1
|
Ulewicz M, Jura J, Zieliński A, Pietraszek J. The Application of Converter Sludge and Slag to Produce Ecological Cement Mortars. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4295. [PMID: 39274685 PMCID: PMC11396167 DOI: 10.3390/ma17174295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
The paper presents an analysis of the effective use of a mixture of steel sludge (S1) and slag (S2) from the converter process of steel production for the production of cement mortars. Metallurgical waste used in the research, which is currently deposited in waste landfills and heaps near plants, posing a threat to groundwater (possibility of leaching metal ions present in the waste), was used as a substitute for natural sand in the range of 0-20% by weight of cement (each). The obtained test results and their numerical analysis made it possible to determine the conditions for replacing part of the sand in cement mortars with a mixture of sludge and slag from a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) and to determine the effects of such modification. For the numerical analysis, a full quadratic Response Surface Model (RSM) was utilized for two controlled factors. This model was subsequently optimized through backward stepwise regression, ensuring the inclusion of only statistically significant components and verifying the consistency of residual distribution with the normal distribution (tested via Ryan-Joiner's test, p > 0.1). The designated material models are helpful in designing ecological cement mortars using difficult-to-recycle waste (i.e., sludge and converter slag), which is important for a circular economy. Mortars modified with a mixture of metallurgical waste (up to 20% each) are characterized by a slightly lower consistency, compressive and flexural strength, and water absorption. However, they show a lower decrease in mechanical strength after the freezing-thawing process (frost resistance) compared to control mortars. Mortars modified with metallurgical waste do not have a negative impact on the environment in terms of leaching heavy metal ions. The use of a mixture of sludge and steel slag in the amount of 40% (slag/sludge in a 20/20 ratio) allows you to save 200 kg of sand when producing 1 m3 of cement mortar (cost reduction by approx. EUR 5.1/Mg) and will also reduce the costs of the environmental fee for depositing waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Ulewicz
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Dabrowskiego 69 Street, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Jakub Jura
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Dabrowskiego 69 Street, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Adam Zieliński
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jacek Pietraszek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Al. Jana Pawla II 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qu W, Niu B, Lv C, Liu J. A Review of Sisal Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymers: Preparation, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2401. [PMID: 38792261 PMCID: PMC11123993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The early strength of geopolymers (GPs) and their composites is higher, and the hardening speed is faster than that of ordinary cementitious materials. Due to their wide source of raw materials, low energy consumption in the production process, and lower emissions of pollutants, they are considered to have the most potential to replace ordinary Portland cement. However, similar to other inorganic materials, the GPs themselves have weak flexural and tensile strength and are sensitive to micro-cracks. Improving the toughness of GP materials can be achieved by adding an appropriate amount of fiber materials into the matrix. The use of discrete staple fibers shows great potential in improving the toughness of GPs. Sisal is a natural fiber that is reproducible and easy to obtain. Due to its good mechanical properties, low cost, and low carbon energy usage, sisal fiber (SF) is a GP composite reinforcement with potential development. In this paper, the research progress on the effect of SF on the properties of GP composites in recent decades is reviewed. It mainly includes the chemical composition and physical properties of SFs, the preparation technology of sisal-reinforced geopolymers (SFRGs), the microstructure analysis of the interface of SFs and the GP matrix, and the macroscopic mechanical properties of SFRGs. The properties of SFs make them have good bonding properties with the GP matrix. The addition of SFs can improve the flexural strength and tensile strength of GP composites, and SFRGs have good engineering application prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Qu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (W.Q.); (B.N.)
| | - Bowen Niu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (W.Q.); (B.N.)
| | - Chun Lv
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (W.Q.); (B.N.)
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Light-Industry and Textile Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
- Engineering Research Center for Hemp and Product in Cold Region of Ministry of Education, Qiqihar 161006, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kehinde O, Hughes DJ, Amalu EH. Critical methods of geopolymer feedstocks activation for suitable industrial applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29771. [PMID: 38737286 PMCID: PMC11088278 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As health and safety issues emanating from human activities on terrestrial environment is becoming ever challenging, the production of Ordinary Portland Cement is identified as a key contributor. This technology threatens environmental quality by emitting significant quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2) that threatens Net Zero delivery. Consequently, the development of cement alternatives with substantial CO2 reduction/sequestration during production has become imperative. Geopolymers obtained from industrial residues are poised as promising alternatives in managing environmental systems but selection of appropriate method of activation has limited their wider industrial applications. This article discusses four key activation methods and their combinations used in four main feedstocks to advise on their energy requirements, product compressive strength and environmental/industrial applications. Reviewing and characterising 302 published literatures with focus on most relevant and recent advances in the field, this review found that hybrid techniques combining mechanical activation method produces geopolymers with the highest compressive strength and thus the best method. Geopolymer made by mechano-chemical activation method of slag achieved the highest compressive strength while geopolymer produced by microwave assisted activation of clay and ultrasonic activation of fly ash cum slag are most economical in curing energy demand. Hybrid activation is the current development in the field and integration of this method with mechanical activation is poised as the future geopolymer activation technology as it demonstrates greatest efficiency potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluyemi Kehinde
- Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - David J. Hughes
- Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Emeka H. Amalu
- Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lv C, He P, Pang G, Liu J. Effect of Wet-Dry Cycling on Properties of Natural-Cellulose-Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymers: A Short Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7189. [PMID: 37894666 PMCID: PMC10608933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the long-term properties of cement-based and geopolymer materials exposed to outdoor environments, wet-dry cycles are usually used to accelerate their aging. The wet-dry cycling can simulate the effects of environmental factors on the long-term properties of the composites under natural conditions. Nowadays, the long-term properties of geopolymer materials are studied increasingly deeply. Unlike cement-based materials, geopolymers have better long-term properties due to their high early strength, fast hardening rate, and wide range of raw material sources. At the same time, natural cellulose fibers (NCFs) have the characteristics of abundant raw materials, low price, low carbon, and environmental protection. The use of NCFs as reinforcements of geopolymer matrix materials meets the requirements of sustainable development. In this paper, the types and properties of NCFs commonly used for geopolymer reinforcement and the polymerization mechanism of geopolymer matrix materials are summarized. By analyzing the properties of natural-cellulose-fiber-reinforced geopolymers (NCFRGs) under non-wet-dry cycles and NCFRGs under wet-dry cycles, the factors affecting the long-term properties of NCFRGs under wet-dry cycles are identified. Meanwhile, the degradation mechanism and mechanical properties of NCFRG composites after wet-dry cycles are analyzed. In addition, the relationship between the properties of composites and the change of microstructure of fiber degradation is further analyzed according to the results of microscopic analysis. Finally, the effects of wet-dry cycles on the properties of fibers and geopolymers are obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lv
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Pengyi He
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Guowei Pang
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Light-Industry and Textile Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
- Engineering Research Center for Hemp and Product in Cold Region of Ministry of Education, Qiqihar 161006, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Supriya, Chaudhury R, Sharma U, Thapliyal P, Singh L. Low-CO2 emission strategies to achieve net zero target in cement sector. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2023; 417:137466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
|
6
|
Nicula LM, Manea DL, Simedru D, Cadar O, Dragomir ML, Ardelean I, Corbu O. Potential Role of GGBS and ACBFS Blast Furnace Slag at 90 Days for Application in Rigid Concrete Pavements. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5902. [PMID: 37687595 PMCID: PMC10488527 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating blast furnace slag into the composition of paving concrete can be one of the cost-effective ways to completely eliminate by-products from the pig iron production process (approximately 70% granulated slag and 30% air-cooled slag). The possibility to reintroduce blast furnace slag back into the life cycle will provide significant support to current environmental concerns and the clearance of tailings landfills. Especially in recent years, granulated and ground blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a substitute for cement and air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) aggregates as a substitute for natural aggregates in the composition of concretes have been studied by many researchers. But concrete compositions with large amounts of incorporated blast furnace slag affect the mechanical and durability properties through the interaction between the slag, cement and water depending on the curing times. This study focuses on identifying the optimal proportions of GGBS as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) and ACBFS aggregates as a substitute to natural sand such that the performance at 90 days of curing the concrete is similar to that of the control concrete. In addition, to minimize the costs associated with grinding GGBS, the hydration activity index (HAI) of the GGBS, the surface morphology, and the mineral components were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDX), and nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry (NMR). The flexural strength, the basic mechanical property of road concretes, increased from 28 to 90 days by 20.72% and 20.26% for the slag concrete but by 18.58% for the reference concrete. The composite with 15% GGBS and 25% ACBFS achieved results similar to the reference concrete at 90 days; therefore, they are considered optimal percentages to replace cement and natural sand in ecological pavement concretes. The HAI of the slag powder with a specific surface area equivalent to that of Portland cement fell into strength class 80 at the age of 28 days, but at the age of 90 days, the strength class was 100. The results of this research present three important benefits: the first is the protection of the environment through the recycling of two steel industry wastes that complies with European circular economy regulations, and the second is linked to the consequent savings in the disposal costs associated with wastefully occupied warehouses and the savings in slag grinding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Maria Nicula
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28, Memorandumului, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.L.M.); (M.L.D.)
- Faculty of Construction, Cadastre and Architecture, University of Oradea, 4, B.S. Delavrancea Street, 410058 Oradea, Romania
| | - Daniela Lucia Manea
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28, Memorandumului, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.L.M.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Dorina Simedru
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.S.); (O.C.)
| | - Oana Cadar
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.S.); (O.C.)
| | - Mihai Liviu Dragomir
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28, Memorandumului, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.L.M.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Ioan Ardelean
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28, Memorandum Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ofelia Corbu
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28, Memorandumului, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.L.M.); (M.L.D.)
- Research Institute for Construction Equipment and Technology, ICECON S.A. Bucharest, 266, Pantelimon Road, 2nd District, CP 3-33, 021652 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nicula LM, Manea DL, Simedru D, Cadar O, Becze A, Dragomir ML. The Influence of Blast Furnace Slag on Cement Concrete Road by Microstructure Characterization and Assessment of Physical-Mechanical Resistances at 150/480 Days. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093332. [PMID: 37176214 PMCID: PMC10179734 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The results presented in this paper on the appropriateness of using of blast furnace slag (BFS) in the composition of roads make an original contribution to the development of sustainable materials with the aim to reduce the carbon footprint and the consumption of natural resources. The novelty of this work consists of determining the optimal percentage of BSF in road concrete, in order to: increase mechanical resistances, reduce contractions in the hardening process, and ensure increased corrosion resistances, even superior to classic cement-based mixtures. Thus, the physical-mechanical characteristics and the microstructure of some road concretes were studied in the laboratory for three different recipes. We kept the same amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a substitute for Portland cement, respectively three percentages of 20%, 40%, 60% air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) and crushed as sand substitute from now on called S54/20, S54/40, S54/60. Drying shrinkage, mechanical resistances, carbonation-induced corrosion, microstructure characterization of hardened concretes, and degree of crystallinity by SEM and XRD measurements were analyzed after a longer curing period of 150/480 days. The obtained results on the three BSF mixtures indicated a reduction of drying shrinkage and implicitly increased the tensile resistance by bending to 150 days well above the level of the blank composition. The degree of crystallinity and the content of the majority phases of the mineralogical compounds, albites, quartz, and tobermorite out of the three BSF samples justifies the increase in the compressive strengths at the age of 480 days in comparison with the test samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction measurements showed the highest compactness and lowest portlandite crystal content for the S54/20 slag composite. Future research concerns are the realization of experimental sections in situ, the study of the influence of BFS on the elasticity module of road concrete, and the opportunity to use other green materials that can contribute to the reduction of the carbon footprint, keeping the physical and mechanical properties of road concrete at a high level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Maria Nicula
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28, Memorandumului Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Construction, Cadastre and Architecture, University of Oradea, 4, B.S. Delavrancea Street, 410058 Oradea, Romania
| | - Daniela Lucia Manea
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28, Memorandumului Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dorina Simedru
- INCDO-INOE2000, Subsidiary Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Cluj-Napoca, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Cadar
- INCDO-INOE2000, Subsidiary Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Cluj-Napoca, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Becze
- INCDO-INOE2000, Subsidiary Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Cluj-Napoca, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai Liviu Dragomir
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28, Memorandumului Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li B, Jian W, Zhang J, Wang B, Zhu D, Wang N. Research Progress and Discussion on Modified Cement-Based Borehole Sealing Materials for Mining. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13539-13550. [PMID: 37091402 PMCID: PMC10116528 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the concept of green mining develops, organic sealing materials are losing popularity in mining, yet the development of inorganic sealing materials for mining has become a research focus. The most common inorganic sealing materials are Portland cement (PC) and sulfate aluminate cement (SAC), but they fail to meet the performance requirements for sealing gas boreholes in complex coal seams due to their limitations. Thus, their performance needs to be modified. This study aims to explore and grasp the current development of inorganic modified cement-based materials from the perspective of improving the performance of cement-based materials of PC and SAC. First, the characteristics of the main hydration products of PC and SAC as well as the effects of these characteristics on their properties were analyzed. Next, the effects of additives such as admixtures, coagulant regulators, and nanomaterials on their properties including hydration properties, coagulation time, and strength were analyzed. Finally, the modification methods and mechanisms were discussed. It is proposed that the optimization of modification effects by various additives is of great practical significance for the development and application of modified PC and SAC in sealing gas boreholes in engineering practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School
of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan
Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Coal Work Safety and Clean High Efficiency Utilization, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
| | - Wang Jian
- School
of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan
Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- School
of Energy and Environment Engineering, Zhongyuan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 451191, China
- State
Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
- Key
Laboratory of Safety and High-efficiency Coal Mining, Ministry of Education (Anhui University of Science and Technology), Huainan, Anhui 232001, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School
of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan
Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
| | - Daohe Zhu
- School
of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan
Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- School
of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan
Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baskar P, Annadurai S, Sekar K, Prabakaran M. A Review on Fresh, Hardened, and Microstructural Properties of Fibre-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061484. [PMID: 36987261 PMCID: PMC10051752 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative eco-friendly and sustainable construction methods are being developed to address growing infrastructure demands, which is a promising field of study. The development of substitute concrete binders is required to alleviate the environmental consequences of Portland cement. Geopolymers are very promising low-carbon, cement-free composite materials with superior mechanical and serviceability properties, compared to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) based construction materials. These quasi-brittle inorganic composites, which employ an “alkali activating solution” as a binder agent and industrial waste with greater alumina and silica content as its base material, can have their ductility enhanced by utilising the proper reinforcing elements, ideally “fibres”. By analysing prior investigations, this paper explains and shows that Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete (FRGPC) possesses excellent thermal stability, low weight, and decreased shrinking properties. Thus, it is strongly predicted that fibre-reinforced geopolymers will innovate quickly. This research also discusses the history of FRGPC and its fresh and hardened properties. Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) absorption of moisture content and thermomechanical properties formed from Fly ash (FA), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), and Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3) solutions, as well as fibres, are evaluated experimentally and discussed. Additionally, extending fibre measures become advantageous by enhancing the instance’s long-term shrinking performance. Compared to non-fibrous composites, adding more fibre to the composite often strengthens its mechanical properties. The outcome of this review study demonstrates the mechanical features of FRGPC, including density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, as well as its microstructural properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabu Baskar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636 005, India
| | - Shalini Annadurai
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636 005, India
| | - Kaviya Sekar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636 005, India
| | - Mayakrishnan Prabakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alqarni AS, Albidah A, Abbas H, Almusallam T, Al-Salloum Y. Concrete Performance Produced Using Recycled Construction and By-Product Industrial Waste Coarse Aggregates. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8985. [PMID: 36556791 PMCID: PMC9781416 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Concrete is classified as a multi-composite material comprising three phases: coarse aggregate, mortar, and interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Fine and coarse aggregates occupy approximately 70-85% by volume, of which coarse aggregate typically constitutes more than two-thirds of the total quantity of aggregate by volume. The current study investigates the concrete performance produced using various recycled construction and by-product industrial waste coarse aggregates. Six types of coarse aggregates: manufactured limestone, quartzite, natural scoria, by-product industrial waste aggregate, and two sources of recycled concrete aggregates with densities ranging from 860 to 2300 kg/m3 and with different strength properties were studied. To determine the coarse aggregate contribution to the overall concrete performance, lean and rich concrete mixtures (Mix 1 and Mix 2) were used. Mix 1 (lean mixture) consisted of a ratio of water to cement (w/c) of 0.5 and cement content of 300 kg/m3, whereas a higher quantity of cement of 500 kg/m3 and a lower w/c ratio of 0.3 were used for Mix 2 (rich mixture). The results showed that while the compressive strength for different aggregate types in Mix 1 was comparable, the contribution of aggregate to concrete performance was very significant for Mix 2. Heavyweight aggregate produced the highest strength, while the lightweight and recycled aggregates resulted in lower mechanical properties compared to normal weight aggregates. The modulus of elasticity was also substantially affected by the coarse aggregate characteristics and even for Mix 1. The ACI 363R-92 and CSA A23.3-04 appeared to have the best model for predicting the modulus of elasticity, followed by the ACI-318-19 (density-based formula) and AS-3600-09. The density of coarse aggregate, and hence concrete, greatly influenced the mechanical properties of concrete. The water absorption percentage for the concrete produced from various types of aggregates was found to be higher for the aggregates of higher absorption capacity.
Collapse
|
11
|
AL-Kharabsheh BN, Arbili MM, Majdi A, Ahmad J, Deifalla AF, Hakamy A. A Review on Strength and Durability Properties of Wooden Ash Based Concrete. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15207282. [PMID: 36295347 PMCID: PMC9608956 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The partial replacement of cement in concrete with other building materials has come to light because of research on industrial waste and sustainable building practices. Concrete is made more affordable by using such components, and it also helps to ease disposal worries. Ash made by burning wood and other wood products is one example of such a substance. Many researchers focused on the utilization of wooden ash (WA) as a construction material. However, information is scattered, and no one can easily judge the impact of WA on concrete properties which restrict its use. Therefore, a details review is required which collect the past and current progress on WA as a construction material. relevant information. This review aims to collect all the relevant information including the general back of WA, physical and chemical aspects of WA, the impact of WA on concrete fresh properties, strength properties, and durability aspects in addition to microstructure analysis. The results indicate the WA decreased the slump and increased the setting time. Strength and durability properties improved with the substitution of WA due to pozzolanic reaction and micro-filling effects. However, the optimum dose is important. Different research recommends different optimum doses depending on source mix design etc. However, the majority of researcher suggests a 10% optimum substitution of WA. The review also concludes that, although WA has the potential to be used as a concrete ingredient but less researchers focused on WA as compared to other waste materials such as fly ash and silica fume etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Moafak Arbili
- Department of Information Technology, Choman Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Ali Majdi
- Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Iraq
| | - Jawad Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Sub Campus of National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Farouk Deifalla
- Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt
| | - A. Hakamy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Qaidi S, Najm HM, Abed SM, Ahmed HU, Al Dughaishi H, Al Lawati J, Sabri MM, Alkhatib F, Milad A. Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Composites: A Review of the Compressive Strength and Microstructure Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15207098. [PMID: 36295166 PMCID: PMC9605405 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Geopolymer (GP) concrete is a novel construction material that can be used in place of traditional Portland cement (PC) concrete to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and effectively manage industrial waste. Fly ash (FA) has long been utilized as a key constituent in GPs, and GP technology provides an environmentally benign alternative to FA utilization. As a result, a thorough examination of GP concrete manufactured using FA as a precursor (FA-GP concrete) and employed as a replacement for conventional concrete has become crucial. According to the findings of current investigations, FA-GP concrete has equal or superior mechanical and physical characteristics compared to PC concrete. This article reviews the clean production, mix design, compressive strength (CS), and microstructure (Ms) analyses of the FA-GP concrete to collect and publish the most recent information and data on FA-GP concrete. In addition, this paper shall attempt to develop a comprehensive database based on the previous research study that expounds on the impact of substantial aspects such as physio-chemical characteristics of precursors, mixes, curing, additives, and chemical activation on the CS of FA-GP concrete. The purpose of this work is to give viewers a greater knowledge of the consequences and uses of using FA as a precursor to making effective GP concrete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaker Qaidi
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Duhok 42001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Hadee Mohammed Najm
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zakir Husain Engineering College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Suhad M. Abed
- Department of Highways & Airports Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Diyala, Diyala 32001, Iraq
| | - Hemn U. Ahmed
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah 16278, Iraq
| | - Husam Al Dughaishi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P C 616, Ad-Dakhiliyah P.O. Box 33, Oman
| | - Jawad Al Lawati
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P C 616, Ad-Dakhiliyah P.O. Box 33, Oman
| | - Mohanad Muayad Sabri
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Fadi Alkhatib
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat 86400, Malaysia
| | - Abdalrhman Milad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P C 616, Ad-Dakhiliyah P.O. Box 33, Oman
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qaidi S, Najm HM, Abed SM, Özkılıç YO, Al Dughaishi H, Alosta M, Sabri MMS, Alkhatib F, Milad A. Concrete Containing Waste Glass as an Environmentally Friendly Aggregate: A Review on Fresh and Mechanical Characteristics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15186222. [PMID: 36143534 PMCID: PMC9501624 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The safe disposal of an enormous amount of waste glass (WG) in several countries has become a severe environmental issue. In contrast, concrete production consumes a large amount of natural resources and contributes to environmental greenhouse gas emissions. It is widely known that many kinds of waste may be utilized rather than raw materials in the field of construction materials. However, for the wide use of waste in building construction, it is necessary to ensure that the characteristics of the resulting building materials are appropriate. Recycled glass waste is one of the most attractive waste materials that can be used to create sustainable concrete compounds. Therefore, researchers focus on the production of concrete and cement mortar by utilizing waste glass as an aggregate or as a pozzolanic material. In this article, the literature discussing the use of recycled glass waste in concrete as a partial or complete replacement for aggregates has been reviewed by focusing on the effect of recycled glass waste on the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaker Qaidi
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Hadee Mohammed Najm
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zakir Husain Engineering College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Suhad M. Abed
- Department of Highways & Airports Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Diyala, Baqubah 32001, Iraq
| | - Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42000, Turkey
| | - Husam Al Dughaishi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Moad Alosta
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | | | - Fadi Alkhatib
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Parit Raja 86400, Malaysia
| | - Abdalrhman Milad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (H.M.N.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|