Development of Green Methods for the Determination of Elemental Impurities in Commercial Pharmaceutical Tablets

Determination of Cl and S in crude oil by ICP-OES after sample digestion by microwave-induced combustion in disposable vessels

A simple, fast and promising sample preparation method based on microwave-induced combustion in disposable vessels (MIC-DV) was developed for Cl and S determination in crude oil by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The MIC-DV consists of a new approach of conventional microwave-induced combustion (MIC). For the combustion, crude oil was pipetted on a disk of filter paper and placed on a quartz holder, followed by the addition of igniter solution (40 μL of 10 mol L^-1 NH₄NO₃). The quartz holder was inserted into a commercial 50 mL disposable polypropylene vessel containing the absorbing solution, which was then inserted in an aluminium rotor. The combustion occurs under atmospheric pressure in a domestic microwave oven not compromising the operator's safety. The following parameters of combustion were evaluated: type, concentration and volume of absorbing solution, sample mass and the possibility of performing consecutive combustion cycles. Using MIC-DV, up to 10 mg of crude oil were efficiently digested, using 2.5 mL of ultrapure H₂O as absorbing solution. Moreover, up to 5 consecutive combustion cycles were possible without analyte losses, reaching a total sample mass of 50 mg. The MIC-DV method was validated according to Eurachem Guide recommendations. Results obtained for Cl and S by MIC-DV were in agreement with those obtained using conventional MIC, as well as those obtained for S in a certified reference material of crude oil (NIST 2721). Analyte spike recovery experiments were performed and recoveries at three concentration levels ranged from 99 to 101% for Cl and from 95 to 97% for S, indicating a good accuracy. The limit of quantification achieved by ICP-OES after MIC-DV were 73 and 50 μg g^-1 for Cl and S respectively, applying 5 consecutive combustion cycles.

Editorial: Nano- and Micro-Contaminants and Their Effect on the Humans and Environment

Nano- and ultra-fine materials have a significant influence on construction building materials, the environment, and human health [...]