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Filgueiras CC, Willett DS. The Lesser Chestnut Weevil ( Curculio sayi): Damage and Management with Biological Control Using Entomopathogenic Fungi and Entomopathogenic Nematodes. INSECTS 2022; 13:1097. [PMID: 36555007 PMCID: PMC9788462 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The lesser chestnut weevil, Curculio sayi (Gyllenhal), can cause irreparable damage to chestnuts through direct consumption and/or introduction of secondary pathogens. With the resurgence of blight resistant American Chestnut plantings both for commercial production and for habitat restoration, C. sayi has become a similarly resurgence pest. Here, we investigated the nature and extent of C. sayi larval damage on individual nuts and collected harvests with an eye toward the quantifying impacts. Next, we explored management options using biological control including entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes. Nut damage from C. sayi can be extensive with individual nuts hosting several larvae, larvae emerging from nuts several weeks post harvest, and nut weight loss even after C. sayi have emerged from the nut. Applications of entomopathogenic fungi reduced chances of chestnut infestation, while certain strains of entomopathogenic nematodes increased the probability of C. sayi larval mortality. Understanding C. sayi damage and exploring biological control management options could be a useful tool in the effective management of this resurgent pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C. Filgueiras
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC 28804, USA
| | - Denis S. Willett
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, NC 28801, USA
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Conti V, Salusti P, Romi M, Cantini C. Effects of Drying Methods and Temperatures on the Quality of Chestnut Flours. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091364. [PMID: 35564087 PMCID: PMC9101811 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for chestnut flour is growing because of its use in gluten-free products. Previous studies have correlated the quality of chestnut flours to the drying temperature and technology applied. This work is a novel study on the role of the traditional drying method with a wood fire in a “metato” building for flour compared with a food dryer at 40 °C or 70 °C. The contents of antioxidants, total polyphenols and sugars were determined as well as the presence of toxic volatiles or aflatoxins. The flour, resulting from the traditional method, presented lower polyphenol content and antioxidant power compared to the others. The content of the sugars was similar to the flours obtained after drying with hot air, both at 40 °C and 70 °C. The toxic volatile molecules, furfural, guaiacol, and o-cresol, were found. There was no correlation between the aflatoxin content and the presence of damage in chestnut fruits. The traditional method should not be abandoned since it confers a pleasant smoky taste to the product, but it is necessary to regulate the level and steadiness of temperature. Future research needs to be directed to the quantification of harmful volatile compounds and their correlation with the quantity of smoke emitted by the wood fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Conti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-232392
| | - Patrizia Salusti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Bioeconomy (CNR-IBE), 58022 Follonica, Italy; (P.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Marco Romi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Claudio Cantini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Bioeconomy (CNR-IBE), 58022 Follonica, Italy; (P.S.); (C.C.)
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Natarajan S, Balachandar D, Senthil N, Paranidharan V. Interaction of water activity and temperature on growth, gene expression, and aflatoxin B 1 production in Aspergillus flavus on Indian senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.). Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 361:109457. [PMID: 34742145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) is a medicinal crop with laxative properties, and it has significant demand in the global pharmaceutical market. Senna pods are highly susceptible to aflatoxin contamination, and the successful export of pods is hindered due to the regulatory limits of importing countries. The senna pod water activity (aw) from harvest to storage is the key factor determining AFB1 accumulation. The temperature conditions from field to warehouse also interact with pod aw, which influences fungal growth and AFB1 production. The determination of an ideal combination of aw and temperature led to the assessment of the critical control point for AFB1 synthesis in senna. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of aw (0.99, 0.96, 0.93, 0.90, and 0.87 aw) and temperature (20, 28, and 37 °C) on fungal growth, gene expression (aflR and aflS), and AFB1 production by A. flavus in senna agar medium. The fungus showed the longest lag time (7.7 days) at 20 °C with 0.87 aw. We observed that 0.96 aw (P < 0.01) was optimum for the diametric growth rate at 28 and 37 °C. However, the peak expression of regulatory genes (aflR and aflS) and the maximum AFB1 production were observed only at 28 °C (0.96 aw). The highest growth rate occurred at 37 °C, which did not favor the expression of genes and AFB1 production. However, at 28 °C, it positively correlated with gene expression and AFB1 production. The suppressed expression of regulatory genes and a trace amount of aflatoxin B1 were found at 20 °C with all the tested aw. In our experiments, the low aw (0.87 and 0.90 aw) suppressed the fungal growth, gene expression, and AFB1 production of A. flavus at all of the tested temperatures (20, 28, and 37 °C). The rapid drying of senna pods with a low water activity (≤0.87 aw) and storage at low temperature (20 °C) are ideal conditions to avoid AFB1 and ensure the quality of produce for export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Natarajan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003, India
| | - Dananjeyan Balachandar
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003, India
| | - Natesan Senthil
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003, India
| | - Vaikuntavasan Paranidharan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003, India.
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Yu J, Yang M, Han J, Pang X. Fungal and mycotoxin occurrence, affecting factors, and prevention in herbal medicines: a review. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1925696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Yu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Pang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Frazzoli C, Mantovani A. Toxicological risk factors in the burden of malnutrition: The case of nutrition (and risk) transition in sub-Saharan Africa. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111789. [PMID: 33011353 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toxicant exposures may worsen the micronutrient status, especially during the womb-to-childhood development, impairing organism programming and increasing the risk for health disorders in adulthood. Growing evidence calls for an integrated risk analysis of the interplay of environment, behavior and lifestyle, where a) imbalanced diet and micronutrient deficiencies may increase the vulnerability to toxicants and alter body defence systems and b) intake of antinutrients and contaminants may increase nutritional requirements. Such scenarios are especially evident in communities undergoing a fast nutrition transition, such as in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Specific challenges of toxicological risk analysis in sub-Saharan Africa still need a thorough assessment, including: rapid changes of lifestyle and consumers' preferences; dumping of foods and consumer' products; risk management under weak or non-existent awareness, legislation enforcement and infrastructures. The significant and growing literature from Africa-led scientific research should be used to build quality-controlled data repositories supporting regulatory top-down actions. Meanwhile, bottom-up actions (eg consumer's empowerment) could exploit social and economic drivers toward a qualified African presence in the global and local markets. A science-based combination of top-down and bottom-up actions on preventable toxicological risk factors will contribute fighting the new forms of malnutrition and prevent multi-factorial diseases. Exposures to toxicants should be included in the integrated approach proposed by WHO to address the urgent health challenge of simultaneously reduce the risk or burden of both malnutrition (ie deficiency of one or more essential nutrients) and overweight, obesity, and diet-related NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Frazzoli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-metabolic Diseases, and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition, and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy
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Valente S, Meloni GR, Prencipe S, Spigolon N, Somenzi M, Fontana M, Gullino ML, Spadaro D. Effect of Drying Temperatures and Exposure Times on Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production on Artificially Inoculated Hazelnuts. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1241-1247. [PMID: 32221534 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aspergillus flavus may colonize hazelnuts and produce aflatoxins in the field and during storage. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of drying temperature and exposure times on the viability of A. flavus and its ability to produce aflatoxins during the drying process and storage. Hazelnuts were inoculated with A. flavus and dried at different temperatures to reach 6% moisture content and a water activity (aw) of 0.71, a commercial requirement to avoid fungal development and aflatoxin contamination. Hazelnuts were dried at 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50°C and subsequently stored at 25°C for 14 days. After drying at 30, 35, and 40°C, increased amounts of A. flavus were evident, with the highest concentration occurring after drying at 35°C ([6.1 ± 2.4] × 106A. flavus CFU/g). At these temperatures, aflatoxins were detected only at 30 and 35°C. Aflatoxins, however, were present at higher levels after drying at 30°C, with concentrations of 1.93 ± 0.77 μg/g for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 0.11 ± 0.04 μg/g for aflatoxin B2 (AFB2). After 14 days of storage, the highest A. flavus concentration and the highest levels of mycotoxins were detected in samples treated at 35°C ([8.2 ± 2.1] × 107A. flavus CFU/g and 9.30 ± 1.58 μg/g and 0.89 ± 0.08 μg/g for AFB1 and AFB2, respectively). In hazelnuts dried at 45 or 50°C, no aflatoxins were found either after drying or storage, and a reduction of A. flavus viable conidia was observed, suggesting that a shorter and warmer drying is essential to guarantee nut safety. The lowest temperature that guarantees the lack of aflatoxins should be selected to maintain the organoleptic quality of hazelnuts. Therefore, 45°C should be the recommended drying temperature to limit A. flavus growth and aflatoxin contamination on hazelnuts. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Valente
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-9345 [D.S.]).,Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giovanna Roberta Meloni
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-9345 [D.S.]).,Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Simona Prencipe
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Nicola Spigolon
- Soremartec Italia S.r.l., Piazzale Ferrero 1, 12051 Alba, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Marco Somenzi
- Soremartec Italia S.r.l., Piazzale Ferrero 1, 12051 Alba, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Mauro Fontana
- Soremartec Italia S.r.l., Piazzale Ferrero 1, 12051 Alba, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-9345 [D.S.]).,Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Davide Spadaro
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-9345 [D.S.]).,Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Spadaro D, Meloni GR, Siciliano I, Prencipe S, Gullino ML. HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by Penicillium spp. in Nuts. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E307. [PMID: 32397224 PMCID: PMC7290882 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium spp. are emerging as producers of mycotoxins and other toxic metabolites in nuts. A HPLC-MS/MS method was developed to detect 19 metabolites produced by Penicillium spp. on chestnuts, hazelnuts, walnuts and almonds. Two extraction methods were developed, one for chestnuts and one for the other three nuts. The recovery, LOD, LOQ and matrix effect were determined for each analyte and matrix. Correlation coefficients were always >99.99%. In walnuts, a strong signal suppression was observed for most analytes and patulin could not be detected. Six strains: Penicillium bialowiezense, P. brevicompactum, P. crustosum, P. expansum, P. glabrum and P. solitum, isolated from chestnuts, were inoculated on four nuts. Chestnuts favored the production of the largest number of Penicillium toxic metabolites. The method was used for the analysis of 41 commercial samples: 71% showed to be contaminated by Penicillium-toxins. Cyclopenin and cyclopenol were the most frequently detected metabolites, with an incidence of 32% and 68%, respectively. Due to the risk of contamination of nuts with Penicillium-toxins, future studies and legislation should consider a larger number of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Spadaro
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.R.M.); (I.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Giovanna Roberta Meloni
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.R.M.); (I.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Ilenia Siciliano
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.R.M.); (I.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Simona Prencipe
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.R.M.); (I.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.R.M.); (I.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Recent progress of the effect of environmental factors on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxins production on foods. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxins (AFs) has been considered as one of the most serious food safety problems due to their acute and chronic adverse effects on humans and animals. This review collects the available information from recent years on the effect of the major environmental factors such as water activity (aw), temperature, CO2, and pH on the fungal growth, the expression of AFs-related genes, and AFs production by A. flavus on foods. In particular, the relationship between the relative expression of key regulatory (aflR and aflS) and structural genes (aflD, aflO, aflQ, etc.) and AFs production under different environmental conditions are collected and discussed. The information collected in this review can be used to design control strategies of A. flavus and AFs contamination in practical applications, primarily during storage and processing. These data suggest that integrating various post-harvest methods with synergistic functions may be more efficient for the control of A. flavus growth and AFs production, although the individual environmental factors alone have an impact.
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Peles F, Sipos P, Győri Z, Pfliegler WP, Giacometti F, Serraino A, Pagliuca G, Gazzotti T, Pócsi I. Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2861. [PMID: 31921041 PMCID: PMC6917664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are wide-spread harmful carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, which cause serious feed and food contaminations and affect farm animals deleteriously with acute or chronic manifestations of mycotoxicoses. On farm, both pre-harvest and post-harvest strategies are applied to minimize the risk of aflatoxin contaminations in feeds. The great economic losses attributable to mycotoxin contaminations have initiated a plethora of research projects to develop new, effective technologies to prevent the highly toxic effects of these secondary metabolites on domestic animals and also to block the carry-over of these mycotoxins to humans through the food chain. Among other areas, this review summarizes the latest findings on the effects of silage production technologies and silage microbiota on aflatoxins, and it also discusses the current applications of probiotic organisms and microbial products in feeding technologies. After ingesting contaminated foodstuffs, aflatoxins are metabolized and biotransformed differently in various animals depending on their inherent and acquired physiological properties. These mycotoxins may cause primary aflatoxicoses with versatile, species-specific adverse effects, which are also dependent on the susceptibility of individual animals within a species, and will be a function of the dose and duration of aflatoxin exposures. The transfer of these undesired compounds from contaminated feed into food of animal origin and the aflatoxin residues present in foods become an additional risk to human health, leading to secondary aflatoxicoses. Considering the biological transformation of aflatoxins in livestock, this review summarizes (i) the metabolism of aflatoxins in different animal species, (ii) the deleterious effects of the mycotoxins and their derivatives on the animals, and (iii) the major risks to animal health in terms of the symptoms and consequences of acute or chronic aflatoxicoses, animal welfare and productivity. Furthermore, we traced the transformation and channeling of Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins into food raw materials, particularly in the case of aflatoxin contaminated milk, which represents the major route of human exposure among animal-derived foods. The early and reliable detection of aflatoxins in feed, forage and primary commodities is an increasingly important issue and, therefore, the newly developed, easy-to-use qualitative and quantitative aflatoxin analytical methods are also summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Peles
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Teresa Gazzotti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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