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Jurowski K, Krośniak M. The Toxicological Risk Assessment (TRA) of Total Chromium Impurities in Menthae piperitae tinctura (Mentha x piperita L., folium) Available in Polish Pharmacies Including Regulatory Approaches with Special Emphasis of Cr Speciation and Genotoxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:3060-3068. [PMID: 35902513 PMCID: PMC10073164 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chromium is pharmacologically active and is not an essential element but is still very intriguing and demanding from the point of view of toxicological risk assessment. Especially as an elemental impurity in final pharmaceuticals. The aim of this article is toxicological risk assessment (TRA) of total Cr impurities in Menthae piperitae tinctura (Mentha x piperita L., folium) available in Polish pharmacies including triple approach. Obtained raw/basal results shows that impurities of total Cr impurities were present in all investigated pharmaceutical with Mentha x piperita L., folium. but at a relatively low level (in the range: 0.39-2.14 µg/L). The regulatory strategy based on the ICH Q3D (R1) elemental impurities guidelines confirms that all the requirements of the analyzed products meet the European Medicine Agency (EMA) requirements. Obtained results obtained show that the estimated maximum daily exposure to Cr (ng/day) are variable between the samples (0.521-3.792 ng/day), but at a relatively low level (< 4.0 ng/day).The final step confirms the safety of analyzed pharmaceuticals, because the comparison of the estimated results with the oral PDE value for Cr in final drugs suggested by the ICH Q3D guideline (10,700 µg/day) show that all the products are below this value. The approach based on the margin of exposure (MoE) for children and adults also confirms the safety of all the products with Mentha x piperita L., (in all cases MoE > > 10 000). It can be concluded that all the samples analyzed should not represent any health hazard to patients due to Cr impurities. To our knowledge, this is the first study about application of comprehensive TRA of total Cr impurities in phytopharmaceuticals with Mentha x piperita L., folium available in European pharmacies. Additionally, we confirm the safety of Cr impurities by applying triple regulatory strategy without the application of an expansive and demanding HPLC-ICP-MS technique for Cr speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Jurowski
- Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Krośniak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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Ahmadi S, Botton J, Zoumenou R, Ayotte P, Fievet N, Massougbodji A, Alao MJ, Cot M, Glorennec P, Bodeau-Livinec F. Lead Exposure in Infancy and Subsequent Growth in Beninese Children. TOXICS 2022; 10:595. [PMID: 36287875 PMCID: PMC9609716 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that elevated postnatal blood lead levels (BLLs) are negatively associated with child growth. This study aimed to investigate the associations of childhood BLLs at age one year and growth outcomes at age six years (n = 661) in a cohort of children in Allada, Benin. The growth outcomes studied are weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), BMI-for-age Z-score (BMIZ), weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ), head circumference (HC), growth velocities, underweight, stunting, and wasting. Multivariable regression models examined the associations between BLLs and growth outcomes, with adjustment for potential confounders. The geometric mean BLLs was 59.3 μg/L and 82% of children had BLLs >35 μg/L at the age of 12.8 months. After adjusting for confounding factors, no overall association was found between BLL quartiles and HAZ, WAZ, BMIZ, WHZ, growth velocities, wasting, and underweight. However, boys in the highest quartile had a 1.02 cm lower HC (95% CI: [−1.81, −0.24]) as compared to the lowest quartile. Furthermore, an increased odds of being stunted was observed in children in the highest quartile of exposure compared to the first (OR: 2.43; 95% CI: [1.11−5.33]) which remained statistically significant only among girls in sex-specific strata. Blood lead was found to be associated with an increased risk of childhood stunting and a lower head circumference in a resource-limited setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukrullah Ahmadi
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics/CRESS, Université de Paris, INSERM, INRA, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Botton
- EPI-PHARE, Epidemiology of Health Products, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris-Sud, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Roméo Zoumenou
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris Descartes Université, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval and Centre de toxicologie du Québec, INSPQ, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Nadine Fievet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris Descartes Université, 75004 Paris, France
| | | | - Maroufou Jules Alao
- Paediatric Department, Mother and Child University and Hospital Center (CHU-MEL), Cotonou 01 BP 107, Benin
| | - Michel Cot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris Descartes Université, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Florence Bodeau-Livinec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
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Shallan AI, Abdel-Hakim A, Hammad MA, Abou El-Alamin MM. Spectrofluorimetric determination of selected genotoxic impurities in pharmaceutical raw materials and final products. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15319. [PMID: 36097190 PMCID: PMC9467988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A green spectrofluorimetric method was introduced for the determination of selected genotoxic impurities; 2-aminopyridine and 3-aminopyridine in different pharmaceutical raw materials and dosage forms. The method relied on the native fluorescence of these impurities in acidic medium. The experimental conditions were carefully studied and optimized, and the method was validated according to International Council on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The linear range for both analytes was 2.50–100 ng/mL with good determination coefficients of 0.9995 and 0.9992 and detection limits of 0.62 ng/mL and 0.74 ng/mL for 2-aminopyridine and 3-aminopyridine, respectively. The method was successfully applied for determination of 2-aminopyridine and 3-aminopyridine in four active pharmaceutical ingredients and nine dosage forms with satisfactory percentage recoveries and without interference from co-formulated excipients. Analytical performance of the proposed method was comparable to that of the reported methods; hence, the proposed method can be used as a simple and low-cost alternative in quality control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa I Shallan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Ali Abdel-Hakim
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Hammad
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897, Egypt
| | - Maha M Abou El-Alamin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
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