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Imsilp K, Tanhan P, Lansubsakul N, Thong-Asa W. Oxidative response to cadmium and lead accumulations in the tissues of blue swimming crabs Portunus pelagicus from the Trang Province coastline, Southern Thailand. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2024. [PMID: 39152670 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metals have been reported to alter the oxidative status of both redox-active and redox-inactive metals accompanying oxidative stress induction. In aquatic ecosystems, metal contamination is regarded as serious pollutants and bioaccumulation, especially when aquatic seafood products are involved, which results in human risk. The blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus is a highly popular crab species for consumption as seafood in Thailand. The meat parts and the hepatopancreas (HP) together with gonad are consumed and in high demand. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) along with tissue oxidative responses in P. pelagicus. METHODS Sixty-seven samples of P. pelagicus were obtained from small-scale fishers along the coastline of Trang Province. Bioaccumulation of Cd and Pb and oxidative response in gill, muscle, and HP + gonad were evaluated. RESULT Cadmium and Pb accumulation levels were highest in the HP and gonad, followed by the gill and then muscle, indicating that Cd and Pb have a high affinity to be concentrated in the HP and gonad. An organ-specific oxidative response to Cd and Pb accumulation was demonstrated in which Cd significantly activated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the gills and muscle tissue, while Pb significantly activated the SOD activity only in the HP and gonad. Only Cd accumulation in gill tissue represented a significant activation of lipid peroxidation, as indicated by the malondialdehyde level. CONCLUSION This study implied that P. pelagicus exhibits an "adaptive stage" in the oxidative response of tissue due to metal accumulation. Additionally, the data presented here further indicate that the consumption of only the meat parts and removal of the HP and gonad would reduce human exposure to metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanjana Imsilp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phanwimol Tanhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Niyada Lansubsakul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wachiryah Thong-Asa
- Animal Toxicology and Physiology Specialty Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Taghavi M, Shadboorestan A, Kalankesh LR, Mohammadi-Bardbori A, Ghaffari HR, Safa O, Farshidfar G, Omidi M. Health risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity in the aquatic environment of the Persian Gulf. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116360. [PMID: 38636344 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the potential health risks linked to four heavy metals/metalloids (Pb, Cd, As, Hg) present in four commercially important fish species (Scombromorus commerson, Pseudorhombus elevatus, Thunnus tonggol and Otolithes ruber) in the Persian Gulf. Metals in fish muscle tissue were analyzed via ICP-MS. The analysis revealed that Scombromorus commerson (except for Pb) and Thunnus tonggol (except for As) exhibited the highest and lowest contamination levels, respectively. The Hazard Index findings highlighted arsenic and mercury as the most hazardous elements. However, the Target Hazard Quotient values for each metal and fish species remained within safe thresholds. The highest and lowest Total Carcinogenic Risk was concerning Pseudorhombus elevates (As: 7.41-E05), and Thunnus thonggol (Pb: 3.21-E07), respectively. TCR analysis suggests that the cancer risk of studied metals was below the negligible level (TCR < 10-6) or within the acceptable level (10-6 < TCR < 10-4), potentially not posing carcinogenic risks through extended consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Taghavi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Amir Shadboorestan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laleh R Kalankesh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Afshin Mohammadi-Bardbori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Ghaffari
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Omid Safa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Farshidfar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Omidi
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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Tanhan P, Imsilp K, Lansubsakul N, Tantiwisawaruji S, Thong-Asa W. Oxidative response to accumulation of trace metals in tissue of two bivalves, the Asian green mussel Perna viridis and the blood cockle Tegillarca granosa, living in Pattani Bay, Thailand. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2024; 36:32-44. [PMID: 37753853 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using bivalves to indicate aquatic pollutants was favorable for discerning the negative effects of high levels of metal accumulation in tissue. We investigated the correlation between trace metal accumulation and the tissue oxidative response of two bivalves. METHODS The Asian green mussel Perna viridis and the blood cockle Tegillarca granosa were sampled along with seawater and sediments from three locations around Pattani Bay, Thailand. Accumulation of nine trace metals (cadmium, cobalt, copper, chromium, nickel, manganese, iron, zinc, and lead) in seawater, sediments, and tissue and the oxidative tissue response were evaluated. Metal bioaccumulation factor, biota-sediment accumulation factor, and histopathology were also indicated. RESULT The present study found that P. viridis and T. granosa were macroconcentrators and bioaccumulative of cadmium, and their tissue accumulation of cadmium was strongly related to lipid peroxidation activation. Perna viridis exhibited a higher oxidative response than T. granosa, as indicated by malondialdehyde, catalase, and reduced glutathione levels. CONCLUSION The present study indicated that P. viridis and T. granosa were macroconcentrators and bioaccumulative of cadmium, and their tissue accumulation of cadmium was strongly related to lipid peroxidation activation. Research has shown discernible negative effects of a high level of metal accumulation in tissue, and deformed and damaged tissues were present in the gills, digestive glands, intestines, and feet of P. viridis and T. granosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanwimol Tanhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Imsilp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Niyada Lansubsakul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Wachiryah Thong-Asa
- Animal Toxicology and Physiology Specialty Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Elamin MB, Chrouda A, Ali SMA, Alhaidari LM, Jabli M, Alrouqi RM, Renault NJ. Electrochemical sensor based on gum Arabic nanoparticles for rapid and in-situ detection of different heavy metals in real samples. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26364. [PMID: 38420384 PMCID: PMC10900941 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The key solution to combat trace metal pollution and keep the environment, ecosystem, animals, and humans safe is earlier and rapid trace metal detection. For all these reasons, we propose in this work the design of a simple electrochemical sensor functionalized with green nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of the fourth most dangerous heavy metal ions namely copper, zinc, lead, and mercury. The green nanoparticles are fabricated by a one-step, consisting of reducing platinum nanoparticles by a natural gum Arabic polymer. To guarantee the success of these nanoparticles' design, the nanoparticles have been characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR, and thermogravimetric TGA techniques. While, for the electrochemical characterization, we have adopted cyclic voltammetry CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS to control different steps of surface modification, and the differential pulse anodic stripping DPAS was monitored to follow up the electrochemical detection of different heavy metals. Results have confirmed the good chemical and physical properties of the elaborated nanoparticles. As, the developed sensor showed a specific electrochemical response toward the heavy metal ions separately, with a lower limit of detection lower LOD than that recommended by the World Health Organization, in order of 9.6 ppb for Cu2+, 1.9 ppb for Zn2+, 0.9 ppb for Hg2+, and 4.2 ppb for Pb2+. Impressively, the elaborated sensor has demonstrated also high stability, outstanding sensitivity, and excellent analytical performance.In addition, the elaborated analytical tool has been successfully applied to the determination of various heavy metal ions in real samples, reflecting then its promising prospect in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manahil Babiker Elamin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Chrouda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Laila M. Alhaidari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahjoub Jabli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf Mutlaq Alrouqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic Renault
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR CNRS-UCBL-ENS 5280, 5 Rue la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France
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Bouzahouane H, Kouki R, Amri S, Barour C, Sleimi N, Ouali K. Investigating seasonal metal impact on Stramonita haemastoma gastropod along the Algerian East Coast: Understanding through various pollution indicators. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116006. [PMID: 38217910 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of environmental pollution on the gastropod Stramonita haemastoma by examining various physiological and biochemical parameters. Trace metal elements (TME) were measured in the snail's foot. Over a one-year period from 2013 to 2014, the study investigated the variations in reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, metallothionein, glutathione S-transferase, acetylcholinesterase and catalase activities in the foot of the gastropod at three different sites. The results showed spatiotemporal fluctuations in biomarkers, physiological parameters and TME. This integrative approach, being the first of its kind in the region using S. haemastoma as a model organism, represents a means of environmental assessment accessible to all countries allowing the monitoring and conservation of coastal marine environments on a national and international scale and which could be used in marine biomonitoring programs to indicate the impact of pollution and assess the quality of the Algerian coastal marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bouzahouane
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Mohamed Cherif Messaadia University, Souk-Ahras 41000, Algeria; Laboratory of Environmental Biosurveillance, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12, El Hadjar, Annaba 23000, Algeria.
| | - Rim Kouki
- RME-Laboratory of Resources, Materials, and Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Sandra Amri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life and Earth Sciences and the Universe, University 08 Mai 1945, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Choukri Barour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Mohamed Cherif Messaadia University, Souk-Ahras 41000, Algeria; Laboratory of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Mohamed Cherif Messaadia University, Souk Ahras 41000, Algeria
| | - Noomene Sleimi
- RME-Laboratory of Resources, Materials, and Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Kheireddine Ouali
- Laboratory of Environmental Biosurveillance, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12, El Hadjar, Annaba 23000, Algeria
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Traven L, Marinac-Pupavac S, Žurga P, Linšak Ž, Žeželj SP, Glad M, Linšak DT, Cenov A. Arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) in northwest Croatian seafood: A health risks assessment. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:413-419. [PMID: 38021472 PMCID: PMC10630657 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the health risk assessment of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) concentrations in seafood species commonly consumed in the northwestern region of Croatia. By measuring the concentrations of these elements coupled with data on seafood consumption, the health risks were evaluated using Target Hazard Quotients and Hazard Indexes. The results indicate a slightly increased health risks linked to seafood consumption for As, Cu and Zn in some of the tested seafood species. The findings of this study highlight the critical need for stronger food quality control measures, especially targeting certain types of seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Traven
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorsko-goranska county, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sandra Marinac-Pupavac
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorsko-goranska county, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Paula Žurga
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorsko-goranska county, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Željko Linšak
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorsko-goranska county, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sandra Pavičić Žeželj
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorsko-goranska county, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marin Glad
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorsko-goranska county, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dijana Tomić Linšak
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorsko-goranska county, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Arijana Cenov
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorsko-goranska county, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Payuta AA, Flerova EA, Zaitseva YV. Distribution of Essential and Toxic Elements in Pelecus cultratus Tissues and Risk Assessment for Consumer Health. TOXICS 2023; 11:715. [PMID: 37624220 PMCID: PMC10458984 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the problem of inland water pollution is acute. It is caused by vast industrial growth and agricultural intensification. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg, and Kwere determined in the muscles, liver, and gonads sabrefish from Rybinsk Reservoir areas with different anthropogenic loads. The tissue samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Heavy metals accumulated more intensively in the body of fish from more polluted areas of the reservoir. Among the analyzed elements, the maximum accumulation levels were found for K, Zn, and Fe and the minimum levels were observed for Cd and Pb. The gonads contained the largest concentration of Cd and Mn, the muscles contained the highest concentrations of Mg, and the other elements mainly accumulated in the liver of sabrefish. The THQ and HI values for all elements did not exceed 1, which suggests that there is no potential non-carcinogenic risk to human health. The target values of carcinogenic risk (TR) for cadmium ranged from 8.32 × 10-6 to 1.22 × 10-4 in the muscles. The increased content of cadmium in the gonads of sabrefish not only poses a risk to human health, but also to the reproduction of this species in the Rybinsk Reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yulia Vladimirovna Zaitseva
- Scientific Laboratory Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University, 150003 Yaroslavl, Russia; (A.A.P.); (E.A.F.)
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Yap CK, Al-Mutairi KA. Biomonitoring-Health Risk Nexus of Potentially Toxic Metals on Cerithidea obtusa: A Biomonitoring Study from Peninsular Malaysia. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081575. [PMID: 37107369 PMCID: PMC10138110 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the human health risks of six potentially toxic metals (PTMs) (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) in 21 populations of popular mangrove snails, Cerithidea obtusa, collected from Malaysia. In general, the concentrations (mg/kg wet weight) of Cd (0.03-2.32), Cu (11.4-35.2), Fe (40.9-759), Ni (0.40-6.14), Pb (0.90-13.4) and Zn (3.11-129) found in the snails in all populations were lower than the prescribed maximum permissible limits (MPL)s for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. However, in the investigated snail populations, Cd (14%), Pb (62%), Cu (19%), and Zn (10%) were found in exceedance of the MPL of the respective metal. The target hazard quotient (THQ) values in all populations for Cu, Ni, Fe and Zn were all found to be below 1.00. However, for the THQ values of Cd and Pb, two populations exceeded 1.00, while others were below the threshold level. The estimated weekly intake (EWI) of all six metals for all populations was only 0.03-4.65% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake. This conclusively indicates that, based on the EWI, there are no health risks of the six PTMs in the consumption of snails from Malaysia since the assessments are dependent on the consumers' body weight and consumption rate. Nonetheless, the present results indicate that the amounts of snails consumed should be limited to minimize the potential health risks of PTMs to consumers. The relatively low and weak but positive correlations of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn between C. obtusa and their habitat sediments indicate that C. obtusa can be a potential biomonitor for Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. This is important for effective mangrove management from the perspective of the sustainable resources from the intertidal mangrove environment. Hence, the biomonitoring-health risk nexus of PTMs in mangrove snails is proposed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Kong Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Awadh Al-Mutairi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk P.O. Box 741, Saudi Arabia
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Pandion K, Arunachalam KD, Rajagopal R, Ali D, Alarifi S, Chang SW, Ravindran B. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in the seafood at Kalpakkam coast, Southeast Bay of Bengal. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114766. [PMID: 36870138 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of heavy metals in the seafood intake by various age group representatives around the Kalpakkam coastal region was part of the baseline study. Totally 40 different types of fish species were estimated on heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Mn) in the coastal zone; the average concentration of heavy metals were 0.71, 0.06, 0, 0, 0.07, 0.02, 1.06 and 0.36 ppm, respectively. Individual mean bioaccumulation index (IMBI) and Metal pollution index (MPI) with heavy metals distributed around the coastal zone were compared with fish tissue and were found to be higher for Zn and Cu. The human health risk was calculated using uncertainty modeling of risk assessment of Estimated daily intake (EDI), Maximum allowable consumption rate (CRlim), Target hazard quotient (THQ), and Hazard index (HI) were estimated for different age groups. Our present values were suggestively high (>1) for both kids and adults. The cumulative cancer risk assessment based on heavy metals and the Hospital-Based Cancer Registry (HBCR) compared to the region did not exceed the recommended threshold risk limit around the Kalpakkam coastal zone. Statistical analyses such as correlation, Principal component, and Cluster investigation ensure that heavy metal concentrations do not pose a major risk to occupants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Pandion
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Kantha Deivi Arunachalam
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India; Faculty of Sciences, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India, 360 003.
| | - Rajinikanth Rajagopal
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
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