 0.008) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (15% increase; p < 0.001) showed a declining but sustained increase. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) increased above the reference range in 40 of the 55 rides (73%) and in 18 of 20 horses in the morning after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Giers
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Katharina Kirsch
- Department Sensors and Modeling, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Simon Franz Müller
- Laboklin Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany;
| | - Stephanie Horstmann
- German Olympic Committee for Equestrian Sports (DOKR), Freiherr-von-Langen-Straße 15, 48231 Warendorf, Germany;
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14193 Berlin, Germany
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Mieszkowski J, Brzezińska P, Stankiewicz B, Kochanowicz A, Zolodkiewicz K, Niespodziński B, Reczkowicz J, Kowalik T, Waldziński T, Antosiewicz J. Vitamin D Supplementation Influences Ultramarathon-Induced Changes in Serum Amino Acid Levels, Tryptophan/Branched-Chain Amino Acid Ratio, and Arginine/Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Ratio. Nutrients 2023; 15:3536. [PMID: 37630726 PMCID: PMC10459061 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise affects serum levels of amino acids and their metabolites, with important metabolic consequences. Since vitamin D impacts skeletal muscle protein degradation, we hypothesised that it would also impact exercise-induced changes in serum amino acid levels and the serum levels of arginine metabolites, influencing the body's ability to synthesise NO. Accordingly, we analysed the effect of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on the serum levels of various amino acids in ultramarathon runners. Thirty-five male amateur runners were assigned to the supplemented group, administered 150,000 IU vitamin D in vegetable oil 24 h before the run (n = 16), or the control (placebo) group (n = 19). Blood was sampled 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 h after the run. Changes in the serum levels of some amino acids were distinct in the two groups. The asymmetric dimethyl arginine levels were significantly decreased immediately after the run and increased 24 h later and were not affected by the supplementation. The symmetric dimethyl arginine levels were increased after the run in both groups but were lower in the supplemented group than in the placebo group 24 h after the run. The dimethylamine levels increased significantly in the supplemented group as compared to the placebo group. In conclusion, vitamin D impacts exercise-induced changes in serum amino acids and methylated arginine metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.); (K.Z.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paulina Brzezińska
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Błażej Stankiewicz
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (B.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Katarzyna Zolodkiewicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Department of Biomedical Basis of Physical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Reczkowicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Kowalik
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (B.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomasz Waldziński
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomza, 14 Akademicka Street, 18-400 Lomza, Poland;
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Drohomirecka A, Waś J, Wiligórska N, Rywik TM, Komuda K, Sokołowska D, Lutyńska A, Zieliński T. L-arginine and Its Derivatives Correlate with Exercise Capacity in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030423. [PMID: 36979359 PMCID: PMC10046255 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylated arginine metabolites interrupt nitric oxide synthesis, which can result in endothelium dysfunction and inadequate vasodilation. Since little is known about the dynamics of arginine derivatives in patients with heart failure (HF) during physical exercise, we aimed to determine this as well as its impact on the patient outcomes. Fifty-one patients with HF (left ventricle ejection fraction-LVEF ≤ 35%, mean 21.7 ± 5.4%) underwent the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Plasma concentrations of L-arginine, citrulline, ornithine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) were measured before and directly after CPET. All patients were followed for a mean of 23.5 ± 12.6 months. The combined endpoint was: any death, urgent heart transplantation, or urgent LVAD implantation. L-arginine concentrations increased significantly after CPET (p = 0.02), when ADMA (p = 0.01) and SDMA (p = 0.0005) decreased. The parameters of better exercise capacity were positively correlated with post-CPET concentration of L-arginine and inversely with post-CPET changes in ADMA, SDMA, and baseline and post-CPET SDMA concentrations. Baseline and post-CPET SDMA concentrations increased the risk of endpoint occurrence (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.009–1.03, p = 0.04 and HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03, p = 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, in patients with HF, extensive exercise is accompanied by changes in arginine derivatives that can reflect endothelium function. These observations may contribute to the explanation of the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drohomirecka
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantation, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Waś
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiligórska
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantation, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz M. Rywik
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantation, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Krzysztof Komuda
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantation, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Sokołowska
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Lutyńska
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zieliński
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantation, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
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Jost Z, Tomczyk M, Chroboczek M, Calder PC, Fisk HL, Przewłócka K, Antosiewicz J. Increased Plasma L-Arginine Levels and L-Arginine/ADMA Ratios after Twelve Weeks of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Amateur Male Endurance Runners. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224749. [PMID: 36432437 PMCID: PMC9699131 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not fully understood how supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids affects the metabolism of amino acids required for the bioavailability/synthesis of NO, i.e., L-arginine (L-arg), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), their metabolites, and the L-arg/ADMA ratio and their impact on running economy (RE) in runners. Thus, 26 male amateur endurance runners completed a twelve-week study in which they were divided into two supplemented groups: the OMEGA group (n = 14; 2234 mg and 916 mg of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid daily) or the MCT group (n = 12; 4000 mg of medium-chain triglycerides daily). At the same time, all participants followed an endurance training program. Before and after the 12-week intervention, blood was collected from participants at two time points (at rest and immediately post-exercise) to determine EPA and DHA in red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma levels of L-arg, ADMA, and their metabolites. RBC EPA and DHA significantly increased in the OMEGA group (p < 0.001), which was related to the resting increase in L-arg (p = 0.001) and in the L-arg/ADMA ratio (p = 0.005) with no changes in the MCT group. No differences were found in post-exercise amino acid levels. A total of 12 weeks of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation at a dose of 2234 mg of EPA and 916 mg of DHA daily increased levels of L-arg and the L-arg/ADMA ratio, which indirectly indicates increased bioavailability/NO synthesis. However, these changes were not associated with improved RE in male amateur endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Jost
- Department of Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (Z.J.); (J.A.)
| | - Maja Tomczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Chroboczek
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Helena L. Fisk
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Katarzyna Przewłócka
- Department of Bioenergetics and Exercise Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Exercise Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (Z.J.); (J.A.)
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Onmaz DE, Tezcan D, Abusoglu S, Yilmaz S, Kuzu M, Abusoglu G, H Yerlikaya F, Unlu A. Raised total methylated arginine load in patients with gout. Biomark Med 2022; 16:993-1004. [PMID: 36052727 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2022-0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to measure serum levels of methylarginine derivatives and related metabolites in patients with gout. Materials & methods: This study enrolled 100 patients with gout and 80 patients in the control group. Serum asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine, L-N-monomethylarginine, arginine, homoarginine, citrulline and ornithine levels were measured with tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Serum ornithine, citrulline and total methylated arginine load levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with gout compared with the control group, while serum arginine and homoarginine levels and global arginine bioavailability ratio were statistically significantly lower. Conclusion: There may be an association between gout, methylarginine levels and hyperuricemia and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Eryavuz Onmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Dilek Tezcan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Gülhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sedat Abusoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sema Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Menekse Kuzu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsum Abusoglu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Selcuk University Vocational School of Health, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fatma H Yerlikaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ali Unlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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Dünnwald T, Paglia G, Weiss G, Denti V, Faulhaber M, Schobersberger W, Wackerhage H. High Intensity Concentric-Eccentric Exercise Under Hypoxia Changes the Blood Metabolome of Trained Athletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:904618. [PMID: 35812339 PMCID: PMC9260056 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.904618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine alterations of the metabolome in blood plasma in response to concentric-eccentric leg exercise performed at a simulated altitude of 3,500 m. To do so, we recruited 11 well-trained subjects and performed an untargeted metabolomics analysis of plasma samples obtained before, 20 min after as well as on day 8 after five sets of maximal, concentric-eccentric leg exercises that lasted 90 s each. We identified and annotated 115 metabolites through untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics and used them to further calculate 20 sum/ratio of metabolites. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed differences in-between the overall metabolome at rest and immediately after exercise. Interestingly, some systematic changes of relative metabolite concentrations still persisted on day 8 after exercise. The first two components of the PCA explained 34% of the relative concentrations of all identified metabolites analyzed together. A volcano plot indicates that 35 metabolites and two metabolite ratios were significantly changed directly after exercise, such as metabolites related to carbohydrate and TCA metabolism. Moreover, we observed alterations in the relative concentrations of amino acids (e.g., decreases of valine, leucine and increases in alanine) and purines (e.g., increases in hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid). In summary, high intensity concentric-eccentric exercise performed at simulated altitude systematically changed the blood metabolome in trained athletes directly after exercise and some relative metabolite concentrations were still changed on day 8. The importance of that persisting metabolic alterations on exercise performance should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dünnwald
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT TIROL, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
- *Correspondence: Tobias Dünnwald,
| | - Giuseppe Paglia
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vanna Denti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Martin Faulhaber
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT TIROL, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
- Tirol-Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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