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Residiwati G, Shalawati AG, Lesmana MA, Anisa AK, Lonameo BK, Tuska HSA. Effects of orange peel extract ( Citrus sinensis) treatment on zebrafish oocytes ( Danio rerio) exposed to heat stress. Vet World 2024; 17:1821-1827. [PMID: 39328442 PMCID: PMC11422641 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1821-1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Heat stress (HS) can negatively impact oocytes by disrupting mitochondrial activity, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species, and decreasing antioxidant levels. This study investigated the impact of orange peel (OP) exposure on zebrafish oocytes (ZOs) diameter, survival rate, and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) during HS. Material and Methods We investigated the antioxidant effect of flavonoids (concentration = 328.58 ppm) derived from OP (Citrus sinensis) added to in vitro maturation (IVM) media of ZOs (Danio rerio) under non-heat stress (NHS) and HS conditions to mimic in vivo HS conditions due to the global warming phenomenon on females. ZO in stage 3 (n = 1080) was treated with 4 μL of OP extract (not treated/control) under HS: 32°C (Heat stress 32°C solution/Heat stress 32°C orange peel [HS32S/HS32O]) and 34°C (Heat stress 34°C solution/Heat stress 34°C orange peel [HS34S/HS34O]); and NHS: 28°C (Non-heat stress solution/Non-heat stress orange peel [NHSS/NHSO]), during maturation. After 24 h of maturation, we observed the oocyte diameter, survival rate, and GVBD rate. The data were analyzed with IBM Statistics 23 software using two-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0.05). Results The highest oocyte diameter data were in NHS treated with OP extract (NHSO) group (0.759 ± 0.01; mean ± standard error) compared with HS group using and without OP extract (HS32S [0.583 ± 0.02]; HS32O [0.689 ± 0.02]; HS34S [0.554 ± 0.02]; and HS34O [0.604 ± 0.02]). The survival rate of OP treated group, namely, NHSO (93% ± 3%), HS32O (85% ± 2%), and HS34O (80% ± 2%) was higher than that of the group without treatment (NHSS [83% ± 3%], HS32S [71% ± 6%], and HS34S [63% ± 3%]). ZO treated with OP extract (NHSO [93% ± 3%], HS32O [85% ± 2%], and HS34O [80% ± 2%]) showed a higher GVBD rate than the group without treatment (NHSS [83% ± 3%], HS32S [71% ± 6%], and HS34S [63% ± 3%]). Conclusion It revealed that OP can enhance the oocyte diameter, survival rate, and GVBD rate of ZO under NHS and HS. Further investigation should be conducted to determine the effect of OP extract (C. sinensis) on in vivo conditions in females as an alternative treatment to face global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretania Residiwati
- Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang-Indonesia
| | - Almira Ghina Shalawati
- Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang-Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Arfan Lesmana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang-Indonesia
| | - Agri Kaltaria Anisa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang-Indonesia
| | - Bonick Kartini Lonameo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang-Indonesia
| | - Habib Syaiful Arif Tuska
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang-Indonesia
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Guo T, Wang F, Tahmasbian I, Wang Y, Zhou T, Pan X, Zhang Y, Li T, Zhang M. Core Soil Microorganisms and Abiotic Properties as Key Mechanisms of Complementary Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron and Nitrification Inhibitors in Decreasing Paclobutrazol Residues and Nitrous Oxide Emissions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7672-7683. [PMID: 38530782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Agrochemical residues and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have caused considerable threats to agricultural soil ecology. Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) and nitrification inhibitors might be complementary to each other to diminish soil agrochemical residues and N2O emissions and enhance soil bacterial community diversities. Compared to the control, the nZVI application declined soil paclobutrazol residues by 5.9% but also decreased the bacterial community co-occurrence network node. Combined nZVI and Dicyandiamide applications significantly decreased soil N2O emission rates and paclobutrazol residues but promoted Shannon diversity of the bacterial community. The increased soil pH, ammonium nitrogen, and Actinobacteriota could promote soil paclobutrazol dissipation. The nZVI generated double-edged sword effects of positively decreasing paclobutrazol residues and N2O emissions but negatively influencing soil multifunctionalities. The nZVI and Dicyandiamide could be complementary to each other in diminishing soil agrochemical residues and N2O emission rates but promoting soil bacterial community diversities simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Fang Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Iman Tahmasbian
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tangrong Zhou
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiangyi Pan
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yiliang Zhang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Manyun Zhang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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Thrikawala S, Mesmar F, Bhattacharya B, Muhsen M, Mukhopadhyay S, Flores S, Upadhyay S, Vergara L, Gustafsson JÅ, Williams C, Bondesson M. Triazole fungicides induce adipogenesis and repress osteoblastogenesis in zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:119-130. [PMID: 36951524 PMCID: PMC10230286 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Triazoles are a major group of azole fungicides commonly used in agriculture, and veterinary and human medicine. Maternal exposure to certain triazole antifungal medication causes congenital malformations, including skeletal malformations. We hypothesized that triazoles used as pesticides in agriculture also pose a risk of causing skeletal malformations in developing embryos. In this study, teratogenic effects of three commonly used triazoles, cyproconazole, paclobutrazol, and triadimenol, were investigated in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Exposure to the triazole fungicides caused bone and cartilage malformations in developing zebrafish larvae. Data from whole-embryo transcriptomics with cyproconazole suggested that exposure to this compound induces adipogenesis while repressing skeletal development. Confirming this finding, the expression of selected bone and cartilage marker genes were significantly downregulated with triazoles exposure as determined by quantitative PCR. The expression of selected adipogenic genes was upregulated by the triazoles. Furthermore, exposure to each of the three triazoles induced adipogenesis and lipid droplet formation in vitro in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells. In vivo in zebrafish larvae, cyproconazole exposure caused lipid accumulation. These results suggest that exposure to triazoles promotes adipogenesis at the expense of skeletal development, and thus they expand the chemical group of bona fide bone to fat switchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savini Thrikawala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Fahmi Mesmar
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Beas Bhattacharya
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Maram Muhsen
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Srijita Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sara Flores
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Leoncio Vergara
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cecilia Williams
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Sampedro-Guerrero J, Vives-Peris V, Gomez-Cadenas A, Clausell-Terol C. Efficient strategies for controlled release of nanoencapsulated phytohormones to improve plant stress tolerance. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:47. [PMID: 37189192 PMCID: PMC10184380 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Climate change due to different human activities is causing adverse environmental conditions and uncontrolled extreme weather events. These harsh conditions are directly affecting the crop areas, and consequently, their yield (both in quantity and quality) is often impaired. It is essential to seek new advanced technologies to allow plants to tolerate environmental stresses and maintain their normal growth and development. Treatments performed with exogenous phytohormones stand out because they mitigate the negative effects of stress and promote the growth rate of plants. However, the technical limitations in field application, the putative side effects, and the difficulty in determining the correct dose, limit their widespread use. Nanoencapsulated systems have attracted attention because they allow a controlled delivery of active compounds and for their protection with eco-friendly shell biomaterials. Encapsulation is in continuous evolution due to the development and improvement of new techniques economically affordable and environmentally friendly, as well as new biomaterials with high affinity to carry and coat bioactive compounds. Despite their potential as an efficient alternative to phytohormone treatments, encapsulation systems remain relatively unexplored to date. This review aims to emphasize the potential of phytohormone treatments as a means of enhancing plant stress tolerance, with a specific focus on the benefits that can be gained through the improved exogenous application of these treatments using encapsulation techniques. Moreover, the main encapsulation techniques, shell materials and recent work on plants treated with encapsulated phytohormones have been compiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Sampedro-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - Vicente Vives-Peris
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gomez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Carolina Clausell-Terol
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Cerámica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain.
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Li C, Huang L, Zhang Y, Guo X, Cao N, Yao C, Duan L, Li X, Pang S. Effects of triazole plant growth regulators on molting mechanism in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:646-653. [PMID: 36330873 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice crab co-culture is a new integrated farming model in China. The application of triazole plant growth regulators (PRGs) is often used as an advantageous option to combat rice lodging. However, there is still a gap regarding the toxicity of these PRGs on the growth and development of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis, E. sinensis). Here the effect of triazoles (paclobutrazol and uniconazole) on the molting mechanism of E. sinensis was investigated. Monitoring of regulatory genes associated with molting showed that the two PRGs were found to inhibit the expression of ecdysteroid hormone (EH), ecdysteroid receptors gene (EcR), and retinoid X receptors gene (RXR) and induce secretion of molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) gene. In addition, the activities of chitinase (CHIA) and N-acetyl-β-d-aminoglucosidase (β-NAGase) were also inhibited by exposure to PRGs. Exposure to PRGs also elevated the mRNA expression of the growth-related myostatin gene (MSTN). These results revealed that there is a long-term risk of exposure to triazoles PRGs that may inhibit molting and affect normal development and immune system of E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanjun Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Niannian Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlian Yao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Yue K, Liu Z, Pi Z, Li H, Wang Y, Song F, Liu Z. Network Pharmacology Combined with Metabolomics Approach to Investigate the Toxicity Mechanism of Paclobutrazol. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:626-635. [PMID: 35298131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a commonly used plant growth regulator (PGR) with good antibacterial activity. It has widespread applications in agricultural production. However, there is limited research reported on the potential risks of human health resulting from PBZ residues. In this study, using Sprague-Dawley rats, we carried out a systematic study on the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of PBZ in different doses (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg). The metabolic profiles and network pharmacology were combined to construct a PBZ-endogenous substances-gene-hepatorenal diseases network to elucidate the underlying mechanism of PBZ's hepatorenal toxicity. At first, metabolomics analysis was done to investigate the metabolites and the related metabolic pathways associated with PBZ. Secondly, the network pharmacology approach was used in further exploration of the toxic targets. Additionally, molecular docking was carried out to investigate the interactions between PBZ and potential targets. The results indicated that PBZ showed obvious toxicity towards the liver and kidney of rats. The metabolomics analysis showed that PBZ mainly affected 4 metabolic pathways, including tryptophan metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and purine metabolism. Network pharmacology and molecular docking revealed that CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2E1, MAOA, PLA2G2A, PTGS1, and XDH were critical targets for PBZ hepatorenal toxicity. This preliminary study revealed PBZ's hepatorenal toxicity and provided a theoretical basis for the rational and safe use of PBZ. Furthermore, it provided possible intervention targets for further research on how to avoid or reduce the damage caused by pesticides to the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Yue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Jilin Province, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Jilin Province, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Hanlin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Fengrui Song
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Jilin Province, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Zhongying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Shalaby TA, Taha NA, Taher DI, Metwaly MM, El-Beltagi HS, Rezk AA, El-Ganainy SM, Shehata WF, El-Ramady HR, Bayoumi YA. Paclobutrazol Improves the Quality of Tomato Seedlings to Be Resistant to Alternaria solani Blight Disease: Biochemical and Histological Perspectives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030425. [PMID: 35161406 PMCID: PMC8840709 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The production and quality of tomato seedlings needs many growth factors and production requirements besides controlling the phytopathogens. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) has benefit applications in improving crop productivity under biotic stress (Alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight disease in tomatoes). In the current study, the foliar application of PBZ, at rates of 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1, was evaluated against early blight disease in tomatoes under greenhouse conditions. The roles of PBZ to extend tomato seedling lives and handling in nurseries were also investigated by measuring different the biochemical (leaf enzymes, including catalase and peroxidase) and histological attributes of tomato seedlings. Disease assessment confirmed that PBZ enhanced the quality of tomato seedlings and induced resistance to early blight disease post inoculation, at 7, 14, and 21 days. Higher values in chlorophyll content, enzyme activities, and anatomical features of stem (cuticle thickness) and stomata (numbers and thickness) were recorded, due to applied PBZ. This may support the delay of the transplanting of tomato seedlings without damage. The reason for this extending tomato seedling life may be due to the role of PBZ treatment in producing seedlings to be greener, more compact, and have a better root system. The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that PBZ has a distinguished impact in ameliorating biotic stress, especially of the early blight disease under greenhouse conditions. Further studies, which consider molecular variables, will be conducted to explore the role of PBZ in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A. Shalaby
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (T.A.S.); (H.S.E.-B.)
| | - Naglaa A. Taha
- Agricultural Research Center, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt; (N.A.T.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Dalia I. Taher
- Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Vegetable Crops Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Metwaly M. Metwaly
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Hossam S. El-Beltagi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Food Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (T.A.S.); (H.S.E.-B.)
| | - Adel A. Rezk
- Agricultural Research Center, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt; (N.A.T.); (A.A.R.)
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Food Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sherif M. El-Ganainy
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Agricultural Research Center, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt; (N.A.T.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Wael F. Shehata
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Food Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Plant Production Department, College of Environmental Agricultural Science, El–Arish University, North Sinai 45511, Egypt
| | - Hassan R. El-Ramady
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Yousry A. Bayoumi
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
- Physiology & Breeding of Horticultural Crops Laboratory, Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
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Eng WH, Ho WS, Ling KH. In vitro induction and identification of polyploid Neolamarckia cadamba plants by colchicine treatment. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12399. [PMID: 34760387 PMCID: PMC8556713 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization has played a crucial role in plant breeding and crop improvement. However, studies on the polyploidization of tropical tree species are still very scarce in this region. This paper described the in vitro induction and identification of polyploid plants of Neolamarckia cadamba by colchicine treatment. N. cadamba belongs to the Rubiaceae family is a natural tetraploid plant with 44 chromosomes (2n = 4x = 44). Nodal segments were treated with colchicine (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) for 24 h and 48 h before transferring to shoot regeneration medium. Flow cytometry (FCM) and chromosome count were employed to determine the ploidy level and chromosome number of the regenerants, respectively. Of 180 colchicine-treated nodal segments, 39, 14 and 22 were tetraploids, mixoploids and octoploids, respectively. The highest percentage of polyploidization (20% octoploids; 6.7% mixoploids) was observed after treated with 0.3% colchicine for 48 h. The DNA content of tetraploid (4C) and octoploid (8C) was 2.59 ± 0.09 pg and 5.35 ± 0.24 pg, respectively. Mixoploid plants are made up of mixed tetraploid and octoploid cells. Chromosome count confirmed that tetraploid cell has 44 chromosomes and colchicine-induced octoploid cell has 88 chromosomes. Both octoploids and mixoploids grew slower than tetraploids under in vitro conditions. Morphological characterizations showed that mixoploid and octoploid leaves had thicker leaf blades, thicker midrib, bigger stomata size, lower stomata density, higher SPAD value and smaller pith layer than tetraploids. This indicates that polyploidization has changed and resulted in traits that are predicted to increase photosynthetic capacity of N. cadamba. These novel polyploid plants could be valuable resources for advanced N. cadamba breeding programs to produce improved clones for planted forest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Hiang Eng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Wei Seng Ho
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Huang W, Wu T, Au WW, Wu K. Impact of environmental chemicals on craniofacial skeletal development: Insights from investigations using zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117541. [PMID: 34118758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial skeletal anomalies are among the most common structural birth defects around the world. Various studies using human populations and experimental animals have shown that genetic and environmental factors play significant roles in the causation and progression of these anomalies. Environmental factors, such as teratogens and toxin mixtures, induce craniofacial anomalies are gaining heightened attention. Among experimental investigations, the use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasing. A major reason for the increased use is that the zebrafish boast a simple craniofacial structure, and facial morphogenesis is readily observed due to external fertilization and transparent embryo, making it a valuable platform to screen and identify environmental factors involved in the etiology of craniofacial skeletal malformation. This review provides an update on harmful effects from exposure to environmental chemicals, involving metallic elements, nanoparticles, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides and pharmaceutical formulations on craniofacial skeletal development in zebrafish embryos. The collected data provide a better understanding for induction of craniofacial skeletal anomalies and for development of better prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianjie Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - William W Au
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Techonology, 540142, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Kusheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Kumar G, Lal S, Bhatt P, Ram RA, Bhattacherjee AK, Dikshit A, Rajan S. Mechanisms and kinetics for the degradation of paclobutrazol and biocontrol action of a novel Pseudomonas putida strain T7. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 175:104846. [PMID: 33993964 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores biodegradation kinetics and process optimization of plant growth retardant from triazole group paclobutrazol (PBZ; C15H20ClN3O mol. wt. 293.79 g mol-1) in a batch experiment. A gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium T7 was isolated from PBZ applied agricultural field by enrichment technique and characterized as Pseudomonas putida strain T7. Strain was tested for PBZ biodegradation and plant growth-promoting characteristics. Results revealed that strain T7 utilizes PBZ as a carbon and energy source and showing degradation up to 98.30% on the 15th day. First-order degradation kinetics and a linear model were well fitted and showing a maximum t1/2 value on 9th day. Biodegradation optimization by Box Behnken design (BBD) of Response surface methodology (RSM) showed maximum degradation at pH 7.0, 31 °C temperature, and 2 mL inoculum size (8 × 109 CFU mL-1). The bacterium was also able to solubilize Zn, K, and PO4 and produced a copious amount of IAA, HCN, and Ammonia. The biocontrol activity against plant pathogens like Fusarium oxysporum (MTCC-284), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (MTCC 2190), Pythium aphanidermatum (MTCC - 1024), Tropical race-1 (TR -1), and Tropical race - 4 (TR-4) showed the great antagonistic effect. Hence, this strain can be employed as an effective bio-agent for eco-friendly cleanup strategies and pathogen suppressive agents in paclobutrazol contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Kumar
- ICAR, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (CISH), Lucknow, India.
| | - Shatrohan Lal
- ICAR, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (CISH), Lucknow, India
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- SCAU, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre SCAU, Guangzhou, China
| | - R A Ram
- ICAR, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (CISH), Lucknow, India
| | - A K Bhattacherjee
- ICAR, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (CISH), Lucknow, India
| | - Abhay Dikshit
- ICAR, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (CISH), Lucknow, India
| | - Shailendra Rajan
- ICAR, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (CISH), Lucknow, India
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