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Multiplex Detection of 24 Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Culture Supernatant Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040249. [PMID: 35448858 PMCID: PMC9031063 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks are caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). Among the 27 SEs described in the literature to date, only a few can be detected using immuno-enzymatic-based methods that are strongly dependent on the availability of antibodies. Liquid chromatography, coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), has, therefore, been put forward as a relevant complementary method, but only for the detection of a limited number of enterotoxins. In this work, LC-HRMS was developed for the detection and quantification of 24 SEs. A database of 93 specific signature peptides and LC-HRMS parameters was optimized using sequences from 24 SEs, including their 162 variants. A label-free quantification protocol was established to overcome the absence of calibration standards. The LC-HRMS method showed high performance in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy when applied to 49 enterotoxin-producing strains. SE concentrations measured depended on both SE type and the coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) strain. This study indicates that LC-MS is a relevant alternative and complementary tool to ELISA methods. The advantages of LC-MS clearly lie in both the multiplex analysis of a large number of SEs, and the automated analysis of a high number of samples.
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Tian LL, Li CH, Ye QC, Li YF, Huang CZ, Zhan L, Wang DM, Zhen SJ. A centrifugal microfluidic chip for point-of-care testing of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in complex matrices. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1380-1385. [PMID: 35018396 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05599b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a typical biological toxin that causes food poisoning. Currently reported SEB detection methods have the drawbacks of sophisticated sample preparation and being time-consuming and labor-intensive. Herein, we propose a strategy based on an immune sandwich structure operating on a centrifugal microfluidic chip for point-of-care testing (POCT) of SEB. The fluorescent microparticle-labeled primary antibody (CM-EUs-Ab1), capture antibody (CAb), and goat anti-mouse IgG antibody (SAb) were modified on the bond area, T-area, and C-area, respectively. When SEB was added, it first reacted with the CM-EUs-Ab1 through the specific recognition between SEB and the Ab1. Then, under capillarity, the conjugates of SEB and the CM-EUs-Ab1 were captured by the CAb when they flowed to the T-area, and the remaining CM-EUs-Ab1 bound with the SAb in the C-area. Finally, this chip was put into a dry fluorescence detection analyzer for centrifugation and on-site detection of SEB. The fluorescence intensity ratio of the T-area to the C-area was positively correlated with the concentration of SEB. The resulting linear range was 0.1-250 ng mL-1, and the limit of detection (3σ/k) was 68 pg mL-1. This POCT platform only needs 20 μL of sample and can realize the full process of detection within 12 min. This chip also exhibits good stability for 35 days. Additionally, the proposed method has been successfully utilized for the detection of SEB in urine, milk, and juice without any pre-treatment of the samples. Thus, this platform is expected to be applied to food safety testing and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li Tian
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Chun Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Dong Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Shu Jun Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
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Lefebvre D, Blanco-Valle K, Feraudet-Tarisse C, Merda D, Simon S, Fenaille F, Hennekinne JA, Nia Y, Becher F. Quantitative Determination of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins Types A to I and Variants in Dairy Food Products by Multiplex Immuno-LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2603-2610. [PMID: 33596646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are responsible for frequent food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. Specific identification of SEs is crucial for confirmation of food poisoning, tracking of the incriminated foods or food ingredients, and removal from the food chain. Here, we report on a new food testing protocol addressing the challenge of low abundance of SEs in contaminated food and high sequence heterogeneity. Multiplex ability of targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry was succesfully applied to the simultaneous and quantitative determination of the eight most frequent SEs including sequence variants. In this aim, between three and eight proteotypic peptides of each SE were selected by carefully considering amino acid variations within each type, and sequence homology between types. Quantification of trace levels of SEs directly in food samples was reached by immunoaffinity enrichment and optimized analytical conditions. The assay was validated in dairy food products with a lower limit of quantification down to 0.1 ng/g (in milk), and quantification of SEs was successfully demonstrated in real-life samples collected during staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks. Importantly, the ability of the method to detect diverse sequence variants was also illustrated. By enabling for the first time the simultaneous quantification of the eight most frequent SEs, the new mass spectrometry-based assay would facilitate the laboratory confirmation of positive samples in situation of food poisoning outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatien Lefebvre
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Kevin Blanco-Valle
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Feraudet-Tarisse
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Déborah Merda
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Yacine Nia
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - François Becher
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Féraudet Tarisse C, Goulard-Huet C, Nia Y, Devilliers K, Marcé D, Dambrune C, Lefebvre D, Hennekinne JA, Simon S. Highly Sensitive and Specific Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins SEA, SEG, SEH, and SEI by Immunoassay. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:130. [PMID: 33572449 PMCID: PMC7916246 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide, resulting from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), primarily SE type A (SEA), which is produced in food by enterotoxigenic strains of staphylococci, mainly S. aureus. Since newly identified SEs have been shown to have emetic properties and the genes encoding them have been found in food involved in poisoning outbreaks, it is necessary to have reliable tools to prove the presence of the toxins themselves, to clarify the role played by these non-classical SEs, and to precisely document SFP outbreaks. We have produced and characterized monoclonal antibodies directed specifically against SE type G, H or I (SEG, SEH or SEI respectively) or SEA. With these antibodies, we have developed, for each of these four targets, highly sensitive, specific, and reliable 3-h sandwich enzyme immunoassays that we evaluated for their suitability for SE detection in different matrices (bacterial cultures of S. aureus, contaminated food, human samples) for different purposes (strain characterization, food safety, biological threat detection, diagnosis). We also initiated and described for the first time the development of monoplex and quintuplex (SEA, SE type B (SEB), SEG, SEH, and SEI) lateral flow immunoassays for these new staphylococcal enterotoxins. The detection limits in buffer were under 10 pg/mL (0.4 pM) by enzyme immunoassays and at least 300 pg/mL (11 pM) by immunochromatography for all target toxins with no cross-reactivity observed. Spiking studies and/or bacterial supernatant analysis demonstrated the applicability of the developed methods, which could become reliable detection tools for the routine investigation of SEG, SEH, and SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Féraudet Tarisse
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Céline Goulard-Huet
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Yacine Nia
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France; (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Karine Devilliers
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Dominique Marcé
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Chloé Dambrune
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Donatien Lefebvre
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France; (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France; (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
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Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Skin from Atopic-Dermatitis Patients Produces Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Y, Which Predominantly Induces T-Cell Receptor Vα-Specific Expansion of T Cells. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00360-19. [PMID: 31740530 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00360-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While investigating the virulence traits of Staphylococcus aureus adhering to the skin of atopic-dermatitis (AD) patients, we identified a novel open reading frame (ORF) with structural similarity to a superantigen from genome sequence data of an isolate from AD skin. Concurrently, the same ORF was identified in a bovine isolate of S. aureus and designated SElY (H. K. Ono, Y. Sato'o, K. Narita, I. Naito, et al., Appl Environ Microbiol 81:7034-7040, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01873-15). Recombinant SElYbov had superantigen activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. It further demonstrated emetic activity in a primate animal model, and it was proposed that SElY be renamed SEY (H. K. Ono, S. Hirose, K. Narita, M. Sugiyama, et al., PLoS Pathog 15:e1007803, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007803). Here, we investigated the prevalence of the sey gene in 270 human clinical isolates of various origins in Japan. Forty-two strains were positive for the sey gene, and the positive isolates were from patients with the skin diseases atopic dermatitis and impetigo/staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), with a detection rate of ∼17 to 22%. There were three variants of SEY (SEY1, SEY2, and SEY3), and isolates producing SEY variants formed three distinct clusters corresponding to clonal complexes (CCs) 121, 59, and 20, respectively. Most sey + isolates produced SEY in broth culture. Unlike SEYbov, the three recombinant SEY variants exhibited stability against heat treatment. SEY predominantly activated human T cells with a particular T-cell receptor (TCR) Vα profile, a unique observation since most staphylococcal enterotoxins exert their superantigenic activities through activating T cells with specific TCR Vβ profiles. SEY may act to induce localized inflammation via skin-resident T-cell activation, facilitating the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection in disrupted epithelial barriers.
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