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Zhou J, Huang J, Sun Z, Yi Q, He A. Machine learning approaches to debris flow susceptibility analyses in the Yunnan section of the Nujiang River Basin. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17352. [PMID: 38784390 PMCID: PMC11114124 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The Yunnan section of the Nujiang River (YNR) Basin in the alpine-valley area is one of the most critical areas of debris flow in China. Methods We analyzed the applicability of three machine learning algorithms to model of susceptibility to debris flow-Random Forest (RF), the linear kernel support vector machine (Linear SVM), and the radial basis function support vector machine (RBFSVM)-and compared 20 factors to determine the dominant controlling in debris flow occurrence in the region. Results We found that (1) RF outperformed RBFSVM and Linear SVM in terms of accuracy, (2) topographic conditions were prerequisites, and geology, precipitation, vegetation, and anthropogenic influence were critical to forming debris flows. Also, the relative elevation difference was the most prominent evaluation factor of debris flow susceptibility, and (3) susceptibility maps based on RF's debris flow susceptibility (DFS) showed that zones with very high susceptibility were distributed along the mainstream of the Nujiang River. These findings provide methodological guidance and reference for improvement of DFS assessment. It enriches the content of DFS studies in the alpine-valley areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhou
- School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiangcheng Huang
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengbao Sun
- School of Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Yi
- School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Aoyang He
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Tripathi V, Mohanty MP. Can geomorphic flood descriptors coupled with machine learning models enhance in quantifying flood risks over data-scarce catchments? Development of a hybrid framework for Ganga basin (India). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33507-3. [PMID: 38709408 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Quantifying flood risks through a cascade of hydraulic-cum-hydrodynamic modelling is data-intensive and computationally demanding- a major constraint for economically struggling and data-scarce low and middle-income nations. Under such circumstances, geomorphic flood descriptors (GFDs), that encompass the hidden characteristics of flood propensity may assist in developing a nuanced understanding of flood risk management. In line with this, the present study proposes a novel framework for estimating flood hazard and population exposure by leveraging GFDs and Machine Learning (ML) models over severely flood-prone Ganga basin. The study incorporates SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values in flood hazard modeling to justify the degree of influence of each GFD on the simulated floodplain maps. A set of 15 relevant GFDs derived from high-resolution CartoDEM are forced to five state-of-the-art ML models; AdaBoost, Random Forest, GBDT, XGBoost, and CatBoost, for predicting flood extents and depths. To enumerate the performance of ML models, a set of twelve statistical metrics are considered. Our result indicates a superior performance of XGBoost (κ = 0.72 and KGE = 82%) over other ML models in flood extent and flood depth prediction, resulting in about 47% of the population exposure to high-flood risks. The SHAP summary plots reveal a pre-dominance of Height Above Nearest Drainage during flood depth prediction. The study contributes significantly in comprehending our understanding of catchment characteristics and its influence in the process of sustainable disaster risk reduction. The results obtained from the study provide valuable recommendations for efficient flood management and mitigation strategies, especially over global data-scarce flood-prone basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tripathi
- Department of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Mohit Prakash Mohanty
- Department of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
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Costache R, Arabameri A, Costache I, Crăciun A, Islam ARMT, Abba SI, Sahana M, Pandey M, Tin TT, Pham BT. Flood hazard potential evaluation using decision tree state-of-the-art models. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2024; 44:439-458. [PMID: 37357220 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Floods occur frequently in Romania and throughout the world and are one of the most devastating natural disasters that impact people's lives. Therefore, in order to reduce the potential damages, an accurate identification of surfaces susceptible to flood phenomena is mandatory. In this regard, the quantitative calculation of flood susceptibility has become a very popular practice in the scientific research. With the development of modern computerized methods such as geographic information system and machine learning models, and as a result of the possibility of combining them, the determination of areas susceptible to floods has become increasingly accurate, and the algorithms used are increasingly varied. Some of the most used and highly accurate machine learning algorithms are the decision tree models. Therefore, in the present study focusing on flood susceptibility zonation mapping in the Trotus River basin, the following algorithms were applied: forest by penalizing attribute-weights of evidence (forest-PA-WOE), best first decision tree-WOE, alternating decision tree-WOE, and logistic regression-WOE. The best performant, characterized by a maximum accuracy of 0.981, proved to be forest-PA-WOE, whereas in terms of flood exposure, an area of over 16.22% of the Trotus basin is exposed to high and very high floods susceptibility. The performances applied models in the present work are higher than the models applied in the previous studies in the same study area. Moreover, it should be noted that the accuracy of the models is similar with the accuracies of the decision tree models achieved in the studies focused on other areas across the world. Therefore, we can state that the models applied in the present research can be successfully used in by the researchers in other case studies. The findings of this research may substantially map the flood risk areas and further aid watershed managers in limiting and remediating flood damage in the data-scarce regions. Moreover, the results of this study can be a very useful for the hazard management and planning authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romulus Costache
- Department of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
- Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Tulcea, Romania
- National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alireza Arabameri
- Department of Geomorphology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iulia Costache
- Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Crăciun
- Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Tulcea, Romania
| | - Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam
- Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh
- Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sani Isah Abba
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehebub Sahana
- Department of Geography, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Manish Pandey
- University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Civil Engineering, University Institute of Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Tran Trung Tin
- Department of Information Technology, Swinburne Vietnam - FPT University, Danang, Vietnam
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Al-Juaidi AEM. The interaction of topographic slope with various geo-environmental flood-causing factors on flood prediction and susceptibility mapping. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:59327-59348. [PMID: 37004618 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This work integrates topographic slope with other geo-environmental flood-causing factors in order to improve the accuracy of flood prediction and susceptibility mapping using logistic regression (LR) model. The work was done for the eastern Jeddah watersheds in Saudi Arabia, where flash floods constitute a danger. A geospatial dataset with 140 historical flood records and twelve geo-environmental flood-causing factors was constructed. A number of significant statistical methods were also applied to provide reliable flood prediction and susceptibility mapping, including Jarque-Bera, Pearson's correlation, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and heterogeneity analyses. The results of the models are validated using the area under curve (AUC) and other seven statistical measures. These statistical measures include accuracy (ACC), sensitivity (SST), specificity (SPF), negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and Cohn's Kappa (K). Results showed that both in training and testing datasets, the LR model with the slope as a moderating variable (LR-SMV) outperformed the classical LR model. For both models (LR and LR-SMV), the adjusted R2 is 88.9 and 89.2%, respectively. The majority of the flood-causing factors in the LR-SMV model had lower Sig. R values than in the LR model. As compared to the LR model, the LR-SMV attained the highest values of PPV (90%), NPV (93%), SST (92%), SPF (90%), ACC (89%), and K (81%), for both training and testing data. Moreover, employing slope as a moderating variable demonstrated its viability and reliability for defining precisely flood-susceptibility zones in order to reduce flood risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E M Al-Juaidi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Mdegela L, De Bock Y, Municio E, Luhanga E, Leo J, Mannens E. A Multi-Modal Wireless Sensor System for River Monitoring: A Case for Kikuletwa River Floods in Tanzania. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4055. [PMID: 37112397 PMCID: PMC10143155 DOI: 10.3390/s23084055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Reliable and accurate flood prediction in poorly gauged basins is challenging due to data scarcity, especially in developing countries where many rivers remain insufficiently monitored. This hinders the design and development of advanced flood prediction models and early warning systems. This paper introduces a multi-modal, sensor-based, near-real-time river monitoring system that produces a multi-feature data set for the Kikuletwa River in Northern Tanzania, an area frequently affected by floods. The system improves upon existing literature by collecting six parameters relevant to weather and river flood detection: current hour rainfall (mm), previous hour rainfall (mm/h), previous day rainfall (mm/day), river level (cm), wind speed (km/h), and wind direction. These data complement the existing local weather station functionalities and can be used for river monitoring and extreme weather prediction. Tanzanian river basins currently lack reliable mechanisms for accurately establishing river thresholds for anomaly detection, which is essential for flood prediction models. The proposed monitoring system addresses this issue by gathering information about river depth levels and weather conditions at multiple locations. This broadens the ground truth of river characteristics, ultimately improving the accuracy of flood predictions. We provide details on the monitoring system used to gather the data, as well as report on the methodology and the nature of the data. The discussion then focuses on the relevance of the data set in the context of flood prediction, the most suitable AI/ML-based forecasting approaches, and highlights potential applications beyond flood warning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mdegela
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp-imec IDLab, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania
| | - Yorick De Bock
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp-imec IDLab, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Edith Luhanga
- Carnegie Mellon University Africa, Kigali P.O. Box 6150, Rwanda
| | - Judith Leo
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania
| | - Erik Mannens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp-imec IDLab, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Wang Z, Chen X, Qi Z, Cui C. Flood sensitivity assessment of super cities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5582. [PMID: 37019887 PMCID: PMC10076434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of global urbanization, more and more people are attracted to these cities with superior geographical conditions and strategic positions, resulting in the emergence of world super cities. However, with the increasing of urban development, the underlying surface of the city has changed, the soil originally covered with vegetation has been substituted by hardened pavement such as asphalt and cement roads. Therefore, the infiltration capacity of urban rainwater is greatly limited, and waterlogging is becoming more and more serious. In addition, the suburbs of the main urban areas of super cities are usually villages and mountains, and frequent flash floods seriously threaten the life and property safety of people in there. Flood sensitivity assessment is an effective method to predict and mitigate flood disasters. Accordingly, this study aimed at identifying the areas vulnerable to flood by using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) and apply Logistic Regression (LR) model to create a flood sensitivity map of Beijing. 260 flood points in history and 12 predictors [elevation, slope, aspect, distance to rivers, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), Stream Power Index (SPI), Sediment Transport Index (STI), curvature, plan curvature, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), soil, and rainfall] were used in this study. Even more noteworthy is that most of the previous studies discussed flash flood and waterlogging separately. However, flash flood points and waterlogging points were included together in this study. We evaluated the sensitivity of flash flood and waterlogging as a whole and obtained different results from previous studies. In addition, most of the previous studies focused on a certain river basin or small towns as the study area. Beijing is the world's ninth largest super cities, which was unusual in previous studies and has important reference significance for the flood sensitivity analysis of other super cities. The flood inventory data were randomly subdivided into training (70%) and test (30%) sets for model construction and testing using the Area Under Curve (AUC), respectively. The results turn out that: (1) elevation, slope, rainfall, LULC, soil and TWI were highly important among these elements, and were the most influential variables in the assessment of flood sensitivity. (2) The AUC of the test dataset revealed a prediction rate of 81.0%. The AUC was greater than 0.8, indicating that the model assessment accuracy was high. (3) The proportion of high risk and extremely high risk areas was 27.44%, including 69.26% of the flood events in this study, indicating that the flood distribution in these areas was relatively dense and the susceptibility was high. Super cities have a high population density, and once flood disasters occur, the losses brought by them are immeasurable. Thus, flood sensitivity map can provide meaningful information for policy makers to enact appropriate policies to reduce future damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wang
- College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Zhanshuo Qi
- College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Chenfeng Cui
- College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China.
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Fenglin W, Ahmad I, Zelenakova M, Fenta A, Dar MA, Teka AH, Belew AZ, Damtie M, Berhan M, Shafi SN. Exploratory regression modeling for flood susceptibility mapping in the GIS environment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:247. [PMID: 36604535 PMCID: PMC9816102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the temporal and spatial patterns of flood in the Awash River basin, which is located in Ethiopia's Afar region, is crucial. The Awash basin was picked because it is continuously in danger both spatially and temporally. The likelihood of flooding was assessed using eight independent variables: elevation, slope, rainfall, drainage density, land use, soil type, wetness index, and lineament density. Each constituent was assigned a weight based on its susceptibility to the danger, which was classified into four classifications. Exploratory regression analysis showed that the existing land use is the main factor influencing flood susceptibility. For the GIS domain, a total of 31 models were built using exploratory regression. Model number 31 was found to be the best fit model, having the highest Adjusted R2 value of 0.8 and the lowest Akaike's Information criterion value of 1536.8. The spatial autocorrelation tool's Z score and p-value for the standard residuals are, respectively, 0.7 and 0.4, indicating that they were neither clustered nor scattered. The geographic breadth of flood susceptibility and risk is thoroughly examined in this paper, as is the significance of spatial planning in the Awash basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Fenglin
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, (Wu Han), Hubei Province China ,grid.503241.10000 0004 1760 9015China University of Geosciences Press Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei Province China
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debra Tabor, Ethiopia.
| | - Martina Zelenakova
- grid.6903.c0000 0001 2235 0982Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Assefa Fenta
- grid.510430.3Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debra Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mithas Ahmad Dar
- Integrated Watershed Management Programme, Department of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Afera Halefom Teka
- grid.510430.3Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debra Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amanuel Zewdu Belew
- grid.510430.3Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debra Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Minwagaw Damtie
- grid.510430.3Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debra Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Marshet Berhan
- grid.510430.3Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debra Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Sebahadin Nasir Shafi
- grid.507691.c0000 0004 6023 9806Department of Computer Science, Woldia University, Weldiya, Ethiopia
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Deroliya P, Ghosh M, Mohanty MP, Ghosh S, Rao KHVD, Karmakar S. A novel flood risk mapping approach with machine learning considering geomorphic and socio-economic vulnerability dimensions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158002. [PMID: 35985595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying flood hazards by employing hydraulic/hydrodynamic models for flood risk mapping is a widely implemented non-structural flood management strategy. However, the unavailability of multi-domain and multi-dimensional input data and expensive computational resources limit its application in resource-constrained regions. The fifth and sixth IPCC assessment reports recommend including vulnerability and exposure components along with hazards for capturing risk on human-environment systems from natural and anthropogenic sources. In this context, the present study showcases a novel flood risk mapping approach that considers a combination of geomorphic flood descriptor (GFD)-based flood susceptibility and often neglected socio-economic vulnerability components. Three popular Machine Learning (ML) models, namely Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient-boosted Decision Trees (GBDT), are evaluated for their abilities to combine digital terrain model-derived GFDs for quantifying flood susceptibility in a flood-prone district, Jagatsinghpur, located in the lower Mahanadi River basin, India. The area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) along with Cohen's kappa are used to identify the best ML model. It is observed that the RF model performs better compared to the other two models on both training and testing datasets, with AUC score of 0.88 on each. The socio-economic vulnerability assessment follows an indicator-based approach by employing the Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes (CCR) model of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), an efficient non-parametric ranking method. It combines the district's relevant socio-economic sensitivity and adaptive capacity indicators. The flood risk classes at the most refined administrative scale, i.e., village level, are determined with the Jenks natural breaks algorithm using flood susceptibility and socio-economic vulnerability scores estimated by the RF and CCR-DEA models, respectively. It was observed that >40 % of the villages spread over Jagatsinghpur face high and very high flood risk. The proposed novel framework is generic and can be used to derive a wide variety of flood susceptibility, vulnerability, and subsequently risk maps under a data-constrained scenario. Furthermore, since this approach is relatively data and computationally parsimonious, it can be easily implemented over large regions. The exhaustive flood maps will facilitate effective flood control and floodplain planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakhar Deroliya
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Mousumi Ghosh
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Mohit P Mohanty
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Department of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Subimal Ghosh
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Department of Civil engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - K H V Durga Rao
- Disaster Management Support Group, National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subhankar Karmakar
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Centre for Urban Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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Mahdizadeh Gharakhanlou N, Perez L. Spatial Prediction of Current and Future Flood Susceptibility: Examining the Implications of Changing Climates on Flood Susceptibility Using Machine Learning Models. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1630. [PMID: 36359720 PMCID: PMC9689156 DOI: 10.3390/e24111630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to predict current and future flood susceptibility under three climate change scenarios of RCP2.6 (i.e., optimistic), RCP4.5 (i.e., business as usual), and RCP8.5 (i.e., pessimistic) employing four machine learning models, including Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Random Forest (RF), Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP-NN), and Naïve Bayes (NB). The study was conducted for two watersheds in Canada, namely Lower Nicola River, BC and Loup, QC. Three statistical metrics were used to validate the models: Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve, Figure of Merit, and F1-score. Findings indicated that the RF model had the highest accuracy in providing the flood susceptibility maps (FSMs). Moreover, the provided FSMs indicated that flooding is more likely to occur in the Lower Nicola River watershed than the Loup watershed. Following the RCP4.5 scenario, the area percentages of the flood susceptibility classes in the Loup watershed in 2050 and 2080 have changed by the following percentages from the year 2020 and 2050, respectively: Very Low = -1.68%, Low = -5.82%, Moderate = +6.19%, High = +0.71%, and Very High = +0.6% and Very Low = -1.61%, Low = +2.98%, Moderate = -3.49%, High = +1.29%, and Very High = +0.83%. Likewise, in the Lower Nicola River watershed, the changes between the years 2020 and 2050 and between the years 2050 and 2080 were: Very Low = -0.38%, Low = -0.81%, Moderate = -0.95%, High = +1.72%, and Very High = +0.42% and Very Low = -1.31%, Low = -1.35%, Moderate = -1.81%, High = +2.37%, and Very High = +2.1%, respectively. The impact of climate changes on future flood-prone places revealed that the regions designated as highly and very highly susceptible to flooding, grow in the forecasts for both watersheds. The main contribution of this study lies in the novel insights it provides concerning the flood susceptibility of watersheds in British Columbia and Quebec over time and under various climate change scenarios.
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Dutal H. Determining the effect of urbanization on flood hazard zones in Kahramanmaras, Turkey, using flood hazard index and multi-criteria decision analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:92. [PMID: 36352156 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Floods are the most destructive natural hazard throughout the world. Identifying flood hazard zones is the first step in flood risk management. Land use changes, especially urbanization, is the key factor in the destructiveness of flood events and change in flood risk. Therefore, determining the effect of urbanization on the changes in flood hazard zones presents a valuable data for effective flood risk management and urban development planning. In this context, the aim of this study is to reveal the effect of urbanization on flood hazard zones in Kahramanmaras city. In this study, an index-based approach was used to identify the flood hazard zones. To calculate a flood hazard index, the susceptibility map was multiplied by the land use map by using the raster calculator tool in the ArcGIS. The susceptibility map was generated by combining the maps of flow accumulation, distance to stream, slope, and elevation parameters based on parameter weights obtained from the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. Two land use maps for the years 1990 and 2018 were separately overlaid with the susceptibility map to reveal the effects of urbanization on flood hazard zones. According to the results, it was found that very low, low, and moderate hazard zones decreased by 0.01%, 0.09%, and 1.2%, respectively whereas the high and very high zones increased by 3.30% and 0.58%, respectively due to urbanization. It was also determined that the main reason for the increase in the high zone was the expansion of urban areas into agricultural areas in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hurem Dutal
- Faculty of Forestry, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
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A Spatial Decision Support Approach for Flood Vulnerability Analysis in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Tehran. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi11070380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Preparedness against floods in a hazard management perspective plays a major role in the pre-event phase. Hence, assessing urban vulnerability and resilience towards floods for different risk scenarios is a prerequisite for urban planners and decision makers. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to propose the design and implementation of a spatial decision support tool for mapping flood vulnerability in the metropolis of Tehran under different risk scenarios. Several factors reflecting topographical and hydrological characteristics, demographics, vegetation, land use, and urban features were considered, and their weights were determined using expert opinions and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method. Thereafter, a vulnerability map for different risk scenarios was prepared using the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) method. Based on our findings from the vulnerability analysis of the case study, it was concluded that in the optimistic scenario (ORness = 1), more than 36% of Tehran’s metropolis area was marked with very high vulnerability, and in the pessimistic scenario (ORness = 0), it was less than 1%was marked with very high vulnerability. The sensitivity analysis of our results confirmed that the validity of the model’s outcomes in different scenarios, i.e., high reliability of the model’s outcomes. The methodical approach, choice of data, and the presented results and discussions can be exploited by a wide range of stakeholders, e.g., urban planners, decision makers, and hydrologists, to better plan and build resilience against floods.
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Tao H, Hameed MM, Marhoon HA, Zounemat-Kermani M, Heddam S, Kim S, Sulaiman SO, Tan ML, Sa’adi Z, Mehr AD, Allawi MF, Abba S, Zain JM, Falah MW, Jamei M, Bokde ND, Bayatvarkeshi M, Al-Mukhtar M, Bhagat SK, Tiyasha T, Khedher KM, Al-Ansari N, Shahid S, Yaseen ZM. Groundwater level prediction using machine learning models: A comprehensive review. Neurocomputing 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Machine Learning and Remote Sensing Application for Extreme Climate Evaluation: Example of Flood Susceptibility in the Hue Province, Central Vietnam Region. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Floods are the most frequent natural hazard globally and incidences have been increasing in recent years as a result of human activity and global warming, making significant impacts on people’s livelihoods and wider socio-economic activities. In terms of the management of the environment and water resources, precise identification is required of areas susceptible to flooding to support planners in implementing effective prevention strategies. The objective of this study is to develop a novel hybrid approach based on Bald Eagle Search (BES), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Bagging (BA) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) to generate a flood susceptibility map in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. In total, 1621 flood points and 14 predictor variables were used in this study. These data were divided into 60% for model training, 20% for model validation and 20% for testing. In addition, various statistical indices were used to evaluate the performance of the model, such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Receiver Operation Characteristics (ROC), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The results show that BES, for the first time, successfully improved the performance of individual models in building a flood susceptibility map in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam, namely SVM, RF, BA and MLP, with high accuracy (AUC > 0.9). Among the models proposed, BA-BES was most effective with AUC = 0.998, followed by RF-BES (AUC = 0.998), MLP-BES (AUC = 0.998), and SVM-BES (AUC = 0.99). The findings of this research can support the decisions of local and regional authorities in Vietnam and other countries regarding the construction of appropriate strategies to reduce damage to property and human life, particularly in the context of climate change.
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Application of GIS and Machine Learning to Predict Flood Areas in Nigeria. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Floods are one of the most devastating forces in nature. Several approaches for identifying flood-prone locations have been developed to reduce the overall harmful impacts on humans and the environment. However, due to the increased frequency of flooding and related disasters, coupled with the continuous changes in natural and social-economic conditions, it has become vital to predict areas with the highest probability of flooding to ensure effective measures to mitigate impending disasters. This study predicted the flood susceptible areas in Nigeria based on historical flood records from 1985~2020 and various conditioning factors. To evaluate the link between flood incidence and the fifteen (15) explanatory variables, which include climatic, topographic, land use and proximity information, the artificial neural network (ANN) and logistic regression (LR) models were trained and tested to develop a flood susceptibility map. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate both model accuracies. The results show that both techniques can model and predict flood-prone areas. However, the ANN model produced a higher performance and prediction rate than the LR model, 76.4% and 62.5%, respectively. In addition, both models highlighted that those areas with the highest susceptibility to flood are the low-lying regions in the southern extremities and around water areas. From the study, we can establish that machine learning techniques can effectively map and predict flood-prone areas and serve as a tool for developing flood mitigation policies and plans.
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15
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Sachdeva S, Kumar B. Flood susceptibility mapping using extremely randomized trees for Assam 2020 floods. ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Bordbar M, Aghamohammadi H, Pourghasemi HR, Azizi Z. Multi-hazard spatial modeling via ensembles of machine learning and meta-heuristic techniques. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1451. [PMID: 35087111 PMCID: PMC8795412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the large number of natural disasters on the planet, many areas in the world are at risk of these hazards; therefore, providing an integrated map as a guide map for multiple natural hazards can be applied to save human lives and reduce financial losses. This study designed a multi-hazard map for three important hazards (earthquakes, floods, and landslides) to identify endangered areas in Kermanshah province located in western Iran using ensemble SWARA-ANFIS-PSO and SWARA-ANFIS-GWO models. In the first step, flood and landslide inventory maps were generated to identify at-risk areas. Then, the occurrence places for each hazard were divided into two groups for training susceptibility models (70%) and testing the models applied (30%). Factors affecting these hazards, including altitude, slope aspect, slope degree, plan curvature, distance to rivers, distance to roads, distance to the faults, rainfall, lithology, and land use, were used to generate susceptibility maps. The SWARA method was used to weigh the subclasses of the influencing factors in floods and landslides. In addition, a peak ground acceleration (PGA) map was generated to investigate earthquakes in the study area. In the next step, the ANFIS machine learning algorithm was used in combination with PSO and GWO meta-heuristic algorithms to train the data, and SWARA-ANFIS-PSO and SWARA-ANFIS-GWO susceptibility maps were separately generated for flood and landslide hazards. The predictive ability of the implemented models was validated using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean square error (MSE) methods. The results showed that the SWARA-ANFIS-PSO ensemble model had the best performance in generating flood susceptibility maps with ROC = 0.936, RMS = 0.346, and MSE = 0.120. Furthermore, this model showed excellent results (ROC = 0.894, RMS = 0.410, and MSE = 0.168) for generating a landslide map. Finally, the best maps and PGA map were combined, and a multi-hazard map (MHM) was obtained for Kermanshah Province. This map can be used by managers and planners as a practical guide for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Bordbar
- Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Aghamohammadi
- Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Pourghasemi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Azizi
- Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Janizadeh S, Chandra Pal S, Saha A, Chowdhuri I, Ahmadi K, Mirzaei S, Mosavi AH, Tiefenbacher JP. Mapping the spatial and temporal variability of flood hazard affected by climate and land-use changes in the future. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113551. [PMID: 34435571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The predicts current and future flood risk in the Kalvan watershed of northwestern Markazi Province, Iran. To do this, 512 flood and non-flood locations were identified and mapped. Twenty flood-risk factors were selected to model flood risk using several machine learning techniques: conditional inference random forest (CIRF), the gradient boosting model (GBM), extreme gradient boosting (XGB) and their ensembles. To investigate the future (year 2050) effects of changing climates and changing land use on future flood risk, a general circulation model (GCM) with representative concentration pathways (RCPs) of the 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios by 2050 was tested for impacts on 8 precipitation variables. In addition, future land uses in 2050 was prepared using a CA-Markov model. The performances of the flood risk models were validated with Receiver Operating Characteristic-Area Under Curve (ROC-AUC) and other statistical analyses. The AUC value of the ROC curve indicates that the ensemble model had the highest predictive power (AUC = 0.83) and was followed by GBM (AUC = 0.80), XGB (AUC = 0.79), and CIRF (AUC = 0.78). The results of climate and land use changes on future flood-prone areas showed that the areas classified as having moderate to very high flood risk will increase by 2050. Due to the changes occurring with land uses and in climates, the area classified as moderate to very high risk increased in the predictions from all four models. The areal proportion classes of the risk zones in 2050 under the RCP 2.6 scenario using the ensemble model have changed of the following proportions from the current distribution Very Low = -12.04 %, Low = -8.56 %, Moderate = +1.56 %, High = +11.55 %, and Very High = +7.49 %. The RCP 8.5 scenario has caused the following changes from the present percentages: Very Low = -14.48 %, Low = -6.35 %, Moderate = +4.54 %, High = +10.61 %, and Very High = +5.67 %. The results of current and future flood risk mapping can aid planners and flood hazard managers in their efforts to mitigate impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Janizadeh
- Department of Watershed Management Engineering and Sciences, Faculty in Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran.
| | | | - Asish Saha
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India.
| | | | - Kourosh Ahmadi
- Department of Forestry, Faculty in Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Mirzaei
- Department of Watershed Management Engineering and Sciences, Faculty in Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Mosavi
- John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Obuda University, 1034, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Informatics, J. Selye University, 94501, Komarno, Slovakia.
| | - John P Tiefenbacher
- Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States.
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Chen Y, Li J, Chen A. Does high risk mean high loss: Evidence from flood disaster in southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147127. [PMID: 33932663 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Southern China has suffered from flood disasters for over sixty years, which results in tremendous socio-economic loss. With the development of economy and the improvement of disaster reduction, both the exposure and potential loss of flood disaster are increasing. However, previous studies only focus on risk assessment, few has examined the comparison of potential risk and the actual losses caused by it. To this end, a method combing entropy weight and TOPSIS based on flood data (2008 to 2018) in China's national and provincial disaster database is applied to analysis flood risk and resulting loss in southern China. By using disaster system dimensions of hazard, exposure and vulnerability, the effect of natural, economic and social factors on flood risk are also examined. Results indicate that: (1) flood risk in southern China is relatively low from 2008 to 2014 and becomes severe since 2016; (2) the resulting losses of flood disasters in southern China are optimistic during most of the selected years in the study period; (3) flood risk is not always in line with the resulting loss; and (4) flood disasters in southern China are categorized into high-risk and low-loss situation, low-risk and high-loss situation, and the situation with the same level of risk and loss. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess southern China on a regional scale from both temporal and spatial perspectives, and has compensated for the lack of comparative research on flood risk and the resulting loss. In practice, our findings can protrude the priorities of flood prevention both in flood-prone areas and specific measures, which is conducive to improve the efficiency of resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Jimei Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Beijing Municipal Institute of Labor Protection, Beijing 100032, PR China.
| | - An Chen
- Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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Development of a Flash Flood Confidence Index from Disaster Reports and Geophysical Susceptibility. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13142764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of historical disaster events is a critical step towards understanding current risk levels and changes in disaster risk over time. Disaster databases are potentially useful tools for exploring trends, however, criteria for inclusion of events and for associated descriptive characteristics is not standardized. For example, some databases include only primary disaster types, such as ‘flood’, while others include subtypes, such as ‘coastal flood’ and ‘flash flood’. Here we outline a method to identify candidate events for assignment of a specific disaster subtype—namely, ‘flash floods’—from the corresponding primary disaster type—namely, ‘flood’. Geophysical data, including variables derived from remote sensing, are integrated to develop an enhanced flash flood confidence index, consisting of both a flash flood confidence index based on text mining of disaster reports and a flash flood susceptibility index from remote sensing derived geophysical data. This method was applied to a historical flood event dataset covering Ecuador. Results indicate the potential value of disaggregating events labeled as a primary disaster type into events of a particular subtype. The outputs are potentially useful for disaster risk reduction and vulnerability assessment if appropriately evaluated for fitness of use.
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Implications for Tracking SDG Indicator Metrics with Gridded Population Data. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13137329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Achieving the seventeen United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires accurate, consistent, and accessible population data. Yet many low- and middle-income countries lack reliable or recent census data at the sufficiently fine spatial scales needed to monitor SDG progress. While the increasing abundance of Earth observation-derived gridded population products provides analysis-ready population estimates, end users lack clear use criteria to track SDGs indicators. In fact, recent comparisons of gridded population products identify wide variation across gridded population products. Here we present three case studies to illuminate how gridded population datasets compare in measuring and monitoring SDGs to advance the “fitness for use” guidance. Our focus is on SDG 11.5, which aims to reduce the number of people impacted by disasters. We use five gridded population datasets to measure and map hazard exposure for three case studies: the 2015 earthquake in Nepal; Cyclone Idai in Mozambique, Malawi, and Zimbabwe (MMZ) in 2019; and flash flood susceptibility in Ecuador. First, we map and quantify geographic patterns of agreement/disagreement across gridded population products for Nepal, MMZ, and Ecuador, including delineating urban and rural populations estimates. Second, we quantify the populations exposed to each hazard. Across hazards and geographic contexts, there were marked differences in population estimates across the gridded population datasets. As such, it is key that researchers, practitioners, and end users utilize multiple gridded population datasets—an ensemble approach—to capture uncertainty and/or provide range estimates when using gridded population products to track SDG indicators. To this end, we made available code and globally comprehensive datasets that allows for the intercomparison of gridded population products.
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Pham BT, Luu C, Dao DV, Phong TV, Nguyen HD, Le HV, von Meding J, Prakash I. Flood risk assessment using deep learning integrated with multi-criteria decision analysis. Knowl Based Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2021.106899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Malik S, Pal SC. Potential flood frequency analysis and susceptibility mapping using CMIP5 of MIROC5 and HEC-RAS model: a case study of lower Dwarkeswar River, Eastern India. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-04104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFloods are one of the major concerns in the world today. The lower reaches of the river coming from the western side of West Bengal are often affected by floods. Thereby estimation and prediction of flood susceptibility in the light of climate change have become an urgent need for flood mitigation and is also the objective of this study. The historical floods (1978–2018) of the monsoon-dominated lower Dwarkeswar River, as well as the possibility of future floods (2020–2075), were investigated applying peak flow daily data. The possibilities of future flow and floods were estimated using rainfall data from MIROC5 of CMIP5 Global Circulation Model (GCM). Besides, four extreme value distribution functions like log-normal (LN), Log-Pearson Type III (LPT-3), Gumbel’s extreme value distribution (EV-I) and extreme value distribution-III (EV-III) were applied with different recurrence interval periods to estimate its probability of occurrences. The flood susceptibility maps were analyzed in HEC-RAS Rain-on-grid model and validated with Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The result shows that Log-Pearson-Type-III can be very helpful to deal with flood frequency analysis with minimum value in Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S = 0.11676), Anderson–Darling (A–D = 0.55361) and Chi-squared test (0.909) and highest peak discharge 101.9, 844.9, 1322.5, 1946.2, 2387.9 and 2684.3 cubic metres can be observed for 1.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 75 years of return period. Weibull’s method of flood susceptibility mapping is more helpful for assessing the vulnerable areas with the highest area under curve value of 0.885. All the applied models of flood susceptibility, as well as the GCM model, are showing an increasing tendency of annual peak discharge and flood vulnerability. Therefore, this study can assist the planners to take the necessary preventive measures to combat floods.
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23
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Flash-Flood Potential Mapping Using Deep Learning, Alternating Decision Trees and Data Provided by Remote Sensing Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21010280. [PMID: 33406613 PMCID: PMC7796316 DOI: 10.3390/s21010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an evident increase in the importance that remote sensing sensors play in the monitoring and evaluation of natural hazards susceptibility and risk. The present study aims to assess the flash-flood potential values, in a small catchment from Romania, using information provided remote sensing sensors and Geographic Informational Systems (GIS) databases which were involved as input data into a number of four ensemble models. In a first phase, with the help of high-resolution satellite images from the Google Earth application, 481 points affected by torrential processes were acquired, another 481 points being randomly positioned in areas without torrential processes. Seventy percent of the dataset was kept as training data, while the other 30% was assigned to validating sample. Further, in order to train the machine learning models, information regarding the 10 flash-flood predictors was extracted in the training sample locations. Finally, the following four ensembles were used to calculate the Flash-Flood Potential Index across the Bâsca Chiojdului river basin: Deep Learning Neural Network–Frequency Ratio (DLNN-FR), Deep Learning Neural Network–Weights of Evidence (DLNN-WOE), Alternating Decision Trees–Frequency Ratio (ADT-FR) and Alternating Decision Trees–Weights of Evidence (ADT-WOE). The model’s performances were assessed using several statistical metrics. Thus, in terms of Sensitivity, the highest value of 0.985 was achieved by the DLNN-FR model, meanwhile the lowest one (0.866) was assigned to ADT-FR ensemble. Moreover, the specificity analysis shows that the highest value (0.991) was attributed to DLNN-WOE algorithm, while the lowest value (0.892) was achieved by ADT-FR. During the training procedure, the models achieved overall accuracies between 0.878 (ADT-FR) and 0.985 (DLNN-WOE). K-index shows again that the most performant model was DLNN-WOE (0.97). The Flash-Flood Potential Index (FFPI) values revealed that the surfaces with high and very high flash-flood susceptibility cover between 46.57% (DLNN-FR) and 59.38% (ADT-FR) of the study zone. The use of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve for results validation highlights the fact that FFPIDLNN-WOE is characterized by the most precise results with an Area Under Curve of 0.96.
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Modeling Flash Floods and Induced Recharge into Alluvial Aquifers Using Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing and Electrical Resistivity Imaging. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su122310204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flash flood hazard assessments, mitigation measures, and water harvesting efforts in desert environments are often challenged by data scarcity on the basin scale. The present study, using the Wadi Atfeh catchment as a test site, integrates remote sensing datasets with field and geoelectrical measurements to assess flash flood hazards, suggest mitigation measures, and to examine the recharge to the alluvium aquifer. The estimated peak discharge of the 13 March 2020 flood event was 97 m3/h, which exceeded the capacity of the culverts beneath the Eastern Military Highway (64 m3/h), and a new dam was suggested, where 75% of the catchment could be controlled. The monitoring of water infiltration into the alluvium aquifer using time-lapse electrical resistivity measurements along a fixed profile showed a limited connection between the wetted surficial sediments and the water table. Throughflow is probably the main source of recharge to the aquifer rather than vertical infiltration at the basin outlet. The findings suggest further measures to avoid the negative impacts of flash floods at the Wadi Atfeh catchment and similar basins in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Furthermore, future hydrological studies in desert environments should take into consideration the major role of the throughflow in alluvium aquifer recharge.
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Yariyan P, Avand M, Abbaspour RA, Karami M, Tiefenbacher JP. GIS-based spatial modeling of snow avalanches using four novel ensemble models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:141008. [PMID: 32758728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Snow avalanches can destroy lives and infrastructure and are very important phenomena in some regions of the world. This study maps snow avalanche susceptibility in Sirvan Watershed, Iran, using a new approach. Two statistical models - belief function (Bel) and probability density (PD) - are combined with two learning models - multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and logistic regression (LR) - to predict avalanche susceptibility using remote sensing data in a geographic information system (GIS). A snow avalanche inventory map was generated from Google Earth imagery, regional documentation, and field surveys. Of 101 avalanche locations, 71 (70%) were used to train the models and 30 (30%) were used to validate the resulting models. Fourteen snow avalanche conditioning factors were used as independent variables in the predictive modeling process. First, the weight of Bel and PD techniques were applied to each class of factors. Then, they were combined with two MLP and LR learning models for snow avalanche susceptibility mapping (SASM). The results were validated using positive predictive values, negative predictive values, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, root-mean-square error, and area-under-the-curve (AUC) values. Thus, the AUCs for the PD-LR, Bel-LR, Bel-MLP, and PD-MLP hybrid models are 0.941, 0.936, 0.931 and 0.924, respectively. Based on the validation results, the PD-LR hybrid model achieved the best accuracy among the models. This hybrid modeling approach can provide accurate and reliable evaluations of snow avalanche-prone areas for management and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Yariyan
- Department of Surveying Engineering, Islamic Azad University Saghez Branch, Saghez, Iran.
| | - Mohammadtaghi Avand
- Department of Watershed Management Engineering, College of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran.
| | - Rahim Ali Abbaspour
- School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Karami
- Department of Social Science, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - John P Tiefenbacher
- Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States.
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26
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Flash Flood Susceptibility Modeling Using New Approaches of Hybrid and Ensemble Tree-Based Machine Learning Algorithms. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12213568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flash flooding is considered one of the most dynamic natural disasters for which measures need to be taken to minimize economic damages, adverse effects, and consequences by mapping flood susceptibility. Identifying areas prone to flash flooding is a crucial step in flash flood hazard management. In the present study, the Kalvan watershed in Markazi Province, Iran, was chosen to evaluate the flash flood susceptibility modeling. Thus, to detect flash flood-prone zones in this study area, five machine learning (ML) algorithms were tested. These included boosted regression tree (BRT), random forest (RF), parallel random forest (PRF), regularized random forest (RRF), and extremely randomized trees (ERT). Fifteen climatic and geo-environmental variables were used as inputs of the flash flood susceptibility models. The results showed that ERT was the most optimal model with an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.82. The rest of the models’ AUC values, i.e., RRF, PRF, RF, and BRT, were 0.80, 0.79, 0.78, and 0.75, respectively. In the ERT model, the areal coverage for very high to moderate flash flood susceptible area was 582.56 km2 (28.33%), and the rest of the portion was associated with very low to low susceptibility zones. It is concluded that topographical and hydrological parameters, e.g., altitude, slope, rainfall, and the river’s distance, were the most effective parameters. The results of this study will play a vital role in the planning and implementation of flood mitigation strategies in the region.
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27
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Modeling Spatial Flood using Novel Ensemble Artificial Intelligence Approaches in Northern Iran. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12203423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The uncertainty of flash flood makes them highly difficult to predict through conventional models. The physical hydrologic models of flash flood prediction of any large area is very difficult to compute as it requires lot of data and time. Therefore remote sensing data based models (from statistical to machine learning) have become highly popular due to open data access and lesser prediction times. There is a continuous effort to improve the prediction accuracy of these models through introducing new methods. This study is focused on flash flood modeling through novel hybrid machine learning models, which can improve the prediction accuracy. The hybrid machine learning ensemble approaches that combine the three meta-classifiers (Real AdaBoost, Random Subspace, and MultiBoosting) with J48 (a tree-based algorithm that can be used to evaluate the behavior of the attribute vector for any defined number of instances) were used in the Gorganroud River Basin of Iran to assess flood susceptibility (FS). A total of 426 flood positions as dependent variables and a total of 14 flood conditioning factors (FCFs) as independent variables were used to model the FS. Several threshold-dependent and independent statistical tests were applied to verify the performance and predictive capability of these machine learning models, such as the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the success rate curve (SRC) and prediction rate curve (PRC), efficiency (E), root-mean square-error (RMSE), and true skill statistics (TSS). The valuation of the FCFs was done using AdaBoost, frequency ratio (FR), and Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models. In the flooding of the study area, altitude, land use/land cover (LU/LC), distance to stream, normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), and rainfall played important roles. The Random Subspace J48 (RSJ48) ensemble method with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.931 (SRC), 0.951 (PRC), E of 0.89, sensitivity of 0.87, and TSS of 0.78, has become the most effective ensemble in predicting the FS. The FR technique also showed good performance and reliability for all models. Map removal sensitivity analysis (MRSA) revealed that the FS maps have the highest sensitivity to elevation. Based on the findings of the validation methods, the FS maps prepared using the machine learning ensemble techniques have high robustness and can be used to advise flood management initiatives in flood-prone areas.
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Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Multi-Influencing Factors to Map Groundwater Recharge Zones in a Semi-Arid Mediterranean Coastal Aquifer. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12092525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mapping groundwater recharge zones (GWRZs) is essential for planning artificial recharge programs to mitigate groundwater decline and saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers. We applied two multi-criteria decision-making approaches, namely the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the multi-influencing factors (MIF), to map GWRZs in the Korba aquifer in northeastern Tunisia. GWRZ results from the AHP indicate that the majority (69%) of the area can be classified as very good and good for groundwater recharge. The MIF results suggest larger (80.7%) very good and good GWRZs. The GWRZ maps improve groundwater balance calculations by providing estimates of recharge-precipitation ratios to quantify percolation. Lithology, land use/cover and slope were the most sensitive parameters followed by geomorphology, lineament density, rainfall, drainage density and soil type. The AHP approach produced relatively more accurate results than the MIF technique based on correlation of the obtained GWRZs with groundwater well discharge data from 20 wells across the study area. The accuracy of the approaches ultimately depends on the classification criteria, mean rating score and weights assigned to the thematic layers. Nonetheless, the GWRZ maps suggest that there is ample opportunity to implement aquifer recharge programs to reduce groundwater stress in the Korba aquifer.
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Nhu VH, Mohammadi A, Shahabi H, Ahmad BB, Al-Ansari N, Shirzadi A, Clague JJ, Jaafari A, Chen W, Nguyen H. Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Machine Learning Algorithms and Remote Sensing Data in a Tropical Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17144933. [PMID: 32650595 PMCID: PMC7400293 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17144933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used AdaBoost (AB), alternating decision tree (ADTree), and their combination as an ensemble model (AB-ADTree) to spatially predict landslides in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. The models were trained with a database of 152 landslides compiled using Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry, Google Earth images, and field surveys, and 17 conditioning factors (slope, aspect, elevation, distance to road, distance to river, proximity to fault, road density, river density, normalized difference vegetation index, rainfall, land cover, lithology, soil types, curvature, profile curvature, stream power index, and topographic wetness index). We carried out the validation process using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and several parametric and non-parametric performance metrics, including positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, root mean square error, and the Friedman and Wilcoxon sign rank tests. The AB model (AUC = 0.96) performed better than the ensemble AB-ADTree model (AUC = 0.94) and successfully outperformed the ADTree model (AUC = 0.59) in predicting landslide susceptibility. Our findings provide insights into the development of more efficient and accurate landslide predictive models that can be used by decision makers and land-use managers to mitigate landslide hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Ha Nhu
- Geographic Information Science Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Ayub Mohammadi
- Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran;
| | - Himan Shahabi
- Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
- Board Member of Department of Zrebar Lake Environmental Research, Kurdistan Studies Institute, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (N.A.-A.)
| | - Baharin Bin Ahmad
- Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Nadhir Al-Ansari
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (N.A.-A.)
| | - Ataollah Shirzadi
- Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran;
| | - John J. Clague
- Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | - Abolfazl Jaafari
- Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran P.O. Box 64414-356, Iran;
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Geology & Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China;
- Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi’an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam;
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Performance Evaluation of Machine Learning Methods for Forest Fire Modeling and Prediction. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12061022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting and mapping fire susceptibility is a top research priority in fire-prone forests worldwide. This study evaluates the abilities of the Bayes Network (BN), Naïve Bayes (NB), Decision Tree (DT), and Multivariate Logistic Regression (MLP) machine learning methods for the prediction and mapping fire susceptibility across the Pu Mat National Park, Nghe An Province, Vietnam. The modeling methodology was formulated based on processing the information from the 57 historical fires and a set of nine spatially explicit explanatory variables, namely elevation, slope degree, aspect, average annual temperate, drought index, river density, land cover, and distance from roads and residential areas. Using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and seven other performance metrics, the models were validated in terms of their abilities to elucidate the general fire behaviors in the Pu Mat National Park and to predict future fires. Despite a few differences between the AUC values, the BN model with an AUC value of 0.96 was dominant over the other models in predicting future fires. The second best was the DT model (AUC = 0.94), followed by the NB (AUC = 0.939), and MLR (AUC = 0.937) models. Our robust analysis demonstrated that these models are sufficiently robust in response to the training and validation datasets change. Further, the results revealed that moderate to high levels of fire susceptibilities are associated with ~19% of the Pu Mat National Park where human activities are numerous. This study and the resultant susceptibility maps provide a basis for developing more efficient fire-fighting strategies and reorganizing policies in favor of sustainable management of forest resources.
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Flood Risk Assessment for the Long-Term Strategic Planning Considering the Placement of Industrial Parks in Slovakia. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The intention of the article is to demonstrate how data from historical maps might be applied in the process of flood risk assessment in peri-urban zones located in floodplains and be complementary datasets to the national flood maps. The research took place in two industrial parks near the rivers Žitava and Nitra in the town of Vráble (the oldest industrial park in Slovakia) and the city of Nitra (one of the largest industrial parks in Slovakia, which is still under construction concerning the Jaguar Land Rover facility). The historical maps from the latter half of the 18th and 19th centuries and from the 1950s of the 20th century, as well as the field data on floods gained with the GNSSS receiver in 2010 and the Q100 flood line of the national flood maps (2017), were superposed in geographic information systems. The flood map consists of water flow simulation by a mathematical hydrodynamic model which is valid only for the current watercourse. The comparison of historical datasets with current data indicated various transformations and shifts of the riverbanks over the last 250 years. The results proved that the industrial parks were built up on traditionally and extensively used meadows and pastures through which branched rivers flowed in the past. Recent industrial constructions intensified the use of both territories and led to the modifications of riverbeds and shortening of the watercourse length. Consequently, the river flow energy increased, and floods occurred during torrential events in 2010. If historical maps were respected in the creation of the flood maps, the planned construction of industrial parks in floodplains could be limited or forbidden in the spatial planning documentation. This study confirmed that the flood modelling using the Q100 flood lines does not provide sufficient arguments for investment development groups, and flood maps might be supplied with the data derived from historical maps. The proposed methodology represents a simple, low cost, and effective way of identifying possible flood-prone areas and preventing economic losses and other damages.
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Groundwater Potential Mapping Combining Artificial Neural Network and Real AdaBoost Ensemble Technique: The DakNong Province Case-study, Vietnam. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072473. [PMID: 32260438 PMCID: PMC7177275 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study is to assess groundwater potential of the DakNong province, Vietnam, using an advanced ensemble machine learning model (RABANN) that integrates Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with RealAdaBoost (RAB) ensemble technique. For this study, twelve conditioning factors and wells yield data was used to create the training and testing datasets for the development and validation of the ensemble RABANN model. Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and several statistical performance measures were used to validate and compare performance of the ensemble RABANN model with the single ANN model. Results of the model studies showed that both models performed well in the training phase of assessing groundwater potential (AUC ≥ 0.7), whereas the ensemble model (AUC = 0.776) outperformed the single ANN model (AUC = 0.699) in the validation phase. This demonstrated that the RAB ensemble technique was successful in improving the performance of the single ANN model. By making minor adjustment in the input data, the ensemble developed model can be adapted for groundwater potential mapping of other regions and countries toward more efficient water resource management. The present study would be helpful in improving the groundwater condition of the area thus in solving water borne disease related health problem of the population.
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Soft Computing Ensemble Models Based on Logistic Regression for Groundwater Potential Mapping. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Groundwater potential maps are one of the most important tools for the management of groundwater storage resources. In this study, we proposed four ensemble soft computing models based on logistic regression (LR) combined with the dagging (DLR), bagging (BLR), random subspace (RSSLR), and cascade generalization (CGLR) ensemble techniques for groundwater potential mapping in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. A suite of well yield data and twelve geo-environmental factors (aspect, elevation, slope, curvature, Sediment Transport Index, Topographic Wetness Index, flow direction, rainfall, river density, soil, land use, and geology) were used for generating the training and validation datasets required for the building and validation of the models. Based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and several other validation methods (negative predictive value, positive predictive value, root mean square error, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Kappa), it was revealed that all four ensemble learning techniques were successful in enhancing the validation performance of the base LR model. The ensemble DLR model (AUC = 0.77) was the most successful model in identifying the groundwater potential zones in the study area, followed by the RSSLR (AUC = 0.744), BLR (AUC = 0.735), CGLR (AUC = 0.715), and single LR model (AUC = 0.71), respectively. The models developed in this study and the resulting potential maps can assist decision-makers in the development of effective adaptive groundwater management plans.
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Ullah K, Zhang J. GIS-based flood hazard mapping using relative frequency ratio method: A case study of Panjkora River Basin, eastern Hindu Kush, Pakistan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229153. [PMID: 32210424 PMCID: PMC7094850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flood is the most devastating and prevalent disaster among all-natural disasters. Every year, flood claims hundreds of human lives and causes damage to the worldwide economy and environment. Consequently, the identification of flood-vulnerable areas is important for comprehensive flood risk management. The main objective of this study is to delineate flood-prone areas in the Panjkora River Basin (PRB), eastern Hindu Kush, Pakistan. An initial extensive field survey and interpretation of Landsat-7 and Google Earth images identified 154 flood locations that were inundated in 2010 floods. Of the total, 70% of flood locations were randomly used for building a model and 30% were used for validation of the model. Eight flood parameters including slope, elevation, land use, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), topographic wetness index (TWI), drainage density, and rainfall were used to map the flood-prone areas in the study region. The relative frequency ratio was used to determine the correlation between each class of flood parameter and flood occurrences. All of the factors were resampled into a pixel size of 30×30 m and were reclassified through the natural break method. Finally, a final hazard map was prepared and reclassified into five classes, i.e., very low, low, moderate, high, very high susceptibility. The results of the model were found reliable with area under curve values for success and prediction rate of 82.04% and 84.74%, respectively. The findings of this study can play a key role in flood hazard management in the target region; they can be used by the local disaster management authority, researchers, planners, local government, and line agencies dealing with flood risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Ullah
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
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Improvement of Credal Decision Trees Using Ensemble Frameworks for Groundwater Potential Modeling. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12072622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Groundwater is one of the most important sources of fresh water all over the world, especially in those countries where rainfall is erratic, such as Vietnam. Nowadays, machine learning (ML) models are being used for the assessment of groundwater potential of the region. Credal decision trees (CDT) is one of the ML models which has been used in such studies. In the present study, the performance of the CDT has been improved using various ensemble frameworks such as Bagging, Dagging, Decorate, Multiboost, and Random SubSpace. Based on these methods, five hybrid models, namely BCDT, Dagging-CDT, Decorate-CDT, MBCDT, and RSSCDT, were developed and applied for groundwater potential mapping of DakLak province of Vietnam. Data of 227 groundwater wells of the study area were utilized for the construction and validation of the models. Twelve groundwater potential conditioning factors, namely rainfall, slope, elevation, river density, Sediment Transport Index (STI), curvature, flow direction, aspect, soil, land use, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), and geology, were considered for the model studies. Various statistical measures, including area under receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve, were applied to validate and compare the performance of the models. The results show that performance of the hybrid CDT ensemble models MBCDT (AUC = 0.770), BCDT (AUC = 0.731), Dagging-CDT (AUC = 0.763), Decorate-CDT (AUC = 0.750), and RSSCDT (AUC = 0.766) improved significantly in comparison to the single CDT (AUC = 0.722) model. Therefore, these developed hybrid models can be applied for better ground water potential mapping and groundwater resources management of the study area as well as other regions of the world.
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Sustainable Applications of Remote Sensing and Geospatial Information Systems to Earth Observations. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12062390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Special Issue on “Sustainable Applications of Remote Sensing and Geospatial Information Systems to Earth Observations” is published. A total of 20 qualified papers are published in this Special Issue. The topics of the papers are the application of remote sensing and geospatial information systems to Earth observations in various fields such as (1) object change detection, (2) air pollution, (3) earthquakes, (4) landslides, (5) mining, (6) biomass, (7) groundwater, and (8) urban development using the techniques of remote sensing and geospatial information systems. More than 100 researchers have participated in this Special Issue. We hope that this Special Issue is helpful for sustainable applications.
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GIS-Based Gully Erosion Susceptibility Mapping: A Comparison of Computational Ensemble Data Mining Models. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10062039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gully erosion destroys agricultural and domestic grazing land in many countries, especially those with arid and semi-arid climates and easily eroded rocks and soils. It also generates large amounts of sediment that can adversely impact downstream river channels. The main objective of this research is to accurately detect and predict areas prone to gully erosion. In this paper, we couple hybrid models of a commonly used base classifier (reduced pruning error tree, REPTree) with AdaBoost (AB), bagging (Bag), and random subspace (RS) algorithms to create gully erosion susceptibility maps for a sub-basin of the Shoor River watershed in northwestern Iran. We compare the performance of these models in terms of their ability to predict gully erosion and discuss their potential use in other arid and semi-arid areas. Our database comprises 242 gully erosion locations, which we randomly divided into training and testing sets with a ratio of 70/30. Based on expert knowledge and analysis of aerial photographs and satellite images, we selected 12 conditioning factors for gully erosion. We used multi-collinearity statistical techniques in the modeling process, and checked model performance using statistical indexes including precision, recall, F-measure, Matthew correlation coefficient (MCC), receiver operatic characteristic curve (ROC), precision–recall graph (PRC), Kappa, root mean square error (RMSE), relative absolute error (PRSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and relative absolute error (RAE). Results show that rainfall, elevation, and river density are the most important factors for gully erosion susceptibility mapping in the study area. All three hybrid models that we tested significantly enhanced and improved the predictive power of REPTree (AUC=0.800), but the RS-REPTree (AUC= 0.860) ensemble model outperformed the Bag-REPTree (AUC= 0.841) and the AB-REPTree (AUC= 0.805) models. We suggest that decision makers, planners, and environmental engineers employ the RS-REPTree hybrid model to better manage gully erosion-prone areas in Iran.
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Estimation of Tree Heights in an Uneven-Aged, Mixed Forest in Northern Iran Using Artificial Intelligence and Empirical Models. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The diameters and heights of trees are two of the most important components in a forest inventory. In some circumstances, the heights of trees need to be estimated due to the time and cost involved in measuring them in the field. Artificial intelligence models have many advantages in modeling nonlinear height–diameter relationships of trees, which sometimes make them more useful than empirical models in estimating the heights of trees. In the present study, the heights of trees in uneven-aged and mixed stands in the high elevation forests of northern Iran were estimated using an artificial neural network (ANN) model, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model, and empirical models. A systematic sampling method with a 150 × 200 m network (0.1 ha area) was employed. The diameters and heights of 516 trees were measured to support the modeling effort. Using 10 nonlinear empirical models, the ANN model, and the ANFIS model, the relationship between height as a dependent variable and diameter as an independent variable was analyzed. The results show, according to R2, relative root mean square error (RMSE), and other model evaluation criteria, that there is a greater consistency between predicted height and observed height when using artificial intelligence models (R2 = 0.78; RMSE (%) = 18.49) than when using regression analysis (R2 = 0.68; RMSE (%) = 17.69). Thus, it can be said that these models may be better than empirical models for predicting the heights of common, commercially-important trees in the study area.
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A Novel Hybrid Soft Computing Model Using Random Forest and Particle Swarm Optimization for Estimation of Undrained Shear Strength of Soil. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12062218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Determination of shear strength of soil is very important in civil engineering for foundation design, earth and rock fill dam design, highway and airfield design, stability of slopes and cuts, and in the design of coastal structures. In this study, a novel hybrid soft computing model (RF-PSO) of random forest (RF) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) was developed and used to estimate the undrained shear strength of soil based on the clay content (%), moisture content (%), specific gravity (%), void ratio (%), liquid limit (%), and plastic limit (%). In this study, the experimental results of 127 soil samples from national highway project Hai Phong-Thai Binh of Vietnam were used to generate datasets for training and validating models. Pearson correlation coefficient (R) method was used to evaluate and compare performance of the proposed model with single RF model. The results show that the proposed hybrid model (RF-PSO) achieved a high accuracy performance (R = 0.89) in the prediction of shear strength of soil. Validation of the models also indicated that RF-PSO model (R = 0.89 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 0.453) is superior to the single RF model without optimization (R = 0.87 and RMSE = 0.48). Thus, the proposed hybrid model (RF-PSO) can be used for accurate estimation of shear strength which can be used for the suitable designing of civil engineering structures.
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Spatial Prediction of Landslide Susceptibility Based on GIS and Discriminant Functions. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi9030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The areas where landslides occur frequently pose severe threats to the local population, which necessitates conducting regional landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM). In this study, four models including weight-of-evidence (WoE) and three WoE-based models, which were linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Fisher’s linear discriminant analysis (FLDA), and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), were used to obtain the LSM in the Nanchuan region of Chongqing, China. Firstly, a dataset was prepared from sixteen landslide causative factors, including eight topographic factors, three distance-related factors, and five environmental factors. A landslide inventory map including 298 landslide locations was also constructed and randomly divided with a ratio of 70:30 as training and validation data. Subsequently, the WoE method was used to estimate the relationship between landslides and the landslide causative factors, which assign a weight value to each class of causative factors. Finally, four models were applied using the training dataset, and the predictive performance of each model was compared using the validation datasets. The results showed that FLDA had a higher performance than the other three models according to the success rate curve (SRC) and prediction rate curve (PRC), illustrating that it could be considered a promising approach for landslide susceptibility mapping in the study area.
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A Comparative Study of Kernel Logistic Regression, Radial Basis Function Classifier, Multinomial Naïve Bayes, and Logistic Model Tree for Flash Flood Susceptibility Mapping. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Risk of flash floods is currently an important problem in many parts of Vietnam. In this study, we used four machine-learning methods, namely Kernel Logistic Regression (KLR), Radial Basis Function Classifier (RBFC), Multinomial Naïve Bayes (NBM), and Logistic Model Tree (LMT) to generate flash flood susceptibility maps at the minor part of Nghe An province of the Center region (Vietnam) where recurrent flood problems are being experienced. Performance of these four methods was evaluated to select the best method for flash flood susceptibility mapping. In the model studies, ten flash flood conditioning factors, namely soil, slope, curvature, river density, flow direction, distance from rivers, elevation, aspect, land use, and geology, were chosen based on topography and geo-environmental conditions of the site. For the validation of models, the area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), Area Under Curve (AUC), and various statistical indices were used. The results indicated that performance of all the models is good for generating flash flood susceptibility maps (AUC = 0.983–0.988). However, performance of LMT model is the best among the four methods (LMT: AUC = 0.988; KLR: AUC = 0.985; RBFC: AUC = 0.984; and NBM: AUC = 0.983). The present study would be useful for the construction of accurate flash flood susceptibility maps with the objectives of identifying flood-susceptible areas/zones for proper flash flood risk management.
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GIS Based Novel Hybrid Computational Intelligence Models for Mapping Landslide Susceptibility: A Case Study at Da Lat City, Vietnam. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11247118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Landslides affect properties and the lives of a large number of people in many hilly parts of Vietnam and in the world. Damages caused by landslides can be reduced by understanding distribution, nature, mechanisms and causes of landslides with the help of model studies for better planning and risk management of the area. Development of landslide susceptibility maps is one of the main steps in landslide management. In this study, the main objective is to develop GIS based hybrid computational intelligence models to generate landslide susceptibility maps of the Da Lat province, which is one of the landslide prone regions of Vietnam. Novel hybrid models of alternating decision trees (ADT) with various ensemble methods, namely bagging, dagging, MultiBoostAB, and RealAdaBoost, were developed namely B-ADT, D-ADT, MBAB-ADT, RAB-ADT, respectively. Data of 72 past landslide events was used in conjunction with 11 landslide conditioning factors (curvature, distance from geological boundaries, elevation, land use, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), relief amplitude, stream density, slope, lithology, weathering crust and soil) in the development and validation of the models. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), and several statistical measures were applied to validate these models. Results indicated that performance of all the models was good (AUC value greater than 0.8) but B-ADT model performed the best (AUC= 0.856). Landslide susceptibility maps generated using the proposed models would be helpful to decision makers in the risk management for land use planning and infrastructure development.
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Predicting Microbial Species in a River Based on Physicochemical Properties by Bio-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimized Machine Learning. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11246889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of the analysis of microbial ecology is to understand the relationship between Earth’s microbial community and their functions in the environment. This paper presents a proof-of-concept research to develop a bioclimatic modeling approach that leverages artificial intelligence techniques to identify the microbial species in a river as a function of physicochemical parameters. Feature reduction and selection are both utilized in the data preprocessing owing to the scarce of available data points collected and missing values of physicochemical attributes from a river in Southeast China. A bio-inspired metaheuristic optimized machine learner, which supports the adjustment to the multiple-output prediction form, is used in bioclimatic modeling. The accuracy of prediction and applicability of the model can help microbiologists and ecologists in quantifying the predicted microbial species for further experimental planning with minimal expenditure, which is become one of the most serious issues when facing dramatic changes of environmental conditions caused by global warming. This work demonstrates a neoteric approach for potential use in predicting preliminary microbial structures in the environment.
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Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference System with Meta-Heuristic Optimizations for International Roughness Index Prediction. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9214715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The International Roughness Index (IRI) is the one of the most important roughness indexes to quantify road surface roughness. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid approach between adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and various meta-heuristic optimizations such as the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and the firefly algorithm (FA) to develop several hybrid models namely GA based ANGIS (GANFIS), PSO based ANFIS (PSOANFIS), FA based ANFIS (FAANFIS), respectively, for the prediction of the IRI. A benchmark model named artificial neural networks (ANN) was also used to compare with those hybrid models. To do this, a total of 2811 samples in the case study of the north of Vietnam (Northwest region, Northeast region, and the Red River Delta Area) within the scope of management of the DRM-I Department were used to validate the models in terms of various criteria like coefficient of determination (R) and the root mean square error (RMSE). Experimental results affirmed the potentiality and effectiveness of the proposed prediction models whereas the PSOANFIS (RMSE = 0.145 and R = 0.888) is better than the other models named GANFIS (RMSE = 0.155 and R = 0.872), FAANFIS (RMSE = 0.170 and R = 0.849), and ANN (RMSE = 0.186 and R = 0.804). The results of this study are helpful for accurate prediction of the IRI for evaluation of quality of road surface roughness.
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