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Bitežnik L, Štukelj R, Flajšman M. The Efficiency of CBD Production Using Grafted Cannabis sativa L. Plants Is Highly Dependent on the Type of Rootstock: A Study. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:1117. [PMID: 38674526 PMCID: PMC11054458 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The global cannabis market is continuously expanding and as a result, the cannabis industry demands new and improved agronomic cultivation practices to increase production efficiency of cannabidiol (CBD), which is valued for its therapeutic benefits. This study investigates the influence of three rootstock types on the survival rate, morphological parameters, and biochemical composition of cannabis: potentially dwarfing rootstocks (PDR), potentially vigorous rootstocks (PVR), and seedlings-as-rootstocks (SAR). Rootstocks were used for grafting two scion genotypes: 'ScionII' = chemotype II of industrial hemp, and 'ScionIII' = chemotype III of high CBD accumulating variety. Contrary to expectations, PVR and SAR did not outperform PDR on most of the measured variables. SAR showed the highest survival rate of the grafted cannabis plants (40-70%). The rootstock type had a statistically significant influence only on the bud compactness index in 'ScionII', with PDR being particularly noticeable. A comparative analysis of the 'rootstock/scion' combinations with their controls (non-grafted scions) revealed grafting's substantial improvement in most traits. Specifically, PDR increased CBD content by 27% in 'ScionIII', inflorescence yield and CBD yield per plant increased by 71% and 84%, respectively, when SAR was used in 'ScionII'. SAR showed to be the most effective rootstock type for CBD production. Our findings suggest grafting as a promising technique for optimizing cannabis's agronomic and medicinal potential, highlighting the necessity for further research on its underlying mechanisms to refine production efficiency and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Bitežnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Roman Štukelj
- Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Marko Flajšman
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Camboué M, Janoueix A, Tandonnet JP, Spilmont AS, Moisy C, Mathieu G, Cordelières F, Teillon J, Santesteban LG, Ollat N, Cookson SJ. Phenotyping xylem connections in grafted plants using X-ray micro-computed tomography. Plant Cell Environ 2024. [PMID: 38516728 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Plants are able to naturally graft or inosculate their trunks, branches and roots together, this mechanism is used by humans to graft together different genotypes for a range of purposes. Grafts are considered successful if functional vascular connections between the two genotypes occur. Various techniques can evaluate xylem connections across the graft interface. However, these methods are generally unable to assess the heterogeneity and three-dimensional (3D) structure of xylem vessel connections. Here we present the use of X-ray micro-computed tomography to characterize the 3D morphology of grafts of grapevine. We show that xylem vessels form between the two plants of natural root and human-made stem grafts. The main novelty of this methodology is that we were able to visualize the 3D network of functional xylem vessels connecting the scion and rootstock in human-made stem grafts thanks to the addition of a contrast agent to the roots and improved image analysis pipelines. In addition, we reveal the presence of extensive diagonal xylem connections between the main axial xylem vessels in 2-year old grapevine stems. In conclusion, we present a method that has the potential to provide new insights into the structure and function of xylem vessels in large tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Camboué
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Janoueix
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Tandonnet
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Spilmont
- IFV, French Institute of Vine and Wine, Domaine de l'Espiguette, Le Grau-du-Roi, France
| | - Cédric Moisy
- IFV, French Institute of Vine and Wine, Domaine de l'Espiguette, Le Grau-du-Roi, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, UMT Geno Vigne, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Mathieu
- IFV, French Institute of Vine and Wine, Domaine de l'Espiguette, Le Grau-du-Roi, France
| | | | - Jérémie Teillon
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, BIC, US4, UAR 3420, Bordeaux, France
| | - Luis Gonzaga Santesteban
- Departement of Agronomy, Biotechnology and Food Science, Univ. Pública de Navarra UPNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah Jane Cookson
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, Bordeaux, France
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Loupit G, Fonayet JV, Lorensen MDBB, Franc C, De Revel G, Janfelt C, Cookson SJ. Tissue-specific stilbene accumulation is an early response to wounding/grafting as revealed by using spatial and temporal metabolomics. Plant Cell Environ 2023; 46:3871-3886. [PMID: 37646324 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is widely used in horticulture. Shortly after grafting, callus tissues appear at the graft interface and the vascular tissues of the scion and rootstock connect. The graft interface contains a complex mix of tissues, we hypothesised that each tissue has its own metabolic response to wounding/grafting and accumulates different metabolites at different rates. We made intact and wounded cuttings and grafts of grapevine, and then measured changes in bulk flavonoid, phenolic acid and stilbenoid concentration and used metabolite imaging to study tissue-specific responses. We show that some metabolites rapidly accumulate in specific tissues after grafting, for example, stilbene monomers accumulate in necrotic tissues surrounding mature xylem vessels. Whereas other metabolites, such as complex stilbenes, accumulate in the same tissues at later stages. We also observe that other metabolites accumulate in the newly formed callus tissue and identify genotype-specific responses. In addition, exogenous resveratrol application did not modify grafting success rate, potentially suggesting that the accumulation of resveratrol at the graft interface is not linked to graft union formation. The increasing concentration of complex stilbenes often occurs in response to plant stresses (via unknown mechanisms), and potentially increases antioxidant activity and antifungal capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Loupit
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Josep V Fonayet
- Unité de recherche Oenologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Marcus D B B Lorensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Céline Franc
- Unité de recherche Oenologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Gilles De Revel
- Unité de recherche Oenologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah J Cookson
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Lee C, Harvey JT, Nagila A, Qin K, Leskovar DI. Thermotolerance of tomato plants grafted onto wild relative rootstocks. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1252456. [PMID: 38053760 PMCID: PMC10694270 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1252456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is a major environmental constraint limiting tomato production. Tomato wild relatives Solanum pennellii and S. peruvianum are known for their drought tolerance but their heat stress responses have been less investigated, especially when used as rootstocks for grafting. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemical heat stress responses of tomato seedlings grafted onto a commercial 'Maxifort' and wild relative S. pennellii and S. peruvianum rootstocks. 'Celebrity' and 'Arkansas Traveler' tomato scion cultivars, previously characterized as heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive, respectively, were grafted onto the rootstocks or self-grafted as controls. Grafted seedlings were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers set at high (38/30°C, day/night) and optimal (26/19°C) temperatures for 21 days during the vegetative stage. Under heat stress, S. peruvianum-grafted tomato seedlings had an increased leaf proline content and total non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in both leaves and roots. Additionally, S. peruvianum-grafted plants showed more heat-tolerant responses, evidenced by their increase in multiple leaf antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) compared to self-grafted and 'Maxifort'-grafted plants. S. pennellii-grafted plants had similar or higher activities in all antioxidant enzymes than other treatments at optimal temperature conditions but significantly lower activities under heat stress conditions, an indication of heat sensitivity. Both S. pennellii and S. peruvianum-grafted plants had higher leaf chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and net photosynthetic rate under heat stress, while their plant growth was significantly lower than self-grafted and 'Maxifort'-grafted plants possibly from graft incompatibility. Root abscisic acid (ABA) contents were higher in 'Maxifort' and S. peruvianum rootstocks, but no ABA-induced antioxidant activities were detected in either leaves or roots. In conclusion, the wild relative rootstock S. peruvianum was effective in enhancing the thermotolerance of scion tomato seedlings, showing potential as a breeding material for the introgression of heat-tolerant traits in interspecific tomato rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel I. Leskovar
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, Uvalde, TX, United States
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Alburquerque N, Pérez-Caselles C, Faize L, Ilardi V, Burgos L. Trans-grafting plum pox virus resistance from transgenic plum rootstocks to apricot scions. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1216217. [PMID: 37828929 PMCID: PMC10565502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1216217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Trans-grafting could be a strategy to transfer virus resistance from a transgenic rootstock to a wild type scion. However contradictory results have been obtained in herbaceous and woody plants. This work was intended to determine if the resistance to sharka could be transferred from transgenic plum rootstocks to wild-type apricot scions grafted onto them. Methods To this end, we conducted grafting experiments of wild- type apricots onto plum plants transformed with a construction codifying a hairpin RNA designed to silence the PPV virus and studied if the resistance was transmitted from the rootstock to the scion. Results Our data support that the RNA-silencing-based PPV resistance can be transmitted from PPV-resistant plum rootstocks to non-transgenic apricot scions and that its efficiency is augmented after successive growth cycles. PPV resistance conferred by the rootstocks was robust, already occurring within the same growing cycle and maintained in successive evaluation cycles. The RNA silencing mechanism reduces the relative accumulation of the virus progressively eliminating the virus from the wild type scions grafted on the transgenic resistant PPV plants. There was a preferential accumulation of the 24nt siRNAs in the scions grafted onto resistant rootstocks that was not found in the scions grafted on the susceptible rootstock. This matched with a significantly lower relative accumulation of hpRNA in the resistant rootstocks compared with the susceptible or the tolerant ones. Discussion Using transgenic rootstocks should mitigate public concerns about transgenes dispersion and eating transgenic food and allow conferring virus resistance to recalcitrant to transformation cultivars or species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Alburquerque
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristian Pérez-Caselles
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Lydia Faize
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Vincenza Ilardi
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-DC), Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Burgos
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
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Ramirez-Villacis DX, Erazo-Garcia P, Quijia-Pillajo J, Llerena-Llerena S, Barriga-Medina N, Jones CD, Leon-Reyes A. Influence of Grafting on Rootstock Rhizosphere Microbiome Assembly in Rosa sp. 'Natal Brier'. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:biology12050663. [PMID: 37237477 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The root microbiome is vital in plant development and health and is highly influenced by crop cultural practices. Rose (Rosa sp.) is the most popular cut flower worldwide. Grafting in rose production is a standard practice to increase yield, improve flower quality, or reduce root-associated pests and diseases. 'Natal Brier' is a standard rootstock used in most commercial operations in Ecuador and Colombia, leading countries in producing and exporting ornamentals. It is known that the rose scion genotype affects root biomass and the root exudate profile of grafted plants. However, little is known about the influence of the rose scion genotype on the rhizosphere microbiome. We examined the influence of grafting and scion genotype on the rhizosphere microbiome of the rootstock 'Natal Brier'. The microbiomes of the non-grafted rootstock and the rootstock grafted with two red rose cultivars were assessed using 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing. Grafting changed microbial community structure and function. Further, analysis of grafted plant samples revealed that the scion genotype highly influences the rootstock microbiome. Under the presented experimental conditions, the rootstock 'Natal Brier' core microbiome consisted of 16 bacterial and 40 fungal taxa. Our results highlight that the scion genotype influences root microbe's recruitment, which might also influence the functionality of assembled microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario X Ramirez-Villacis
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos-Ingeniería en Agronomía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170109, Ecuador
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Pablo Erazo-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos-Ingeniería en Agronomía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170109, Ecuador
| | - Juan Quijia-Pillajo
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sol Llerena-Llerena
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos-Ingeniería en Agronomía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170109, Ecuador
| | - Noelia Barriga-Medina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos-Ingeniería en Agronomía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170109, Ecuador
| | - Corbin D Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Antonio Leon-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos-Ingeniería en Agronomía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170109, Ecuador
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
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Loupit G, Brocard L, Ollat N, Cookson SJ. Grafting in plants: recent discoveries and new applications. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:2433-2447. [PMID: 36846896 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a traditional horticultural technique that makes use of plant wound healing mechanisms to join two different genotypes together to form one plant. In many agricultural systems, grafting with rootstocks controls the vigour of the scion and/or provides tolerance to deleterious soil conditions such as the presence of soil pests or pathogens or limited or excessive water or mineral nutrient supply. Much of our knowledge about the limits to grafting different genotypes together comes from empirical knowledge of horticulturalists. Until recently, researchers believed that grafting monocotyledonous plants was impossible, because they lack a vascular cambium, and that graft compatibility between different scion/rootstock combinations was restricted to closely related genotypes. Recent studies have overturned these ideas and open up the possibility of new research directions and applications for grafting in agriculture. The objective of this review is to describe and assess these recent advances in the field of grafting and, in particular, the molecular mechanisms underlining graft union formation and graft compatibility between different genotypes. The challenges of characterizing the different stages of graft union formation and phenotyping graft compatibility are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Loupit
- EGFV, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sarah Jane Cookson
- EGFV, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Long W, Huang G, Yao X, Lv L, Yu C, Wang K. Untargeted metabolism approach reveals difference of varieties of bud and relation among characteristics of grafting seedlings in Camellia oleifera. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1024353. [PMID: 36479510 PMCID: PMC9720148 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1024353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera is one of the essential wood oil trees in the world. C.oleifera was propagated by nurse seedling grafting. Since the scion of C.oleifera had a significant regulated effect on the properties of rootstock after grafting and impacted on the growth of the grafted seedlings, it was necessary to understand the characteristics of buds among varieties to cultivate high-quality grafted seedlings. The metabolome was thought to be a powerful tool for understanding connecting phenotype-genotype interactions, which has an important impact on plant growth and development. In this study, UPLC-MS was used to determine the metabolites of the apical buds of CL3, CL4, CL40, and CL53 spring shoots after 30 days of sprout and to measure the growth characteristics of roots and stems after grafting. Metabolomics analysis revealed 554 kinds of metabolites were significant differences among four varieties, and 29 metabolic pathways were identified to have significant changes (p< 0.05), including carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty Acyls, organooxygen compounds, and prenol lipids metabolites. The metabolites appeared in all varieties, including phenethyl rutinoside in glycosyl compounds and hovenidulcioside A1 in terpene glycosides. Metabolite-metabolite correlations in varieties revealed more complex patterns in relation to bud and enabled the recognition of key metabolites (e.g., Glutamate, (±)Catechin, GA52, ABA, and cs-Zeatin) affecting grafting and growth ability. Each variety has a unique metabolite type and correlation network relationship. Differentiated metabolites showed different growth trends for development after grafting. Many metabolites regulate the growth of scions in buds before grafting, which plays a crucial role in the growth of seedlings after grafting. It not only regulates the growth of roots but also affects the development of this stem. Finally, those results were associated with the genetic background of each cultivar, showing that metabolites could be potentially used as indicators for the genetic background, indicating that metabolites could potentially be used as indicators for seedling growth characteristics. Together, this study will enrich the theoretical basis of seedling growth and lay a foundation for further research on the molecular regulation mechanism interaction between rootstock and scion, rootstock growth, and the development of grafted seedlings after grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangyuan Huang
- Chang Country Oil Tea Industry Development Center, Changshan Country Bureau of Forestry & Water Resoures, Changshan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leyan Lv
- College of Hydraulic Engineering, Zhejiang Tongji Vocational College of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunlian Yu
- Chang Country Oil Tea Industry Development Center, Changshan Country Bureau of Forestry & Water Resoures, Changshan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kailiang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Yang L, Xia L, Zeng Y, Han Q, Zhang S. Grafting enhances plants drought resistance: Current understanding, mechanisms, and future perspectives. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1015317. [PMID: 36275555 PMCID: PMC9583147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Drought, one of the most severe and complex abiotic stresses, is increasingly occurring due to global climate change and adversely affects plant growth and yield. Grafting is a proven and effective tool to enhance plant drought resistance ability by regulating their physiological and molecular processes. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding, mechanisms, and perspectives of the drought stress resistance of grafted plants. Plants resist drought through adaptive changes in their root, stem, and leaf morphology and structure, stomatal closure modulation to reduce transpiration, activating osmoregulation, enhancing antioxidant systems, and regulating phytohormones and gene expression changes. Additionally, the mRNAs, miRNAs and peptides crossing the grafted healing sites also confer drought resistance. However, the interaction between phytohormones, establishment of the scion-rootstock communication through genetic materials to enhance drought resistance is becoming a hot research topic. Therefore, our review provides not only physiological evidences for selecting drought-resistant rootstocks or scions, but also a clear understanding of the potential molecular effects to enhance drought resistance using grafted plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linchao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingquan Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Hollick JR, Kubota C. Effect of Self- and Inter-Cultivar Grafting on Growth and Nutrient Content in Sweet Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.). Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:921440. [PMID: 35958205 PMCID: PMC9363131 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.921440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable grafting has been applied to fruiting crops, yet only to a limited extent in leafy greens and herbs which may also benefit from grafting. In this study, we examined the effect of reciprocal grafting two sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars of differing vigor on plant growth and leaf mineral nutrient concentration to test whether differences in growth exist due to grafting and whether such differences are due to altered plant nutrient status in two trials. Two cultivars 'Nufar' (NU), a high vigor cultivar, and 'Dolce Fresca' (DF), a cultivar developed for compact growth, were selected. Four grafted treatments (scion/rootstock) were created by self-grafting (NU/NU and DF/DF) and reciprocal inter-cultivar grafting (DF/NU and NU/DF). Un-grafted plants (ug-NU and ug-DF) served as controls. Following grafting, plants were grown for 26 or 21 days in a greenhouse. DF rootstocks decreased NU shoot dry mass (19-29%) and stem length (12%) compared to ug-NU in both trials, while dry root mass was reduced (28%) in the second trial. In contrast, NU rootstocks did not affect DF growth in the first trial but significantly decreased dry shoot (18%) and root (31%) mass, compared to ug-DF in the second. Concentration of most inorganic nutrients examined was affected by both rootstock and scion genotype. For NU scions, DF rootstocks resulted in significantly higher (5-29%) levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, and zinc in leaf tissue than ug-NU. For DF scions, NU rootstocks resulted in significantly higher (7-9%) levels of potassium and phosphorus but significantly lower (11-23%) levels of magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, and zinc when compared to ug-DF. Results of this study show that inter-cultivar grafting sweet basil using a more vigorous cultivar as a rootstock did not enhance the growth of a less vigorous scion and reduced concentrations of certain nutrients. However, grafting a vigorous scion to a less vigorous rootstock reduced shoot growth but generally increased nutrient concentrations. This suggests that changes in growth in grafted basil are not due to altered nutrient status. Further research is needed to determine specific physiological processes influencing grafted basil growth.
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Mauro RP, Pérez-Alfocea F, Cookson SJ, Ollat N, Vitale A. Editorial: Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Plant Rootstock- Scion Interactions. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:852518. [PMID: 35251115 PMCID: PMC8895300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Paolo Mauro
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francisco Pérez-Alfocea
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Sarah Jane Cookson
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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12
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Bantis F, Tsiolas G, Mouchtaropoulou E, Tsompanoglou I, Polidoros AN, Argiriou A, Koukounaras A. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis in Homo- and Hetero-Grafted Cucurbit Seedlings. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:691069. [PMID: 34777405 PMCID: PMC8582762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.691069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a valuable horticultural crop with nutritional benefits grown worldwide. It is almost exclusively cultivated as grafted scions onto interspecific squash rootstock (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata) to improve the growth and yield and to address the problems of soilborne diseases and abiotic stress factors. This study aimed to examine the effect of grafting (homo- and hetero-grafting) on the transcriptome level of the seedlings. Therefore, we compared homo-grafted watermelon (WW) with non-grafted watermelon control (W), homo-grafted squash (SS) with non-grafted squash control (S), hetero-grafted watermelon onto squash (WS) with SS, and WS with WW. Different numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in each comparison. In total, 318 significant DEGs were detected between the transcriptomes of hetero-grafts and homo-grafts at 16 h after grafting. Overall, a significantly higher number of downregulated transcripts was detected among the DEGs. Only one gene showing increased expression related to the cytokinin synthesis was common in three out of four comparisons involving WS, SS, and S. The highest number of differentially expressed (DE) transcripts (433) was detected in the comparison between SS and S, followed by the 127 transcripts between WW and W. The study provides a description of the transcriptomic nature of homo- and hetero-grafted early responses, while the results provide a start point for the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms and candidate genes for the functional analyses of hetero-graft and homo-graft systems in Cucurbitaceae and generally in the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Bantis
- School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Tsiolas
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Tsompanoglou
- School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexios N. Polidoros
- School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anagnostis Argiriou
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Greece
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13
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Partanen J, Häkkinen R, Sutinen S, Viherä-Aarnio A, Zhang R, Hänninen H. Endodormancy release in Norway spruce grafts representing trees of different ages. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:631-643. [PMID: 32031217 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies addressing endodormancy release in adult trees are usually carried out using twigs detached from the trees in the experiments. Potential problems caused by cutting the root-shoot connection when detaching the twigs can be avoided by using grafts as the experimental material. We studied the effects of chilling on the endodormancy release in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) grafts where twigs of 16-, 32- and 80-year-old trees were used as the scions. The grafts were first exposed to chilling in natural conditions and then samples of them were transferred at intervals to a regrowth test in forcing conditions in a greenhouse. The bud burst percentage, BB%, in the forcing conditions generally increased from zero to near 100% with increasing previous chilling accumulation from mid-October until mid-November, indicating that endodormancy was released in almost all of the grafts by mid-November. The days to bud burst, DBB, decreased in the forcing conditions with successively later transfers until the next spring. Neither BB% nor DBB was dependent on the age of the scion. However, in the early phase of ecodormancy release, the microscopic internal development of the buds was more advanced in the grafts representing the 16-year-old than in those representing the 32- or 80-year-old trees. In conclusion, our findings suggest that no major change in the environmental regulation of endodormancy release in Norway spruce takes place when the trees get older. Taken together with earlier findings with Norway spruce seedlings, our results suggest that regardless of the seedling or tree age, the chilling requirement of endodormancy release is met in late autumn. The implications of our findings for Norway spruce phenology under climatic warming and the limitations of our novel method of using grafts as a proxy of trees of different ages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Partanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Juntintie 154, FI-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland
| | - Risto Häkkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), PO Box: 2, FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirkka Sutinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anneli Viherä-Aarnio
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), PO Box: 2, FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Heikki Hänninen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
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14
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Kapazoglou A, Tani E, Avramidou EV, Abraham EM, Gerakari M, Megariti S, Doupis G, Doulis AG. Epigenetic Changes and Transcriptional Reprogramming Upon Woody Plant Grafting for Crop Sustainability in a Changing Environment. Front Plant Sci 2021; 11:613004. [PMID: 33510757 PMCID: PMC7835530 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.613004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant grafting is an ancient agricultural practice widely employed in crops such as woody fruit trees, grapes, and vegetables, in order to improve plant performance. Successful grafting requires the interaction of compatible scion and rootstock genotypes. This involves an intricate network of molecular mechanisms operating at the graft junction and associated with the development and the physiology of the scion, ultimately leading to improved agricultural characteristics such as fruit quality and increased tolerance/resistance to abiotic and biotic factors. Bidirectional transfer of molecular signals such as hormones, nutrients, proteins, and nucleic acids from the rootstock to the scion and vice versa have been well documented. In recent years, studies on rootstock-scion interactions have proposed the existence of an epigenetic component in grafting reactions. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and the action of small RNA molecules are known to modulate chromatin architecture, leading to gene expression changes and impacting cellular function. Mobile small RNAs (siRNAs) migrating across the graft union from the rootstock to the scion and vice versa mediate modifications in the DNA methylation pattern of the recipient partner, leading to altered chromatin structure and transcriptional reprogramming. Moreover, graft-induced DNA methylation changes and gene expression shifts in the scion have been associated with variations in graft performance. If these changes are heritable they can lead to stably altered phenotypes and affect important agricultural traits, making grafting an alternative to breeding for the production of superior plants with improved traits. However, most reviews on the molecular mechanisms underlying this process comprise studies related to vegetable grafting. In this review we will provide a comprehensive presentation of the current knowledge on the epigenetic changes and transcriptional reprogramming associated with the rootstock-scion interaction focusing on woody plant species, including the recent findings arising from the employment of advanced-omics technologies as well as transgrafting methodologies and their potential exploitation for generating superior quality grafts in woody species. Furthermore, will discuss graft-induced heritable epigenetic changes leading to novel plant phenotypes and their implication to woody crop improvement for yield, quality, and stress resilience, within the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliki Kapazoglou
- Department of Vitis, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture (IOSV), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter), Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tani
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia V. Avramidou
- Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, Athens, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter), Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni M. Abraham
- Laboratory of Range Science, Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Gerakari
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Megariti
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Doupis
- Department of Viticulture, Vegetable Crops, Floriculture and Plant Protection, Institute of Olive Tree, Sub-Tropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter) (fr. NAGREF), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Andreas G. Doulis
- Department of Viticulture, Vegetable Crops, Floriculture and Plant Protection, Institute of Olive Tree, Sub-Tropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter) (fr. NAGREF), Heraklion, Greece
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15
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Jupa R, Mészáros M, Plavcová L. Linking wood anatomy with growth vigour and susceptibility to alternate bearing in composite apple and pear trees. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2021; 23:172-183. [PMID: 32939929 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Excess vegetative growth and irregular fruit-bearing are often undesirable in horticultural practice. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these traits in fruit trees are not fully understood. Here, we tested if growth vigour and susceptibility of apple and pear trees to alternate fruit-bearing are associated with vascular anatomy. We examined anatomical traits related to water transport and nutrient storage in young woody shoots and roots of 15 different scion/rootstock cultivars of apple and pear trees. In addition, soil and leaf water potentials were measured across a drought period. We found a positive correlation between the mean vessel diameter of roots and the annual shoot length. Vigorously growing trees also maintained less negative midday leaf water potential during drought. Furthermore, we observed a close negative correlation between the proportions of total parenchyma in the shoots and the alternate bearing index. Based on anatomical proxies, our results suggest that xylem transport efficiency of rootstocks is linked to growth vigour of both apple and pear trees, while limited carbohydrate storage capacity of scions may be associated with increased susceptibility to alternate bearing. These findings can be useful for the breeding of new cultivars of commercially important fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jupa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - M Mészáros
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Hořice, Czech Republic
| | - L Plavcová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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16
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Reyes-Herrera PH, Muñoz-Baena L, Velásquez-Zapata V, Patiño L, Delgado-Paz OA, Díaz-Diez CA, Navas-Arboleda AA, Cortés AJ. Inheritance of Rootstock Effects in Avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:555071. [PMID: 33424874 PMCID: PMC7785968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.555071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is typically utilized to merge adapted seedling rootstocks with highly productive clonal scions. This process implies the interaction of multiple genomes to produce a unique tree phenotype. However, the interconnection of both genotypes obscures individual contributions to phenotypic variation (rootstock-mediated heritability), hampering tree breeding. Therefore, our goal was to quantify the inheritance of seedling rootstock effects on scion traits using avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass as a model fruit tree. We characterized 240 diverse rootstocks from 8 avocado cv. Hass orchards with similar management in three regions of the province of Antioquia, northwest Andes of Colombia, using 13 microsatellite markers simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Parallel to this, we recorded 20 phenotypic traits (including morphological, biomass/reproductive, and fruit yield and quality traits) in the scions for 3 years (2015-2017). Relatedness among rootstocks was inferred through the genetic markers and inputted in a "genetic prediction" model to calculate narrow-sense heritabilities (h 2) on scion traits. We used three different randomization tests to highlight traits with consistently significant heritability estimates. This strategy allowed us to capture five traits with significant heritability values that ranged from 0.33 to 0.45 and model fits (r) that oscillated between 0.58 and 0.73 across orchards. The results showed significance in the rootstock effects for four complex harvest and quality traits (i.e., total number of fruits, number of fruits with exportation quality, and number of fruits discarded because of low weight or thrips damage), whereas the only morphological trait that had a significant heritability value was overall trunk height (an emergent property of the rootstock-scion interaction). These findings suggest the inheritance of rootstock effects, beyond root phenotype, on a surprisingly wide spectrum of scion traits in "Hass" avocado. They also reinforce the utility of polymorphic SSRs for relatedness reconstruction and genetic prediction of complex traits. This research is, up to date, the most cohesive evidence of narrow-sense inheritance of rootstock effects in a tropical fruit tree crop. Ultimately, our work highlights the importance of considering the rootstock-scion interaction to broaden the genetic basis of fruit tree breeding programs while enhancing our understanding of the consequences of grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula H. Reyes-Herrera
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA)—CI Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Laura Muñoz-Baena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Valeria Velásquez-Zapata
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Interdepartmental Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Laura Patiño
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA)—CI La Selva, Rionegro, Colombia
| | - Oscar A. Delgado-Paz
- Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad Católica de Oriente—UCO, Rionegro, Antioquia
| | - Cipriano A. Díaz-Diez
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA)—CI La Selva, Rionegro, Colombia
| | | | - Andrés J. Cortés
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA)—CI La Selva, Rionegro, Colombia
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17
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Frey C, Acebes JL, Encina A, Álvarez R. Histological Changes Associated with the Graft Union Development in Tomato. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1479. [PMID: 33153061 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of grafting in horticultural crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), the structural changes that occur during the graft establishment are little understood. Using histological techniques, the present work examines the time course of changes on the anatomical structure of the graft junction in functional tomato homografts and compares it to that of heterografts and non-functional grafts. No apparent differences were detected between homo- and heterografts, showing similar tissue development. At 10 days after grafting, the cell walls of the scion and rootstock in the area of the graft junction were thicker than usual. Undifferentiated cells and new vascular tissue emerged from the pre-existing vasculature. Adventitious roots appeared mainly on the scion, arising from the pre-existing vasculature. At 20 days, more pronounced vascular tissue was visible, along with large areas showing vascular connection. At 210 days, vestiges of the changes undergone in graft development were still visible. Generally, non-functional grafts presented layers of necrotic remains and deposition of cell wall material in the cut edges, impeding the suitable scion-rootstock connection. Our results show that accurate changes in pre-existing vasculature and the cell walls of the adhesion line are crucial to the development of functional grafts.
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Gisbert-Mullor R, Ceccanti C, Gara Padilla Y, López-Galarza S, Calatayud Á, Conte G, Guidi L. Effect of Grafting on the Production, Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Nutritional Quality of Fruit from Pepper Landraces. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E501. [PMID: 32521712 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting is a widely utilized agronomical technique to improve yield, disease resistance, and quality of fruit and vegetables. This work aims to assess the effect of grafting and fruit ripening on the production, physico-chemical characteristics, and nutritional quality of fruit from Spanish local pepper landraces. Landraces "Cuerno," "Sueca," and "Valencia" were used as scions, and "NIBER®" as the rootstock. Two ripening stages of the fruits were sampled: green and red. Grafting improved the yield and marketable quality and did not negatively influence the physico-chemical and nutritional characteristics of the fruit. It was noteworthy that the bioactive compound contents and antioxidant capacity were more related to maturity stage and genotype, and red fruit had a higher antioxidant capacity than green fruit. However, in all the scions, grafting significantly enhanced lycopene content in both red and green fruit. Another important effect of grafting was the volatile compound composition evidenced by discriminant analyses, which was characterized for the first time in the fruit of these landraces. The rootstock and scion combination could be a way to improve not only the production, but also the fruit quality of peppers.
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Sun JS, Hu RY, Lv FL, Yang YF, Tang ZM, Zheng GS, Li JB, Tian H, Xu Y, Li SF. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Stem Secondary Growth of Grafted Rosa rugosa 'Rosea' Scion and R. multiflora 'Innermis' Rootstock. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E228. [PMID: 32098112 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafted plant is a chimeric organism formed by the connection of scion and rootstock through stems, so stem growth and development become one of the important factors to affect grafted plant state. However, information regarding the molecular responses of stems secondary growth after grafting is limited. A grafted Rosa plant, with R. rugosa 'Rosea' as the scion (Rr_scion) grafted onto R. multiflora 'Innermis' as the stock (Rm_stock), has been shown to significantly improve stem thickness. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of stem secondary growth in grafted plant, a genome-wide transcription analysis was performed using an RNA sequence (RNA-seq) method between the scion and rootstock. Comparing ungrafted R. rugosa 'Rosea' (Rr) and R. multiflora 'Innermis' (Rm) plants, there were much more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in Rr_scion (6887) than Rm_stock (229). Functional annotations revealed that DEGs in Rr_scion are involved in two Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways: the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction, whereas DEGs in Rm_stock were associated with starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. Moreover, different kinds of signal transduction-related DEGs, e.g., receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinases (RLKs), transcription factor (TF), and transporters, were identified and could affect the stem secondary growth of both the scion and rootstock. This work provided new information regarding the underlying molecular mechanism between scion and rootstock after grafting.
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20
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He J, Zhou J, Wan H, Zhuang X, Li H, Qin S, Lyu D. Rootstock- Scion Interaction Affects Cadmium Accumulation and Tolerance of Malus. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:1264. [PMID: 32922429 PMCID: PMC7457089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To understand the roles of Malus rootstock, scion, and their interaction in Cd accumulation and tolerance, four scion/rootstock combinations consisting of the apple cultivars "Hanfu" (HF) and "Fuji" (FJ) grafted onto M. baccata (Mb) or M. micromalus "qingzhoulinqin" (Mm) rootstocks differing in relative Cd tolerance were exposed either to 0 µM or 50 µM CdCl2 for 18 d. Cd accumulation and tolerance in grafted Malus plants varied within rootstock, scion, and rootstock-scion interaction. Cd-induced decreases in photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigment level, and biomass were lower for HF grafted onto Mb than those for HF grafted onto Mm. Reductions in growth and photosynthetic rate were always the lowest for HF/Mb. Cd concentration, bioconcentration factor (BCF), and translocation factor (Tf ) were always comparatively higher in HF and FJ grafted onto rootstock Mm than in HF and FJ grafted on Mb, respectively. When HF and FJ were grafted onto the same rootstock, the root Cd concentrations were always higher in HF than FJ, whereas the shoot Cd concentrations displayed the opposite trend. The shoot Cd concentrations and Tf were lower for HF/Mb than the other scion/rootstock combinations. Rootstock, scion, and rootstock-scion interaction also affected subcellular Cd distribution. Immobilization of Cd in the root cell walls may be a primary Cd mobility and toxicity reduction strategy in Malus. The rootstock and scion also had statistically significant influences on ROS level and antioxidant activity. Cd induced more severe oxidative stress in HF and FJ grafted onto Mm than it did in HF and FJ grafted onto Mb. Compared with FJ, HF had lower foliar O2 -, root H2O2, and root and leaf MDA levels, but higher ROS-scavenging capacity. The rootstock, scion, and rootstock-scion interaction affected the mRNA transcript levels of several genes involved in Cd uptake, transport, and detoxification including HA7, FRO2-like, NRAMP1, NRAMP3, HMA4, MT2, NAS1, and ABCC1. Hence, the responses of grafted Malus plants to Cd toxicity vary with rootstock, scion, and rootstock-scion interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali He
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
| | - Huixue Wan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhuang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huifeng Li
- Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai’an, China
| | - Sijun Qin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Sijun Qin,
| | - Deguo Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Ruiz M, Oustric J, Santini J, Morillon R. Synthetic Polyploidy in Grafted Crops. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:540894. [PMID: 33224156 PMCID: PMC7674608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.540894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polyploids have been extensively studied for breeding in the last decade. However, the use of such genotypes at the agronomical level is still limited. Polyploidization is known to modify certain plant phenotypes, while leaving most of the fundamental characteristics apparently untouched. For this reason, polyploid breeding can be very useful for improving specific traits of crop varieties, such as quality, yield, or environmental adaptation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that underlie polyploidy-induced novelty remain poorly understood. Ploidy-induced phenotypes might also include some undesired effects that need to be considered. In the case of grafted or composite crops, benefits can be provided both by the rootstock's adaptation to the soil conditions and by the scion's excellent yield and quality. Thus, grafted crops provide an extraordinary opportunity to exploit artificial polyploidy, as the effects can be independently applied and explored at the root and/or scion level, increasing the chances of finding successful combinations. The use of synthetic tetraploid (4x) rootstocks may enhance adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses in perennial crops such as apple or citrus. However, their use in commercial production is still very limited. Here, we will review the current and prospective use of artificial polyploidy for rootstock and scion improvement and the implications of their combination. The aim is to provide insight into the methods used to generate and select artificial polyploids and their limitations, the effects of polyploidy on crop phenotype (anatomy, function, quality, yield, and adaptation to stresses) and their potential agronomic relevance as scions or rootstocks in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Spain
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Julie Oustric
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corte, France
| | - Jérémie Santini
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corte, France
| | - Raphaël Morillon
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Equipe SEAPAG, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France - AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Raphaël Morillon,
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Sharma A, Zheng B. Molecular Responses during Plant Grafting and Its Regulation by Auxins, Cytokinins, and Gibberellins. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E397. [PMID: 31443419 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant grafting is an important horticulture technique used to produce a new plant after joining rootstock and scion. This is one of the most used techniques by horticulturists to enhance the quality and production of various crops. Grafting helps in improving the health of plants, their yield, and the quality of plant products, along with the enhancement of their postharvest life. The main process responsible for successful production of grafted plants is the connection of vascular tissues. This step determines the success rate of grafts and hence needs to be studied in detail. There are many factors that regulate the connection of scion and stock, and plant hormones are of special interest for researchers in the recent times. These phytohormones act as signaling molecules and have the capability of translocation across the graft union. Plant hormones, mainly auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, play a major role in the regulation of various key physiological processes occurring at the grafting site. In the current review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of graft development and the phytohormone-mediated regulation of the growth and development of graft union.
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Gabaston J, Leborgne C, Waffo-Teguo P, Valls J, Palos Pinto A, Richard T, Cluzet S, Mérillon JM. Wood and roots of major grapevine cultivars and rootstocks: A comparative analysis of stilbenes by UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS and NMR. Phytochem Anal 2019; 30:320-331. [PMID: 30644147 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Grapevine wood and roots are by-products obtained during vineyard management. This plentiful biomass is known to be rich in stilbenes and can be used as a source of high-value compounds as well as active natural extracts. However, the stilbenes in grapevine wood and roots from different cultivars and rootstocks remain to be characterized. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the stilbene content of eight major Vitis vinifera cultivars and six different rootstocks. In addition, the distribution of stilbenes was established for each of seven parts into which the plants were sub-divided. METHODOLOGY For stilbene characterization and quantification purposes, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS) analysis of different samples was carried out. Moreover, structural data of stilbenes was unambiguously studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. RESULTS Whatever the cultivar/rootstock combination, stilbenes were found to be oligomerized from the aerial part to the root system. Furthermore, stilbene content varied widely depending on the cultivars and rootstocks. For instance, the cultivars Merlot, Tannat and Gamay noir were the richest in stilbenes while the rootstocks Gravesac, Fercal and 3390C contained the highest amounts. CONCLUSION These findings provide insight into the knowledge that major grapevine cultivars and rootstocks can be used as a potential source of complex stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gabaston
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique - ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Cécile Leborgne
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique - ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Pierre Waffo-Teguo
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique - ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Josep Valls
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique - ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Antonio Palos Pinto
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique - ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Tristan Richard
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique - ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Cluzet
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique - ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mérillon
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique - ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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Zhou Y, Underhill SJR. Plasma membrane H + -ATPase activity and graft success of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) onto interspecific rootstocks of marang (A. odoratissimus) and pedalai (A. sericicarpus). Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2018; 20:978-985. [PMID: 30047203 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is primarily grown as a staple tree crop for food security in Oceania. Significant wind damage has driven interest in developing its dwarfing rootstocks. Due to the predominantly vegetative propagation of the species, grafting onto interspecific seedlings is an approach to identifying dwarfing rootstocks. However, grafting of breadfruit onto unrelated Artocarpus species has not been investigated. Here we first report the success of breadfruit grafting onto interspecific rootstocks, marang (A. odoratissimus) and pedalai (A. sericicarpus). To address the low graft survival, we investigated the relationship of plasma membrane (PM) H+ -ATPase activity to graft success. We provide the first evidence for a positive correlation between PM H+ -ATPase activity and graft survival. The graft unions of successful grafts had higher PM H+ -ATPase activity compared to those of failed grafts. Rootstocks with low PM H+ -ATPase activity in leaf microsomes before grafting had lower graft survival than those with high enzyme activity, with graft success of 10% versus 60% and 0% versus 30% for marang and pedalai rootstocks, respectively. There was a positive correlation between graft success and the PM H+ -ATPase activity measured from the rootstock stem microsomes 2 months after grafting [marang, r(7) = 0.9203, P = 0.0004; pedalai (r(7) = 0. 8820, P = 0.0017]. Removal of scion's own roots decreased the leaf PM H+ -ATPase activity of grafted plants regardless of the final graft outcome. Recovery of the enzyme activity was only found in the successful grafts. The function of PM H+ -ATPase in graft union development and graft success improvement is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | - S J R Underhill
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
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Ropokis A, Ntatsi G, Kittas C, Katsoulas N, Savvas D. Impact of Cultivar and Grafting on Nutrient and Water Uptake by Sweet Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Grown Hydroponically Under Mediterranean Climatic Conditions. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1244. [PMID: 30197653 PMCID: PMC6117410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In closed-cycle hydroponic systems (CHS), nutrients and water should be delivered to the plants at identical ratios to those they are removed via plant uptake, to avoid their depletion or accumulation in the root zone. For a particular plant species and developmental stage, the nutrient to water uptake ratios, henceforth termed "uptake concentrations" (UC), remain relatively constant over time under similar climatic conditions. Thus, the nutrient to water uptake ratios can be used as nutrient concentrations in the nutrient solution (NS) supplied to CHS to compensate for nutrient and water uptake by plants. In the present study, mean UC of macro- and micronutrients were determined during five developmental stages in different pepper cultivars grown in a closed hydroponic system by measuring the water uptake and the nutrient removal from the recirculating NS. The experiment was conducted in a heated glasshouse located in Athens Mediterranean environment and the tested cultivars were 'Orangery,' 'Bellisa,' 'Sondela,' 'Sammy,' self-grafted and 'Sammy' grafted onto the commercial rootstock 'RS10' (Capsicum annuum). 'Sondela' exhibited significantly higher NO3-, Mg2+, Ca2+ and B UC, while Bellisa exhibited higher K UC in comparison with all other cultivars. The UC of all nutrients were similar in the grafted and the non-grafted 'Sammy' plants, which indicates that this Capsicum annum rootstock does not modify the uptake of nutrients and water by the scion. The UC of macronutrients estimated in the present study (mmol L-1) ranged from 2.4 to 3.7 for Ca, 1.0 to 1.5 for Mg, 6.2 to 9.0 for K, 11.7 to 13.7 for N, and 0.7 to 1.1 for P. The UC of N, K, Ca, and Mg were appreciably higher than the corresponding values found in Dutch tomato glasshouse, while that of P was similar in both locations during the vegetative stage and higher in the present study thereafter. The UC of Fe, Zn and B tended to decrease with time, while that of Mn increased initially and subsequently decreased slightly during the reproductive developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ropokis
- Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Ntatsi
- Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization – ELGO DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantinos Kittas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Constructions and Environmental Control, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Katsoulas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Constructions and Environmental Control, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Savvas
- Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Killiny N, Valim MF, Jones SE, Hijaz F. Effect of different rootstocks on the leaf metabolite profile of 'Sugar Belle' mandarin hybrid. Plant Signal Behav 2018; 13:e1445934. [PMID: 29485923 PMCID: PMC5927713 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1445934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, citrus greening is threatening the citrus industry worldwide. So far, there is no effective cure for this destructive disease and management mainly depends on the control of Diaphorina citri vector using insecticides. Although the use of different rootstocks could increase citrus scions' tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, little work has been conducted to investigate the effect of rootstocks on citrus tolerance to citrus greening pathogen. In this study, we investigated the effect of rootstock on the metabolite profile of 'Sugar Belle' mandarin hybrid using gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The principle component analysis showed that the metabolite profiles of the 'Sugar Belle' mandarin hybrid on the three selected rootstocks were different from each other. These results indicated that rootstocks could affect the primary and secondary metabolites of citrus scions, and consequently could affect scion tolerance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Maria Filomena Valim
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Shelley E. Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Faraj Hijaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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Shaltiel-Harpaz L, Gerchman Y, Ibdah M, Kedoshim R, Rachmany D, Hatib K, Bar-Ya'akov I, Soroker V, Holland D. Grafting on resistant interstocks reduces scion susceptibility to pear psylla, Cacopsylla bidens. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:617-626. [PMID: 28967187 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pear psylla is a major obstacle to efficient integrated pest management in pear orchards in Israel and around the world. We used two accessions with natural resistance to pear psylla Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc) - Py.760-261 (760) and Py.701-202 (701), both apparently of Pyrus communis L. origin - as interstock grafts to confer psylla resistance to the commercially important 'Spadona Estiva' (Pyrus communis) scion (Spadona) cultivar. The interaction of the interstocks with quince (Cydonia oblong Mill.) and Pyrus betulifolia Bunge rootstocks was also tested. RESULTS Usage of Py.760-261 (760) and Py.701-202 (701) as interstocks for the psylla-sensitive Spadona resulted in a five-fold decrease in the C. bidens population, apparently as a consequence of antibiosis affecting nymph survival. Additionally, psylla survival was negatively correlated with the interstock length and amount of foliage. The yield and fruit quality of Spadona grafted on the '701' interstock equaled or even exceeded those of the control in fruit quantity, fruit size and soluble solids content, especially on P. betulifolia rootstock. CONCLUSION Susceptibility to pear psylla decreased significantly following grafting of commercial Spadona on resistant interstock. This is the first demonstration of increased resistance to pear psylla conferred by the use of resistant interstock in pear trees and among the few examples demonstrating transfer of resistance to insects from the interstock in fruit trees. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Shaltiel-Harpaz
- Migal Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | | | - Mwafaq Ibdah
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Rike Kedoshim
- Migal Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | | | - Kamel Hatib
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Irit Bar-Ya'akov
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Victoria Soroker
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Doron Holland
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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Nawaz MA, Imtiaz M, Kong Q, Cheng F, Ahmed W, Huang Y, Bie Z. Grafting: A Technique to Modify Ion Accumulation in Horticultural Crops. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1457. [PMID: 27818663 PMCID: PMC5073839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a centuries-old technique used in plants to obtain economic benefits. Grafting increases nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency in a number of plant species, including fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Selected rootstocks of the same species or close relatives are utilized in grafting. Rootstocks absorb more water and ions than self-rooted plants and transport these water and ions to the aboveground scion. Ion uptake is regulated by a complex communication mechanism between the scion and rootstock. Sugars, hormones, and miRNAs function as long-distance signaling molecules and regulate ion uptake and ion homeostasis by affecting the activity of ion transporters. This review summarizes available information on the effect of rootstock on nutrient uptake and utilization and the mechanisms involved. Information on specific nutrient-efficient rootstocks for different crops of commercial importance is also provided. Several other important approaches, such as interstocking (during double grafting), inarching, use of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, use of plant growth substances (e.g., auxin and melatonin), and use of genetically engineered rootstocks and scions (transgrafting), are highlighted; these approaches can be combined with grafting to enhance nutrient uptake and utilization in commercially important plant species. Whether the rootstock and scion affect each other's soil microbiota and their effect on the nutrient absorption of rootstocks remain largely unknown. Similarly, the physiological and molecular bases of grafting, crease formation, and incompatibility are not fully identified and require investigation. Grafting in horticultural crops can help reveal the basic biology of grafting, the reasons for incompatibility, sensing, and signaling of nutrients, ion uptake and transport, and the mechanism of heavy metal accumulation and restriction in rootstocks. Ion transporter and miRNA-regulated nutrient studies have focused on model and non-grafted plants, and information on grafted plants is limited. Such information will improve the development of nutrient-efficient rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Nawaz
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationWuhan, China
- Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University of SargodhaSargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qiusheng Kong
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationWuhan, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationWuhan, China
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- United States Agency for International Development (USDA) and Cultivating New Frontiers in Agriculture (CNFA)Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Huang
| | - Zhilong Bie
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationWuhan, China
- Zhilong Bie
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Koepke T, Dhingra A. Rootstock scion somatogenetic interactions in perennial composite plants. Plant Cell Rep 2013; 32:1321-37. [PMID: 23793453 PMCID: PMC4244527 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ancient plant production practice of grafting which instantly imparts new physiological properties to the desirable scion still remains shrouded in mystery. Yet, grafting remains a widely used technique in the production of several horticultural species. In a composite grafted plant, rootstocks control many aspects of scion growth and physiology including yield and quality attributes as well as biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Broadly, physical, physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms have been reviewed to develop an integrated understanding of this enigmatic process that challenges existing genetic paradigms. This review summarizes the reported mechanisms underlying some of the economically important traits and identifies several key points to consider when conducting rootstock scion interaction experiments. Study of the somatogenetic interactions between rootstock and scion is a field that is ripe for discovery and vast improvements in the coming decade. Further, utilization of rootstocks based on a better understanding of the somatogenetic interactions is highly relevant in the current agricultural environment where there is a need for sustainable production practices. Rootstocks may offer a non-transgenic approach to rapidly respond to the changing environment and expand agricultural production of annual and perennial crops where grafting is feasible in order to meet the global food, fiber and fuel demands of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Koepke
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, 149 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Amit Dhingra
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, 149 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Nisar N, Verma S, Pogson BJ, Cazzonelli CI. Inflorescence stem grafting made easy in Arabidopsis. Plant Methods 2012; 8:50. [PMID: 23249585 PMCID: PMC3567951 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant grafting techniques have deepened our understanding of the signals facilitating communication between the root and shoot, as well as between shoot and reproductive organs. Transmissible signalling molecules can include hormones, peptides, proteins and metabolites: some of which travel long distances to communicate stress, nutrient status, disease and developmental events. While hypocotyl micrografting techniques have been successfully established for Arabidopsis to explore root to shoot communications, inflorescence grafting in Arabidopsis has not been exploited to the same extent. Two different strategies (horizontal and wedge-style inflorescence grafting) have been developed to explore long distance signalling between the shoot and reproductive organs. We developed a robust wedge-cleft grafting method, with success rates greater than 87%, by developing better tissue contact between the stems from the inflorescence scion and rootstock. We describe how to perform a successful inflorescence stem graft that allows for reproducible translocation experiments into the physiological, developmental and molecular aspects of long distance signalling events that promote reproduction. RESULTS Wedge grafts of the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem were supported with silicone tubing and further sealed with parafilm to maintain the vascular flow of nutrients to the shoot and reproductive tissues. Nearly all (87%) grafted plants formed a strong union between the scion and rootstock. The success of grafting was scored using an inflorescence growth assay based upon the growth of primary stem. Repeated pruning produced new cauline tissues, healthy flowers and reproductive siliques, which indicates a healthy flow of nutrients from the rootstock. Removal of the silicone tubing showed a tightly fused wedge graft junction with callus proliferation. Histological staining of sections through the graft junction demonstrated the differentiation of newly formed vascular connections, parenchyma tissue and lignin accumulation, supporting the presumed success of the graft union between two sections of the primary inflorescence stem. CONCLUSIONS We describe a simple and reliable method for grafting sections of an Arabidopsis inflorescence stem. This step-by-step protocol facilitates laboratories without grafting experience to further explore the molecular and chemical signalling which coordinates communications between the shoot and reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Nisar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Shelley Verma
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Haroldsen VM, Szczerba MW, Aktas H, Lopez-Baltazar J, Odias MJ, Chi-Ham CL, Labavitch JM, Bennett AB, Powell ALT. Mobility of Transgenic Nucleic Acids and Proteins within Grafted Rootstocks for Agricultural Improvement. Front Plant Sci 2012; 3:39. [PMID: 22645583 PMCID: PMC3355758 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has been used in agriculture for over 2000 years. Disease resistance and environmental tolerance are highly beneficial traits that can be provided through use of grafting, although the mechanisms, in particular for resistance, have frequently been unknown. As information emerges that describes plant disease resistance mechanisms, the proteins, and nucleic acids that play a critical role in disease management can be expressed in genetically engineered (GE) plant lines. Utilizing transgrafting, the combination of a GE rootstock with a wild-type (WT) scion, or the reverse, has the potential to provide pest and pathogen resistance, impart biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, or increase plant vigor and productivity. Of central importance to these potential benefits is the question of to what extent nucleic acids and proteins are transmitted across a graft junction and whether the movement of these molecules will affect the efficacy of the transgrafting approach. Using a variety of specific examples, this review will report on the movement of organellar DNA, RNAs, and proteins across graft unions. Attention will be specifically drawn to the use of small RNAs and gene silencing within transgrafted plants, with a particular focus on pathogen resistance. The use of GE rootstocks or scions has the potential to extend the horticultural utility of grafting by combining this ancient technique with the molecular strategies of the modern era.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark W. Szczerba
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - Hakan Aktas
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Suleyman DemirelIsparta, Turkey
| | - Javier Lopez-Baltazar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
- Instituto Tecnologico del Valle de OaxacaOaxaca, Mexico
| | - Mar Joseph Odias
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | | | - John M. Labavitch
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - Alan B. Bennett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - Ann L. T. Powell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
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