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Ji X, Xiao Y, Yang W, Wei W, Lyu W, Wang X, Yang H. Comprehensive identification and risk assessment of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in infant foods and related raw materials and risk management advice: A case study of an infant food company in China. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114304. [PMID: 38763623 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated muti-mycotoxins in 199 samples including processed infant foods and raw materials collected randomly from an infant food company and assessed their role in dietary exposure in infants and young children via probabilistic risk assessment. Approximately 79.6 % (74/93) of the processed infant foods and 65.1 % (69/106) of the raw materials were contaminated by mycotoxins, with a mean occurrence level of 3.66-321.8 µg/kg. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) were the more prevalent mycotoxins detected, based on their higher frequencies and levels across samples. Co-occurrence of more than two mycotoxins was detected in 61.3 % (57/93) of the processed infant foods and 53.8 % (57/106) of the raw materials. Wheat flour and derived products (e.g., infant noodles and infant biscuits) were contaminated with higher contamination levels and a greater variety of mycotoxins than other samples (e.g., infant cereal and rice grains). The estimated daily exposure to OTA, DON, ZEN, and TEN was lower than the corresponding reference health-based guidance values, indicating acceptable health risks. However, the estimated dietary exposure to alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) exceeded the corresponding thresholds of toxicological concern values, indicating potential dietary intake risks. Among the various samples, cereals and cereal-based infant foods emerged as the primary contributors to mycotoxin exposure. Further research is advised to address the uncertainties surrounding the toxicity associated with emerging Alternaria mycotoxins and to conduct cumulative risk assessments concerning multiple mycotoxin exposure in infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Weikang Yang
- Yangzhou Fangguang Food Co., Ltd, Yangzhou, 225100, China
| | - Wang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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Deligeorgakis C, Magro C, Skendi A, Gebrehiwot HH, Valdramidis V, Papageorgiou M. Fungal and Toxin Contaminants in Cereal Grains and Flours: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:4328. [PMID: 38231837 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains serve as the cornerstone of global nutrition, providing a significant portion of humanity's caloric requirements. However, the presence of fungal genera, such Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria, known for their mycotoxin-producing abilities, presents a significant threat to human health due to the adverse effects of these toxins. The primary objective of this study was to identify the predominant fungal contaminants in cereal grains utilized in breadmaking, as well as in flour and bread. Moreover, a systematic review, including meta-analysis, was conducted on the occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in wheat flour from the years 2013 to 2023. The genera most frequently reported were Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria. Among the published reports, the majority focused on the analysis of Deoxynivalenol (DON), which garnered twice as many reports compared to those focusing on Aflatoxins, Zearalenone, and Ochratoxin A. The concentration of these toxins, in most cases determined by HPLC-MS/MS or HPLC coupled with a fluorescence detector (FLD), was occasionally observed to exceed the maximum limits established by national and/or international authorities. The prevalence of mycotoxins in flour samples from the European Union (EU) and China, as well as in foods intended for infants, exhibited a significant reduction compared to other commercial flours assessed by a meta-analysis investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoulos Deligeorgakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christopher Magro
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Adriana Skendi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Vasilis Valdramidis
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Papageorgiou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Qiao M, Liu M, Wan Z, Suo Z, Liu Y, Wei M. A novel fluorescent aptasensor based on 3D porous nitrogen-sulfur co-doped carbon mesh and hybridization chain reaction for sensitive detection of ochratoxin A. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:313. [PMID: 37470836 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel three-dimensional (3D) porous nitrogen-sulfur co-doped carbon (N-S-C) mesh was synthesized and used for the first time as the quenching material to construct a fluorescent aptasensor for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection. The fluorescent aptasensor with enzyme-free signal amplification strategy was developed by using cDNA as a promoter to trigger hybridization chain reaction (HCR), which effectively improved the sensitivity of this aptasensor. In the absence of OTA, 3D porous N-S-C mesh can adsorb carboxyfluorescein FAM-labeled hairpin DNA1 (H1-FAM) and hairpin DNA2 (H2) and quench the fluorescence of FAM. In the presence of the OTA, the OTA specifically binds to the aptamer strand and the DNA duplex undergoes dissociation. The released cDNA in turn serves as a promoter for HCR, and the strand assembly of H1-FAM and H2 is triggered by the promoter to generate long-strand DNA polymers via HCR, resulting in an increasing fluorescent signal. Under optimal conditions, there was a good linear relationship between lgCOTA and fluorescence intensity difference in the range 0.01-500 ng/mL (R2 = 0.993), and the detection limit was 2.7 pg/mL. The designed sensor platform was applied to determine spiked OTA in peanut, wheat flour, corn flour, black tea, and wine with recoveries in the range of 94.4-119.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiang Qiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Wan
- Food Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, 518045, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Suo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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Smartphone-Based Quantitative Detection of Ochratoxin A in Wheat via a Lateral Flow Assay. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030431. [PMID: 36765960 PMCID: PMC9914196 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) poses a severe health risk to livestock along the food chain. Moreover, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, it is also categorized as being possibly carcinogenic to humans. The lack of intelligent point-of-care test (POCT) methods restricts its early detection and prevention. This work establishes a smartphone-enabled point-of-care test for OTA detection via a fluorescent lateral flow assay within 6 min. By using a smartphone and portable reader, the assay allows for the recording and sharing of the detection results in a cloud database. This intelligent POCT provided (iPOCT) a linearity range of 0.1-3.0 ng/mL and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 ng/mL (0.32 µg/kg in wheat). By spiking OTA in blank wheat samples, the recoveries were 89.1-120.4%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) between 3.9-9.1%. The repeatability and reproducibility were 94.2-101.7% and 94.6-103.4%, respectively. This work provides a promising intelligent POCT method for food safety.
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Rapid and stable detection of three main mycotoxins in rice using SERS optimized AgNPs@K30 coupled multivariate calibration. Food Chem 2023; 398:133883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rapid detection and identification of fungi in grain crops using colloidal Au nanoparticles based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering and multivariate statistical analysis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:26. [PMID: 36422715 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Grain crops are easily contaminated by fungi due to the existence of various microorganisms in the storage process, especially in humid and warm storage conditions. Compared with conventional methods, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has paved the way for the detection of fungi in grain crops as it is a rapid, nondestructive, and sensitive analytical method. In this work, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fusarium moniliforme and Trichoderma viride in grain crops were detected using colloidal Au nanoparticles and SERS. The results indicated that different fungi showed different Raman phenotypes, which could be easily characterized by SERS. Combined with multivariate statistical analysis, identification of a variety of fungi could be accomplished rapidly and accurately. This research can be applied for the rapid detection of fungi in the food and biomedical industries.
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Mycotoxins in Wheat Flours Marketed in Shanghai, China: Occurrence and Dietary Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110748. [PMID: 36355998 PMCID: PMC9698038 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of exposure to mycotoxins through the consumption of wheat flours has long been a concern. A total of 299 wheat flours marketed in Shanghai Province of China were surveyed and analyzed for the co-occurrence of 13 mycotoxins through an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. The detection rates of mycotoxins in wheat flours ranged from 0.7~74.9% and their average contamination levels in wheat flours (0.2~57.6 µg kg-1) were almost lower than the existing regulations in cereals. However, their co-contamination rate was as high as 98.1%, especially Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins. Comparative analysis of different types of wheat flours showed that the average contamination levels in refined wheat flours with low-gluten were lower. Based on these contamination data and the existing consumption data of Shanghai residents, point evaluation and the Monte Carlo assessment model were used to preliminarily evaluate the potential dietary exposure risk. The probable daily intakes of almost all mycotoxins, except for alternariol, were under the health-based guidance values for 90% of different consumer groups. Health risks of dietary exposure to alternariol should be a concern and further studied in conjunction with an internal exposure assessment.
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Shahdeo D, Khan AA, Alanazi AM, Bajpai VK, Shukla S, Gandhi S. Molecular Diagnostic of Ochratoxin A With Specific Aptamers in Corn and Groundnut via Fabrication of a Microfluidic Device. Front Nutr 2022; 9:851787. [PMID: 35399674 PMCID: PMC8988673 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.851787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the predominant mycotoxins that contaminate a wide range of food commodities. In the present study, a 36-mer aptamer was used as a molecular recognition element coupled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for colorimetric detection of OTA in a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPADs). The μPADs consisted of three zones: control, detection, and sample, interconnected by channels. UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used for characterization of AuNPs and AuNPs/Aptamer. According to the colorimetric assay, limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 242, 545.45, and 95.69 ng/mL in water, corn, and groundnut, respectively. The HPLC detection method achieved acceptable coefficient in standard curves (r 2 = 0.9995), improved detection range, and recovery rates in spiked corn and groundnut samples as 43.61 ± 2.18% to 87.10 ± 1.82% and 42.01 ± 1.31% to 86.03 ± 2.64% after multiple sample extractions and cleanup steps. However, the developed μPADs analytical device had the potent ability to rapidly detect OTA without any extraction pre-requirement, derivatization, and cleanup steps, thus illustrating its feasibility in the animal health sector, agricultural, and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azmat Ali Khan
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer M. Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vivek K. Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shruti Shukla
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, Sustainable Agricultural Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gurugram, India
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
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Mahato DK, Pandhi S, Kamle M, Gupta A, Sharma B, Panda BK, Srivastava S, Kumar M, Selvakumar R, Pandey AK, Suthar P, Arora S, Kumar A, Gamlath S, Bharti A, Kumar P. Trichothecenes in food and feed: Occurrence, impact on human health and their detection and management strategies. Toxicon 2022; 208:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ganesan AR, Mohan K, Karthick Rajan D, Pillay AA, Palanisami T, Sathishkumar P, Conterno L. Distribution, toxicity, interactive effects, and detection of ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol in food: A review. Food Chem 2021; 378:131978. [PMID: 35033712 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that cause severe damage to agricultural products and food in the food supply chain. These detrimental pollutants have been directly linked with poor socioeconomic patterns and human health issues. Among the natural micropollutants, ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are widely distributed in food materials. The primary occurrence of these mycotoxins is reported in almost all cereal grains and fresh agro-products. Both mycotoxins have shown harmful effects, such as nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and genotoxic effects, in humans due to their complex structural formation during the degradation/acetylation reaction. In addition, improper preharvest, harvest, and postharvest handling tend to lead to the formation of OTA and DON in various food commodities, which allows different harmful fungicides in practice. Therefore, this review provides more insight into the distribution and toxicity of OTA/DON in the food matrix and human health. Furthermore, the interactive effects of OTA/DON with co-contaminated organic and inorganic compounds are discussed. Finally, international regulation and mitigation strategies for detoxication are critically evaluated to meet food safety and good agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Ramu Ganesan
- Group of Fermentation and Distillation, Laimburg Research Centre, Ora (BZ), Auer 39040, Italy.
| | - Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638 316, India
| | - Durairaj Karthick Rajan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu 608502, India
| | - Arti A Pillay
- School of Applied Sciences, College of Engineering Science and Technology, Fiji National University, Nabua Campus- 7222, Fiji Islands
| | - Thavamani Palanisami
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lorenza Conterno
- Group of Fermentation and Distillation, Laimburg Research Centre, Ora (BZ), Auer 39040, Italy.
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Daou R, Joubrane K, Khabbaz LR, Maroun RG, Ismail A, El Khoury A. Aflatoxin B 1 and ochratoxin A in imported and Lebanese wheat and -products. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2021; 14:227-235. [PMID: 34109907 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1933203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AFB1 and OTA are produced in food products due to climatic conditions like temperature and humidity. In Lebanon, few studies address AFB1 and OTA contamination in wheat and wheat products. In this study, a total of 312 samples of wheat and wheat products were collected from different sites, including port, silos, mills, and supermarkets were analysed. Wheat and wheat products consumption in Lebanon was quantified using a food frequency questionnaire. Exposure to AFB1 and OTA was calculated and liver and kidney cancer risk were evaluated. Results showed that AFB1 and OTA were, respectively, found in 65.7% and 100% of the samples, with 0.6% and 17.6% exceeding the maximum limit set by the European Commission. AFB1 was shown to be associated with 0.076 additional cancer cases per 100,000 persons per year and OTA weekly exposure was shown to be 53.2 ng/kg bw, which is less than the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of 100 ng/kg bw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouaa Daou
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Karine Joubrane
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lydia Rabbaa Khabbaz
- Laboratoire de pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et contrôle de qualité des médicaments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Richard G Maroun
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon
| | - Ali Ismail
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon
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Kowalska G, Kowalski R. Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was the estimation of the content of 13 mycotoxins (diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenone X, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone) in various products from the eastern part of Poland. The content of mycotoxins in the analysed samples was assayed using the extraction method combined with HPLC-MS/MS analysis. We found mycotoxins in 25 of the 92 samples tested (27%). Contamination with mycotoxins was noted most frequently in samples of cereals – 56% – and also in samples of flour and cocoa, in which a content of mycotoxins was noted in 24 and 16% of the samples, respectively. The most frequently identified were the following – deoxynivalenol detected in 18 samples (72%), zearalenone detected in eight samples (32%), toxin HT-2 detected in four samples (16%), ochratoxin A identified in three samples (12%), and toxin T-2 detected in one sample (4%). In one analysed sample of mixed flour and in one analysed sample of wheat and rye flour, the maximum allowable concentration was exceeded in the case of two identified mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol (2,250 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (15.6 and 17.1 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Kowalska
- Department of Tourism and Recreation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin , 15 Akademicka Street , 20-950 Lublin , Poland
| | - Radosław Kowalski
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin , 8 Skromna Street , 20-704 Lublin , Poland
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Mohammed JM, Ibrahem Abd M, Khishan SA. Evaluation of mycotoxins and heavy metals pollution in some types of noodles in local markets. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: CONFERENCE SERIES 2021; 1879:022006. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1879/2/022006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimation mycotoxins and some heavy metals in some types of noodles in Salah Al-din governorate markets. In this study 6 species of Aspergillus were detected which were A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. ochraceus and A. niger and 5 genus of fungi were Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium, Mucor, Alternaria and Rhizopus isolated on the three types of media used. The results show presence of the three types of mycotoxins in all samples. The concentrations of the aflatoxin B1 ranged between 1.145 - 5.041 ppm. Concentrations of fumonisin between 8.498 - 19.496 ppm. Concentrations of ochratoxin A ranged between 3.960 - 52.543 ppm. The results also show that the concentration of copper and cadmium was at (0.50 - 1.23) (0.05 - 0.31) ppm respectively, while the concentration of lead was less than 0.1 ppm in all samples.
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Mao Y, Sun M, Hong X, Chakraborty S, Duan J, Li M, Du D. Semi-quantitative and quantitative detection of ochratoxin A in agricultural by-products using a self-assembling immunochromatographic strip. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1659-1665. [PMID: 32892405 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The toxicity and health risks of mycotoxins have encouraged increased awareness and strict monitoring of these contaminants in agricultural by-products. In this paper, we developed and tested a sensitive, selective, and self-assembling immunochromatographic (IC) strip for on-site detection of ochratoxin A (OTA). We were able to demonstrate semi-quantitative and quantitative detection of OTA in agricultural by-product samples. RESULTS The optimized IC strip had a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 ng mL-1 OTA using the naked eye for semi-quantitative detection. When a digitized strip reader was used to achieve quantitative results, the LOD for OTA was reduced to 0.1 ng mL-1 with a linear detection range of 0.1-10 ng mL-1 . We also evaluated the specificity, stability, accuracy, and precision of the IC strip and demonstrated high performance in all of these areas. We then confirmed the ability of the IC strip to visually detect OTA contamination in authentic agricultural by-product samples from the markets in China. Furthermore, quantitative detection of OTA using the IC strip showed that the concentration of OTA ranged from 1.7 to 101.3 ng g-1 in the positive agricultural by-product samples, correlating well with the measurements obtained via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION The results indicated that this proposed IC strip was capable of sensitive, semi-quantitative, quantitative, and on-site detection of OTA contamination in agricultural by-product samples. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Mao
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Mingna Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Xia Hong
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Sagnik Chakraborty
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
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15
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Khataee A, Sohrabi H, Arbabzadeh O, Khaaki P, Majidi MR. Frontiers in conventional and nanomaterials based electrochemical sensing and biosensing approaches for Ochratoxin A analysis in foodstuffs: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:112030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Li X, Ma W, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Li H. Recent progress in determination of ochratoxin a in foods by chromatographic and mass spectrometry methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5444-5461. [PMID: 33583259 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1885340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A is a highly toxic mycotoxin and has posed great threat to human health. Due to its serious toxicity and wide contamination, great efforts have been made to develop reliable determination methods. In this review, analytical methods are comprehensively summarized in terms of sample preparation strategy and instrumental analysis. Detailed method is described according to the food commodities in the order of cereal, wine, coffee, beer, cocoa, dried fruit and spice. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances, especially reported in the last decade. At last, challenges and perspectives are also discussed to achieve better advancement and promote practical application in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiang Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
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17
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Polak-Śliwińska M, Paszczyk B. Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2021; 26:454. [PMID: 33467103 PMCID: PMC7830705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. Fusarium mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors Fusarium growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011-2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska
- Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland;
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18
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An update on T-2 toxin and its modified forms: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism, and human exposure assessment. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3645-3669. [PMID: 32910237 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is the most toxic trichothecene mycotoxin, and it exerts potent toxic effects, including immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Recently, several novel metabolites, including 3',4'-dihydroxy-T-2 toxin and 4',4'-dihydroxy-T-2 toxin, have been uncovered. The enzymes CYP3A4 and carboxylesterase contribute to T-2 toxin metabolism, with 3'-hydroxy-T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin as the corresponding primary products. Modified forms of T-2 toxin, including T-2-3-glucoside, exert their immunotoxic effects by signaling through JAK/STAT but not MAPK. T-2-3-glucoside results from hydrolyzation of the corresponding parent mycotoxin and other metabolites by the intestinal microbiota, which leads to enhanced toxicity. Increasing evidence has shown that autophagy, hypoxia-inducible factors, and exosomes are involved in T-2 toxin-induced immunotoxicity. Autophagy promotes the immunosuppression induced by T-2 toxin, and a complex crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy exists. Very recently, "immune evasion" activity was reported to be associated with this toxin; this activity is initiated inside cells and allows pathogens to escape the host immune response. Moreover, T-2 toxin has the potential to trigger hypoxia in cells, which is related to activation of hypoxia-inducible factor and the release of exosomes, leading to immunotoxicity. Based on the data from a series of human exposure studies, free T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and HT-2-4-glucuronide should be considered human T-2 toxin biomarkers in the urine. The present review focuses on novel findings related to the metabolism, immunotoxicity, and human exposure assessment of T-2 toxin and its modified forms. In particular, the immunotoxicity mechanisms of T-2 toxin and the toxicity mechanism of its modified form, as well as human T-2 toxin biomarkers, are discussed. This work will contribute to an improved understanding of the immunotoxicity mechanism of T-2 toxin and its modified forms.
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19
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Mycotoxins and flours: Effect of type of crop, organic production, packaging type on the recovery of fungal genus and mycotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 334:108808. [PMID: 32835995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat-stable mycotoxins are widely detected in flour and produced by Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. Forty different flours purchased in Italy are used to assess potential risk factors via a systematically screening of a number of variables: the type of flour, organic, whole and white wheat, types of packaging (paper, plastic and weight). Fungal recovery and co-occurrence of specific mycotoxins was also assessed. The results showed that flour originated from fruits had a significant higher recovery of fungi, while seed/pseudocereals had the highest mycotoxins detection. Flours originating from organic agriculture are more prone to higher fungal recovery and mycotoxins detection when compared with not-organic flours. Packaging is also important: packaging weighting less than 376 g supports significantly more fungal recovery and the plastic packages was observed to retain more fungi and mycotoxins detection when compared with paper. Recovery measured as Log (CFU/g) of fungal genera is not directly proportional to the amount of mycotoxins. Finally, linear regression and mixed logit regression models show that the mean level of aflatoxins B1 (ng/g on the logarithmic scale) reduces by 0.485 when moving from an organic to a non-organic flour, while a significant increase of 0.369 when moving from paper to a plastic packaging.
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20
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Hathout AS, Abel-Fattah SM, Abou-Sree YH, Fouzy ASM. Incidence and exposure assessment of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in Egyptian wheat. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:867-873. [PMID: 32760654 PMCID: PMC7390814 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A occur frequently in grains and are associated with carcinogenic, and nephrotoxic properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the level of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A contamination in wheat samples obtained from different Egyptian governorates and to assess the effect of gamma irradiation on AFB1 in spiked wheat samples, as well as to evaluate the estimated daily intake and hazard index. Thirty-six wheat grain samples purchased from different sale points were analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Data revealed that 33.33 % of the wheat grain samples were contaminated by aflatoxin B1, whereas only 16.66 % of the wheat samples were above the maximum limits (2 μg/kg) set by the European Commission. Ochratoxin A was only detected in two wheat grain samples, and the results were considered below the maximum limit (5 μg/kg) set by the European Commission. On studying the effect of gamma irradiation on wheat samples spiked by aflatoxin B1 (20 μg/kg), results revealed that aflatoxin B1 was reduced to 1.22 and 0.94 μg/kg for samples gamma-irradiated at a dose of 10 and 20 KGy respectively. Estimated daily intake of ochratoxin A in wheat samples was found to be higher than that of the tolerable daily intake; however, hazard index values were below one, thus demonstrating no threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal S Hathout
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaaban M Abel-Fattah
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yehia H Abou-Sree
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S M Fouzy
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 32012820 PMCID: PMC7074356 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (E.S.); (T.V.)
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