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Sulaiman MA, Kumari A. Unveiling the Rising Threat of Cadmium Pollution and Alarming Health Risks Associated with the Consumption of 15 Commercially Important Fish Species in the Middle Stretch of River Ganga, at Patna, India. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04164-x. [PMID: 38607526 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Among environmental contaminants, the rising level of cadmium in freshwater ecosystems is one of the most significant global concerns. The study addresses the current pollution status of cadmium in the middle stretch of River Ganga and explores the potential hazard associated with the consumption of 15 commercially important fish species by the inhabitants. Together 72 water and sediment samples were analyzed from the four representative sampling sites of River Ganga after the surveillance of major anthropogenic stressors. The concentration of cadmium ranges from 0.003 to 0.011 mg/l and 0.2 to 3.48 mg/kg in water and sediment respectively in 2022. The average concentration of cadmium was recorded to be the highest in Channa punctatus (1.35 mg/kg), followed by Rita rita = Johnius coitor (1.15 mg/kg), and the lowest in Labeo bata (0.2 mg/kg). The finding highlights greater exposure duration and feeding preferences of fish species have played a significant role in the bioaccumulation of the metal in the riverine system. Notably, the domestic effluents, agricultural runoffs, and pollutants brought along by the tributaries of River Ganga are identified as the main anthropogenic stressors for the moderate to considerably polluted status of the River Ganga. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) have revealed a higher susceptibility to cadmium contamination in children followed by females, and males. In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) has noted intake of Rita rita, Channa punctata, Puntius sophore, and Johnius coitor could be more detrimental to children's health than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anupma Kumari
- Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, 800005, India.
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Khalil MM, Aboueldahab SM, Abdel-Raheem KHM, Ahmed M, Ahmed MS, Abdelhady AA. Mixed agricultural, industrial, and domestic drainage water discharge poses a massive strain on freshwater ecosystems: a case from the Nile River in Upper Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:122642-122662. [PMID: 37973780 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal and pesticide pollution of freshwater ecosystems, i.e., rivers, raises significant concerns worldwide, where practical solutions to reduce the threats become urgent need. Heavy metals and pesticides are top of the list of environmental toxicants endangering nature; therefore, pesticides and heavy metals were measured at 10 stations along the Al-Zennar agricultural drain and the Nile River at Assiut city in Upper Egypt, to assess potential negative impact on the water/sediment's quality. The sediment of the streambed is a sink for pesticides and heavy metals, where both water and sediments have higher contamination factor (CF) for Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn. In addition, the Nile water is highly contaminated by PCBs. The distance to the point source and hydrodynamics (flow rate and stream gradient) has major influences in pollutant concentrations as indicated by regression models. Dilution effect and rapid sedimentation may comment on the lower concentrations of the pollutants in the Nile comparatively to the drain and on the water comparatively to the sediments. The physiochemistry of the stations has minor effect on the metal/pesticide concentration, where the variable importance of projection (VIP) of the partial least square model indicated that total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), SO42-, and BOD/TOC/COD are the main contributors to the metal/pesticide concentration. Concentrations were not correlated between water and sediment suggesting a historical accumulation in sediments and temporal variation in the pollution load in the Al-Zennar drain. Bray-Curtis clustering confirmed that heavy metals have the same anthropogenic source in contrast to natural source of both Mn and Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Khalil
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Al-Minya, 61519, Egypt.
| | - Sherif M Aboueldahab
- Environmental Quality Management, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Mohamed S Ahmed
- Geology and Geophysics Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Abdelhady
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Al-Minya, 61519, Egypt
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Liao J, Wang T, Gui J, Zhang H, Huang C, Song X, Zhang S. Ecological Risk Assessment and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Soils from Shiyang River Watershed in Northwest China. TOXICS 2023; 11:825. [PMID: 37888676 PMCID: PMC10610615 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Shiyang River Watershed is an important ecological barrier and agricultural production area in Northwest China, and the study of soil heavy metal content, distribution, and sources is important for agricultural product safety, pollution control, and ecosystem health. In this paper, 140 soil samples were collected from 28 stations to assess the level of heavy metal (Arsenic (As), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn)) contamination, pollutant sources and influencing factors of soil in Shiyang River Watershed through determination of the metal contents and statistical analysis. The results indicated that the soils in the study area are typical saline soils in arid zones. The enrichment factors (EF) of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb indicate no contamination, and the EFs of Cd and Hg suggested minor contamination. Although the concentrations of Cd and Hg in soil are lower than others, they are more biotoxic and exhibit a moderate-high ecological risk. The index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) values reflect that most of the stations, especially the three groups of samples from depths of 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-80 cm, are below the contamination threshold for all heavy metals. The chemical speciation of heavy metals, principal component analysis, and correlation analysis showed that Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn mainly come from the natural accumulation upon weathering of soil-forming matrices. Hg and As mainly come from anthropogenic contributions. The effect of agricultural crop cultivation on soil heavy metal contamination is mainly through farm irrigation and crop-soil interactions, which accelerate the release of heavy metals through the weathering of soil-forming parent material and irrigation, which transports the heavy metals below the surface. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the involved authorities to formulate reasonable policies on environmental protection and pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liao
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (T.W.); (C.H.); (X.S.); (S.Z.)
- Gansu Salinization Field Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (T.W.); (C.H.); (X.S.); (S.Z.)
- Gansu Salinization Field Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianhua Gui
- Gulang County Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Wuwei 733199, China;
| | - Hengping Zhang
- Gansu Qilian Mountain National Nature Reserve Management and Protection Center Haxi Nature Reserve Station, Wuwei 733200, China
| | - Cuihua Huang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (T.W.); (C.H.); (X.S.); (S.Z.)
- Gansu Salinization Field Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiang Song
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (T.W.); (C.H.); (X.S.); (S.Z.)
- Gansu Salinization Field Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shengyin Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (T.W.); (C.H.); (X.S.); (S.Z.)
- Gansu Salinization Field Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Abdel-Tawwab M, Khalil RH, Abo Selema TAM, Elsamanooudy SI, El-Werwary SOM, Shady SHH, Monier MN, Ismaiel MMS. Dietary Chlorella vulgaris effectively alleviates oxidative stress, immunosuppression, and enhances the resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae infection in cadmium-intoxicated Nile tilapia fingerlings. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108717. [PMID: 37004894 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic pollutants, including cadmium (Cd), cause oxidative stress on aquatic animals. The use of probiotics, including microalgae as a feed additive to alleviate the toxic impacts of heavy metals, is a much more interesting point. Hence, the current study investigated the oxidative stress and immunosuppression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings caused by Cd toxicity as well as the preventive function of dietary Chlorella vulgaris against Cd toxicity. Accordingly, fish were fed on 0.0 (control), 5, and 15 g/kg diet of Chlorella up to satiation thrice a day, along with being exposed to 0.0 or 2.5 mg Cd/L for 60 days. Following the experimental procedure, fish from each group were intraperitoneally injected with Streptococcus agalactiae, and their survivability was observed for further ten days. Chlorella-supplemented diets meaningfully (P < 0.05) boosted the antioxidative capability of fish, which was evidenced by higher activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as well as higher levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) along with significant reductions in hepatic malondialdehyde levels. Moreover, the innate immunity indices [phagocytic activity (PA), respiratory burst activity (RBA), and alternative complement activity (ACH50)] were significantly higher in Chlorella-fed fish, particularly in the group of 15 g/kg diet. Additionally, serum of Chlorella-fed fish showed potent bactericidal activities against S. agalactiae, particularly at the treatment of a 15 g/kg diet. Feeding Chlorella diets to Nile tilapia fingerlings upregulated SOD, CAT, and GPx genes expression alongside the down-regulation of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and HSP70 genes expression. Conversely, Cd toxicity caused oxidative stress and suppressed the fish's innate immunity with upregulation of the expression of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and HSP70 genes. Feeding Cd-exposed fish on Chlorella-containing diets attenuated these adverse effects. The current research revealed that supplementing feeds with the treatment of 15 g/kg diet of C. vulgaris supports the antioxidant-immune responses and alleviates the Cd toxicity effects on Nile tilapia fingerlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, 44662, Egypt.
| | - Riad H Khalil
- Department of Poultry and Fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Talal A M Abo Selema
- Department of Poultry and Fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Salma I Elsamanooudy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Suzan O M El-Werwary
- Department of Fish Hatching and Physiology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, 44662, Egypt.
| | - Sherien H H Shady
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, 44662, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed N Monier
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, 44662, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa M S Ismaiel
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharqia, 44519, Egypt.
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Sadia M, Khan J, Khan R, Kamran AW, Zahoor M, Ullah R, Bari A, Ali EA. Rapid Detection of Cd 2+ Ions in the Aqueous Medium Using a Highly Sensitive and Selective Turn-On Fluorescent Chemosensor. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083635. [PMID: 37110866 PMCID: PMC10143290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel optical chemosensor, (CM1 = 2, 6-di((E)-benzylidene)-4-methylcyclohexan-1-one), was designed/synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The experimental observations indicated that CM1 is an efficient and selective chemosensor towards Cd2+, even in the presence of other metal ions, such as Mn2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ce3+, K+, Hg2+,, and Zn2+ in the aqueous medium. The newly synthesized chemosensor, CM1, showed a significant change in the fluorescence emission spectrum upon coordination with Cd2+. The formation of the Cd2+ complex with CM1 was confirmed from the fluorometric response. The 1:2 combination of Cd2+ with CM1 was found optimum for the desired optical properties, which was confirmed through fluorescent titration, Job's plot, and DFT calculation. Moreover, CM1 showed high sensitivity towards Cd2+ with a very low detection limit (19.25 nM). Additionally, the CM1 was recovered and recycled by the addition of EDTA solution that combines with Cd2+ ion and, hence, frees up the chemosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sadia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Jehangir Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University Seoul, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
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Sakan S, Mihajlidi-Zelić A, Ašković K, Sakan N, Trifunović S, Đorđević D. The significance of applying different factors for the evaluation of sediment contamination by toxic elements and estimation of the ecological risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:53461-53477. [PMID: 36854944 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The optimized three-step sequential extraction procedure for the fractionation of micro- and macroelements, was conducted to determine fractional characteristics of PTEs (potentially toxic elements) in surface sediments of rivers in the Vlasina watershed. The sequential extraction results, which enable the evaluation of mobility of the studied elements, have indicated that Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, and As can be considered slightly mobile, whereas Pb, Mn, Cd, and Co were regarded as possibly mobile elements. Lead was dominantly bounded (specifically adsorbed or co-precipitated) to iron and manganese oxides (up to 80%) and may be released by reduction. Since the content of the exchangeable fraction (F1) is an indicator for anthropogenic impact on the aquatic environment, a low percentage (0-8%) of studied toxic elements in this fraction indicated that these elements have lithogenic origin in most sampling locations in the area of study. Except for Pb, the substantial positive correlations between Al and other elements showed that studied elements came primarily from terrigenous sources. Although the values obtained for the risk assessment code (RAC) indicated a slightly increased mobility of some elements (up to 22.44%), the values of the modified risk assessment code (mRAC), which include toxic effects on the environment, showed there is no danger of pollution by studied elements (all values were < 1%). Our recommendation is to use mRAC instead of RAC in ecochemical studies and assessment of the degree of sediment and soil pollution, because mRAC includes toxic effects of elements. Based on ATI values, river sediments show no toxic to a low toxic degree. Even though obtained results indicate that there was no considerable risk for river water contamination, the ecological risk for Fe and Pb should be monitored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Sakan
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Mihajlidi-Zelić
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ksenija Ašković
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Sakan
- Institute of Physics, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Trifunović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Đorđević
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
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Detection of Cd2+ in Aqueous Solution by the Fluorescent Probe of CdSe/CdS QDs Based on OFF–ON Mode. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070367. [PMID: 35878272 PMCID: PMC9319136 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The detection of heavy metals in aqueous solutions has always attracted much attention from all over the world. A fluorescent probe of CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots (QDs) was designed to detect trace Cd2+ in aqueous solutions using the OFF–ON mode rapidly and efficiently, likely based on adsorption and desorption reactions between ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) and CdSe/CdS QDs. In the OFF mode, the optical shielding function of EDTA results in fluorescence quenching owing to the strong adsorption ability of EDTA with Cd2+ on the sites of CdSe/CdS QDs surface. In the ON mode, the introduction of Cd2+ promotes the desorption of EDTA from the EDTA-CdSe/CdS QDs and restores the fluorescence intensity. There were two linear response ranges which were 0.1–20 µmol/L and 20–90 µmol/L for the EDTA-CdSe/CdS system to detect Cd2+. The detection limit was 6 nmol/L, and the standard deviation was below 4% for the detection of Cd2+ concentration in tap water.
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