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Xu Y, Nie J, Lu C, Hu C, Chen Y, Ma Y, Huang Y, Lu L. Effects and mechanisms of bisphenols exposure on neurodegenerative diseases risk: A systemic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170670. [PMID: 38325473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Environmental bisphenols (BPs) pose a global threat to human health because of their extensive use as additives in plastic products. BP residues are increasing in various environmental media (i.e., water, soil, and indoor dust) and biological and human samples (i.e., serum and brain). Both epidemiological and animal studies have determined an association between exposure to BPs and an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), including cognitive abnormalities and behavioral disturbances. Hence, understanding the biological responses to different BPs is essential for prevention, and treatment. This study provides an overview of the underlying pathogenic molecular mechanisms as a valuable basis for understanding neurodegenerative disease responses to BPs, including accumulation of misfolded proteins, reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine, abnormal hormone signaling, neuronal death, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and inflammation. These findings provide new insights into the neurotoxic potential of BPs and ultimately contribute to a comprehensive health risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Xu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Jun Nie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Chenghao Lu
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chao Hu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yunlu Chen
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yuru Huang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Liping Lu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
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Kharrazian D. Exposure to Environmental Toxins & Autoimmune Conditions. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2024; 23:22-26. [PMID: 38618165 PMCID: PMC11007618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmunity is growing rapidly worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have found environmental factors, such as toxic chemicals, to be a key factor in this rapid progression. Many mechanisms that can cause immune dysregulation and autoimmune reactivity from toxic chemical exposure to subsets of individuals with genetic susceptibility in immune regulatory genes have been identified. In susceptible genotypes, toxic chemicals can induce epigenetic expressions, bind to immune and endocrine receptors throughout the body and promote immune dysregulation, bind to nucleic acids and promote anti-nuclear autoimmunity, deplete antioxidant reserves, promote immune barrier degradation, induce lymphocyte dysregulation, and alter normal antigen presenting responses. This paper reviews the specific immunological pathways involved with environmental toxins and autoimmunity exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datis Kharrazian
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, USA
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Costa HE, Cairrao E. Effect of bisphenol A on the neurological system: a review update. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1-73. [PMID: 37855918 PMCID: PMC10761478 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) and one of the most produced synthetic compounds worldwide. BPA can be found in epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, which are frequently used in food storage and baby bottles. However, BPA can bind mainly to estrogen receptors, interfering with various neurologic functions, its use is a topic of significant concern. Nonetheless, the neurotoxicity of BPA has not been fully understood despite numerous investigations on its disruptive effects. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the most recent studies on the implications of BPA on the neurologic system. Our findings suggest that BPA exposure impairs various structural and molecular brain changes, promoting oxidative stress, changing expression levels of several crucial genes and proteins, destructive effects on neurotransmitters, excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation, damaged blood-brain barrier function, neuronal damage, apoptosis effects, disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, increase in reactive oxygen species, promoted apoptosis and intracellular lactate dehydrogenase release, a decrease of axon length, microglial DNA damage, astrogliosis, and significantly reduced myelination. Moreover, BPA exposure increases the risk of developing neurologic diseases, including neurovascular (e.g. stroke) and neurodegenerative (e.g. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's) diseases. Furthermore, epidemiological studies showed that the adverse effects of BPA on neurodevelopment in children contributed to the emergence of serious neurological diseases like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), depression, emotional problems, anxiety, and cognitive disorders. In summary, BPA exposure compromises human health, promoting the development and progression of neurologic disorders. More research is required to fully understand how BPA-induced neurotoxicity affects human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Eloi Costa
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
- FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Lazurova Z, Lazurova I, Shoenfeld Y. Bisphenol A as a Factor in the Mosaic of Autoimmunity. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:728-737. [PMID: 33992069 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666210516000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The population worldwide is largely exposed to bisphenol A (BPA), a commonly used plasticizer, that has a similar molecular structure to endogenous estrogens. Therefore, it is able to influence physiological processes in human body, taking part in the pathophysiology of various endocrinopathies, as well as, cardiovascular, neurological and oncological diseases. BPA has been found to affect the immune system, leading to the development of autoimmunity and allergies, too. In the last few decades, the prevalence of autoimmune diseases has significantly increased, that could be explained by a rising exposure of the population to environmental factors, such as BPA. BPA has been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases and also organ-specific autoimmunity (thyroid autoimmunity, diabetes mellitus type 1, myocarditis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis etc), but the results of some studies remain still controversial, so further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Lazurova
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty of University of PJ Safarik, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Ivica Lazurova
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty of University of PJ Safarik, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Kharrazian D. Exposure to Environmental Toxins and Autoimmune Conditions. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2021; 20:20-24. [PMID: 34377090 PMCID: PMC8325494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmunity is growing rapidly worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have found environmental factors, such as toxic chemicals (persistent organic pollutants, toxic metals, solvents, endocrine disruptors), to be a key factor in this rapid progression. Numerous mechanisms have been identified that can cause immune dysregulation and autoimmune reactivity from toxic chemical exposure to subsets of individuals who have genetic susceptibility in immune regulatory genes. In susceptible genotypes, toxic chemicals can induce epigenetic expressions, bind to immune and endocrine receptors throughout the body and promote immune dysregulation, bind to nucleic acids and promote anti-nuclear autoimmunity, deplete antioxidant reserves, promote immune barrier degradation, induce lymphocyte dysregulation, and alter normal antigen-presenting responses. This paper provides a detailed review of the specific immunological pathways involved with exposure to environmental toxins and autoimmunity.
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Kharrazian D, Herbert M, Vojdani A. Cross-Reactivity between Chemical Antibodies Formed to Serum Proteins and Thyroid Axis Target Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197324. [PMID: 33023043 PMCID: PMC7583776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In some instances, when chemicals bind to proteins, they have the potential to induce a conformational change in the macromolecule that may misfold in such a way that makes it similar to the various target sites or act as a neoantigen without conformational change. Cross-reactivity then can occur if epitopes of the protein share surface topology to similar binding sites. Alteration of peptides that share topological equivalence with alternating side chains can lead to the formation of binding surfaces that may mimic the antigenic structure of a variant peptide or protein. We investigated how antibodies made against thyroid target sites may bind to various chemical–albumin compounds where binding of the chemical has induced human serum albumin (HSA) misfolding. We found that specific monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies developed against thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, 5′-deiodinase, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) bound to various chemical HSA compounds. Our study identified a new mechanism through which chemicals bound to circulating serum proteins lead to structural protein misfolding that creates neoantigens, resulting in the development of antibodies that bind to key target proteins of the thyroid axis through protein misfolding. For demonstration of specificity of thyroid antibody binding to various haptenic chemicals bound to HSA, both serial dilution and inhibition studies were performed and proportioned to the dilution. A significant decline in these reactions was observed. This laboratory analysis of immune reactivity between thyroid target sites and chemicals bound to HSA antibodies identifies a new mechanism by which chemicals can disrupt thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datis Kharrazian
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Martha Herbert
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aristo Vojdani
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
- Immunosciences Laboratory, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
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