1
|
Bitežnik L, Štukelj R, Flajšman M. The Efficiency of CBD Production Using Grafted Cannabis sativa L. Plants Is Highly Dependent on the Type of Rootstock: A Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1117. [PMID: 38674526 PMCID: PMC11054458 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The global cannabis market is continuously expanding and as a result, the cannabis industry demands new and improved agronomic cultivation practices to increase production efficiency of cannabidiol (CBD), which is valued for its therapeutic benefits. This study investigates the influence of three rootstock types on the survival rate, morphological parameters, and biochemical composition of cannabis: potentially dwarfing rootstocks (PDR), potentially vigorous rootstocks (PVR), and seedlings-as-rootstocks (SAR). Rootstocks were used for grafting two scion genotypes: 'ScionII' = chemotype II of industrial hemp, and 'ScionIII' = chemotype III of high CBD accumulating variety. Contrary to expectations, PVR and SAR did not outperform PDR on most of the measured variables. SAR showed the highest survival rate of the grafted cannabis plants (40-70%). The rootstock type had a statistically significant influence only on the bud compactness index in 'ScionII', with PDR being particularly noticeable. A comparative analysis of the 'rootstock/scion' combinations with their controls (non-grafted scions) revealed grafting's substantial improvement in most traits. Specifically, PDR increased CBD content by 27% in 'ScionIII', inflorescence yield and CBD yield per plant increased by 71% and 84%, respectively, when SAR was used in 'ScionII'. SAR showed to be the most effective rootstock type for CBD production. Our findings suggest grafting as a promising technique for optimizing cannabis's agronomic and medicinal potential, highlighting the necessity for further research on its underlying mechanisms to refine production efficiency and quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Bitežnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Roman Štukelj
- Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Marko Flajšman
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tzimas PS, Beteinakis S, Petrakis EA, Papastylianou PT, Kakabouki I, Small-Howard AL, Skaltsounis LA, Halabalaki M. Uncovering the metabolite complexity and variability of cultivated hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): A first phytochemical diversity mapping in Greece. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 222:114076. [PMID: 38570005 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The high value of fiber-type Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) due to its phytochemicals has yet to be fully recognized and leveraged. Besides cannabidiol (CBD), which is the most prevalent non-psychoactive cannabinoid, hemp contains numerous other cannabinoids with unexplored bioactivities, in addition to various compound classes. Previous works have aimed to correlate chemical profiles of C. sativa inflorescences with important parameters, mostly based on experiments under controlled conditions. However, mapping studies that explore the phytochemical diversity of hemp in a more realistic context are crucial to guide decisions at multiple levels, especially in areas where hemp cultivation was recently re-authorized, including Mediterranean countries. In this work, a powerful strategy was followed to map the phytochemical diversity of cultivated hemp in Greece, being the first study of its kind for this environment. A panel of 98 inflorescence samples, covering two harvesting years, eleven geographical regions and seven commonly used EU varieties, were studied using a combination of targeted and untargeted approaches. Quantitative results based on UPLC-PDA revealed relatively constant CBD/THC (total) ratios, while profiling by LC-HRMS effectively probed the phytochemical variability of samples, and led to the annotation of 88 metabolites, including a multitude of minor cannabinoids. Multivariate analysis substantiated a strong effect of harvesting year in sample discrimination and related biomarkers were revealed, belonging to fatty acids and flavonoids. The effect of geographical region and, especially, variety on chemical variation patterns was more intricate to interpret. The results of this work are envisioned to enhance our understanding of the real-world phytochemical complexity of C. sativa (hemp), with a view to maximized utilization of hemp for the promotion of human well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petros S Tzimas
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Beteinakis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios A Petrakis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiota T Papastylianou
- Laboratory of Agronomy, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Kakabouki
- Laboratory of Agronomy, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Leandros A Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Harpaz D, Bernstein N, Namdar D, Eltzov E. Portable biosensors for rapid on-site determination of cannabinoids in cannabis, a review. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108031. [PMID: 36058440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the therapeutic virtues of cannabidiol (CBD). Furthermore, due to their molecular enriched profiles, cannabis inflorescences are biologically superior to a single cannabinoid for the treatment of various health conditions. Thus, there is flourishing demand for Cannabis sativa varieties containing high levels of CBD. Additionally, legal regulations around the world restrict the cultivation and consumption of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-rich cannabis plants for their psychotropic effects. Therefore, the use of cannabis varieties that are high in CBD is permitted as long as their THC content does not exceed a low threshold of 0.3%-0.5%, depending on the jurisdiction. These chemovars are legally termed 'hemp'. This controlled cannabinoid requirement highlights the need to detect low levels of THC, already in the field. In this review, cannabis profiling and the existing methods used for the detection of cannabinoids are firstly evaluated. Then, selected valuable biosensor technologies are discussed, which suggest portable, rapid, sensitive, reproducible, and reliable methods for on-site identification of cannabinoids levels, mainly THC. Recent cutting-edge techniques of promising potential usage for both cannabis and hemp analysis are identified, as part of the future cultivation and agricultural improvement of this crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Harpaz
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, POBox 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Dvora Namdar
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, POBox 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen X, Deng H, Heise JA, Puthoff DP, Bou-Abboud N, Yu H, Peng J. Contents of Cannabinoids in Hemp Varieties Grown in Maryland. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:32186-32197. [PMID: 34870039 PMCID: PMC8637966 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Coincident with the cannabis legalization and the increased interest in the medicinal use of the plant, the cannabis marketplace and farming have seen tremendous growth. It is reported that there are more than 2000 cannabis varieties available to customers. However, the data that is available to the growers and breeders regarding the cannabinoid contents of various varieties remains low. Here, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous separation and determination of 11 cannabinoids. A total of 104 hemp bud materials belonging to 20 varieties were collected from farms in the state of Maryland and analyzed with the HPLC method. The contents of the 11 cannabinoids in various varieties were compared and discussed, highlighting the varieties that showed a high yield of cannabinoids and good consistency that are more appropriate for cannabinoid production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Hua Deng
- Department
of Chemistry, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Janai A. Heise
- Department
of Biology, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, United States
| | - David P. Puthoff
- Department
of Biology, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, United States
| | - Nabeel Bou-Abboud
- Department
of Chemistry, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
- Department
of biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Jiangnan Peng
- Department
of Chemistry, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
- Department
of biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kakabouki I, Tataridas A, Mavroeidis A, Kousta A, Karydogianni S, Zisi C, Kouneli V, Konstantinou A, Folina A, Konstantas A, Papastylianou P. Effect of Colonization of Trichoderma harzianum on Growth Development and CBD Content of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.). Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030518. [PMID: 33802427 PMCID: PMC7998984 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum, as a natural endophytic biocontrol agent, can ameliorate plant development, nutrient uptake, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Trichoderma harzianum inoculation on agronomical and quality characteristics of two monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties, Fedora 17 and Felina. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design of two treatments of Trichoderma harzianum with a low and high dose of the fungus (T1 and T2). The significance of differences between treatments was estimated by using a Fisher’s test with a significance level p = 0.05. The root density of both varieties was significantly affected by treatments, and higher values were recorded in Fedora 17 (2.32 mm cm−3). The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) colonization of the root system and the soil emission of CO2 were higher after the inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum. The highest values of plant height and dry weight were noticed for T2, especially in variety Felina. Trichoderma harzianum positively influenced characteristics of inflorescences such as their number, fresh weight moisture, and compactness in both varieties, while the dry weight, length, and dry yield of inflorescences were not improved. Finally, the fertigation of Trichoderma harzianum in hemp plants was beneficial by increasing the cannabidiol (CBD) content, especially in T2 treatment (4 × 1012 CFU kg−1).
Collapse
|