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Ge S, Xie Y, Ding K, Xu S, Xu H, Chang X, Li H, Wang R, Luo Z, Shan Y, Ding S. The combination of metabolome and transcriptome clarifies the inhibition of the Alternaria toxin accumulation by methyl ferulate. Food Chem 2024; 456:140060. [PMID: 38878540 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most typical pathogens in fruit postharvest diseases, Alternaria alternata (A. alternata) can produce Alternaria toxins (ATs) aggravating fruit decay and harming human health. In this study, ATs (tenuazonic acid, alternariol monomethyl ether, and alternariol) production was inhibited effectively by 200 and 8000 mg/L MF (methyl ferulate) in vitro and in vivo. 1-Octen-3-ol and 3-octanol were the potential iconic volatile organic compounds of ATs (R2 > 0.99). MF induced oxidative stress, resulting in physiological and metabolic disorders, membrane lipid oxidation and cell damage. It decreased precursors and energy supply by disturbing amino acid metabolism, ABC transporters, citrate cycle, pentose and glucuronate interconversions to regulate ATs synthesis. MF down-regulated the genes related to ATs synthesis (PksJ, AaTAS1, and OmtI), transport (AaMFS1 and MFS), and pathogenicity to affect ATs production and virulence. This study provided a theoretical basis for the control of ATs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ge
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; DongTing Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; DongTing Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; DongTing Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Saiqing Xu
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; DongTing Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Haishan Xu
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; DongTing Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xia Chang
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; DongTing Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Huan Li
- DongTing Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yang Shan
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; DongTing Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shenghua Ding
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; DongTing Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
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2
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Li M, Li H. Research progress on inhibitors and inhibitory mechanisms of mycotoxin biosynthesis. Mycotoxin Res 2024:10.1007/s12550-024-00553-2. [PMID: 39164466 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi with harmful effects such as carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. They cause widespread contamination of plant products such as crops, food, and feed, posing serious threats to the life and health of human beings and animals. It has been found that many traditionally synthesized and natural compounds are capable of inhibiting the growth of fungi and their secondary metabolite production. Natural compounds have attracted much attention due to their safety, environmental, and health friendly features. In this paper, compounds of plant origin with inhibitory effects on ochratoxins, aflatoxins, Fusarium toxins, and Alternaria toxins, including cinnamaldehyde, citral, magnolol, eugenol, pterostilbene, curcumin, and phenolic acid, are reviewed, and the inhibitory mechanisms of different compounds on the toxin production of fungi are also elucidated, with the aim of providing application references to reduce the contamination of fungal toxins, thus safeguarding the health of human beings and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Li
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Honghua Li
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China.
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Wang P, Zhao L, Zhang H, Qu H, Xu F. Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Carvacrol against Black Mold Disease Agent Alternaria alternata in Goji Berries. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:402. [PMID: 38921388 PMCID: PMC11204410 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata, as a main decay fungus of goji berry, can produce mycotoxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Carvacrol (CVR) has exhibited a broad-spectrum antifungal activity in vitro. We assumed that CVR can also be applied to control Alternaria rot on goji berries and mycotoxins produced by the pathogens. To investigate whether CVR impacts the accumulation of mycotoxins and cell membrane damage of A. alternata, the antifungal activity of CVR on the fungal growth and mycotoxin production was evaluated in this study. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CVR against A. alternata was 0.12 µL/mL. Meanwhile, the destruction of plasma membrane integrity, cytoplasmic leakage, intracellular oxidative damage, and inhibitory effect in vivo were also observed in A. alternata treated with CVR. Moreover, CVR significantly reduced the accumulation of AOH, AME, and TeA. Transcriptomic profiling was performed by means of comparative RNA-Seq analysis to research the gene expression level of A. alternata, which attested to significant changes in nitrogen metabolism, carbon utilization, fatty acid oxidation, and antioxidant enzymes in CVR-treated A. alternata. This study suggests a new understanding of the molecular mechanism of response to CVR treatment in A. alternata, indicating that CVR is a novel antifungal agent with the potential to be applied to various fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.Z.); (P.W.); (L.Z.); (H.Q.); (F.X.)
| | - Yueli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.Z.); (P.W.); (L.Z.); (H.Q.); (F.X.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.Z.); (P.W.); (L.Z.); (H.Q.); (F.X.)
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lunaike Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.Z.); (P.W.); (L.Z.); (H.Q.); (F.X.)
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.Z.); (P.W.); (L.Z.); (H.Q.); (F.X.)
| | - Huan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.Z.); (P.W.); (L.Z.); (H.Q.); (F.X.)
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.Z.); (P.W.); (L.Z.); (H.Q.); (F.X.)
- Physical and Chemical Laboratory of Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Wei L, Chen B, Li X, Shi H, Xie S, Hu H, Chen W, Wei L, Wang X, Chen C. The HOG-pathway related AaOS1 leads to dicarboximide-resistance in field strains of Alternaria alternata and contributes, together with the Aafhk1, to mycotoxin production and virulence. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2937-2949. [PMID: 38297826 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Garlic leaf spot (GLS) caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the main diseases in the garlic production areas, and its management heavily relies on dicarboximide fungicides. However, the efficacy of dicarboximides against the GLS disease has decreased year on year. RESULTS In the present study, 10 of 148 A. alternata strains separated from Jiangsu Province were moderately resistant (MR) to a dicarboximide fungicide procymidone (ProMR). Positive cross-resistance was observed between Pro and iprodione (Ipro) or fludioxonil (Fld), but not between Pro and fluazinam or azoxystrobin. Mutations at AaOS1, but not Aafhk1, were confirmed to confer the Pro resistance by constructing replacement mutants, whereas mutations at both AaOS1 and Aafhk1 decreased the gene expression level of AapksI, as well as the ability to produce mycotoxin AOH (polyketide-derived alternariol) and virulence. Additionally, more genes (AaOS1 and Aafhk1) harboring the mutations experienced a larger biological fitness penalty. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report on Pro resistance selected in garlic fields, and mutations at AaOS1 of A. alternata causing a decreased ability to produce the mycotoxin AOH. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiping Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Xie
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenchan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Fan L, Wei Y, Chen Y, Ouaziz M, Jiang S, Xu F, Wang H, Shao X. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of antifungal peptide epinecidin-1 against Botrytis cinerea by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 202:105932. [PMID: 38879298 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
The marine antifungal peptide epinecidin-1 (EPI) have been shown to inhibit Botrytis cinerea growth, while the molecular mechanism have not been explored based on omics technology. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of EPI against B. cinerea by transcriptome technology. Our findings indicated that a total of 1671 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the mycelium of B. cinerea treated with 12.5 μmol/L EPI for 3 h, including 773 up-regulated genes and 898 down-regulated genes. Cluster analysis showed that DEGs (including steroid biosynthesis, (unsaturated) fatty acid biosynthesis) related to cell membrane metabolism were significantly down-regulated, and almost all DEGs involved in DNA replication were significantly inhibited. In addition, it also induced the activation of stress-related pathways, such as the antioxidant system, ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) and MAPK signaling pathways, and interfered with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation pathways related to mitochondrial function. The decrease of mitochondrial related enzyme activities (succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase), the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and the increase content of hydrogen peroxide further confirmed that EPI treatment may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Based on this, we speculated that EPI may impede the growth of B. cinerea through its influence on gene expression, and may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; College of Biological Environment, JiYang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji 311800, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Meriem Ouaziz
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China.
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6
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Mei RF, Su J, Hu GX, Yang RD, He BJ, Shi YX, Cai L, Ding ZT. Accumulation of antitumor polyketides by fermentation of Rubus delavayi Franch. with Clonostachys rogersoniana. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105917. [PMID: 38508501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to explore the effects of herbal medicine on secondary metabolites of microorganisms during fermentation. Clonostachys rogersoniana was found to metabolize only small amounts of polyketide glycosides rogerson B and C on fresh potatoes, but after replacing the medium to the medicinal plant Rubus delavayi Franch., the type and content of the metabolized polyketones showed significant changes. The sugars and glycosides in R. delavayi are probably responsible for the changes in secondary metabolites. Six polyketide glycosides including a new metabolite, rogerson F, and two potential antitumor compounds, TMC-151C and TMC-151D, were isolated from the extract of R. delavayi fermented by C. rogersoniana. In addition, 13C labeling experiments were used to trace the biosynthesis process of these compounds. TMC-151C and TMC-151D showed significant cytotoxic activity against PANC-1, K562 and HCT116 cancer cells but had no obvious cytotoxic activity against BEAS-2B human normal lung epithelial cells. The yields of TMC-151C and TMC-151D reached 14.37 ± 1.52 g/kg and 1.98 ± 0.43 g/kg, respectively, after fermentation at 28 °C for 30 days. This is the first study to confirm that herbal medicine can induce microbes to metabolize active compounds. And the technology of fermenting medicinal materials can bring more economic value to medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Feng Mei
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation key laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jia Su
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Guo-Xian Hu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Rui-Dang Yang
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation key laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Bi-Jian He
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation key laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Ya-Xian Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Le Cai
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation key laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
| | - Zhong-Tao Ding
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China.
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7
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Duan WY, Zhu XM, Zhang SB, Lv YY, Zhai HC, Wei S, Ma PA, Hu YS. Antifungal effects of carvacrol, the main volatile compound in Origanum vulgare L. essential oil, against Aspergillus flavus in postharvest wheat. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 410:110514. [PMID: 38070224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antimicrobial activity could potentially be extremely useful fumigants to prevent and control the fungal decay of agricultural products postharvest. In this study, antifungal effects of volatile compounds in essential oils extracted from Origanum vulgare L. against Aspergillus flavus growth were investigated using transcriptomic and biochemical analyses. Carvacrol was identified as the major volatile constituent of the Origanum vulgare L. essential oil, accounting for 66.01 % of the total content. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol were 0.071 and 0.18 μL/mL in gas-phase fumigation and liquid contact, respectively. Fumigation with 0.60 μL/mL of carvacrol could completely inhibit A. flavus proliferation in wheat grains with 20 % moisture, showing its potential as a biofumigant. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that carvacrol treatment caused morphological deformation of A. flavus mycelia, and the resulting increased electrolyte leakage indicates damage to the plasma membrane. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that the carvacrol treatment caused a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and DNA damage. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with fatty acid degradation, autophagy, peroxisomes, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and DNA replication in A. flavus mycelia exposed to carvacrol. Biochemical analyses of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion content, and catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase activities showed that carvacrol induced oxidative stress in A. flavus, which agreed with the transcriptome results. In summary, this study provides an experimental basis for the use of carvacrol as a promising biofumigant for the prevention of A. flavus contamination during postharvest grain storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Duan
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Man Zhu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Bing Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang-Yong Lv
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Chen Zhai
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wei
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-An Ma
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Sen Hu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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8
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Almeida NA, Freire L, Carnielli-Queiroz L, Bragotto APA, Silva NCC, Rocha LO. Essential oils: An eco-friendly alternative for controlling toxigenic fungi in cereal grains. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13251. [PMID: 38284600 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Fungi are widely disseminated in the environment and are major food contaminants, colonizing plant tissues throughout the production chain, from preharvest to postharvest, causing diseases. As a result, grain development and seed germination are affected, reducing grain quality and nutritional value. Some fungal species can also produce mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites for vertebrate animals. Natural compounds, such as essential oils, have been used to control fungal diseases in cereal grains due to their antimicrobial activity that may inhibit fungal growth. These compounds have been associated with reduced mycotoxin contamination, primarily related to reducing toxin production by toxigenic fungi. However, little is known about the mechanisms of action of these compounds against mycotoxigenic fungi. In this review, we address important information on the mechanisms of action of essential oils and their antifungal and antimycotoxigenic properties, recent technological strategies for food industry applications, and the potential toxicity of essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naara A Almeida
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luísa Freire
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lorena Carnielli-Queiroz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória-Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Adriana P A Bragotto
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nathália C C Silva
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Liliana O Rocha
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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9
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Gutiérrez-Pacheco MM, Torres-Moreno H, Flores-Lopez ML, Velázquez Guadarrama N, Ayala-Zavala JF, Ortega-Ramírez LA, López-Romero JC. Mechanisms and Applications of Citral's Antimicrobial Properties in Food Preservation and Pharmaceuticals Formulations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1608. [PMID: 37998810 PMCID: PMC10668791 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Citral is a monoterpene constituted by two isomers known as neral and geranial. It is present in different plant sources and recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In recent years, investigations have demonstrated that this compound exhibited several biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antiparasitic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, by in vitro and in vivo assays. Additionally, when incorporated into different food matrices, citral can reduce the microbial load of pathogenic microorganisms and extend the shelf life. This compound has acceptable drug-likeness properties and does not present any violations of Lipinski's rules, which could be used for drug development. The above shows that citral could be a compound of interest for developing food additives to extend the shelf life of animal and vegetable origin foods and develop pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heriberto Torres-Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, H. Caborca 83600, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - María Liliana Flores-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Científica y Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25070, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Norma Velázquez Guadarrama
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Carretera Gustavo Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Colonia la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Luis Alberto Ortega-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Estatal de Sonora, San Luis Río Colorado 83430, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Julio César López-Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, H. Caborca 83600, Sonora, Mexico;
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10
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Feng J, Yanshao B, Wang H, Zhang X, Wang F. Recent advancements on use of essential oils as preservatives against fungi and mycotoxins spoiling food grains. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1242-1263. [PMID: 37549249 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2240894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Spoilage of grains by mycotoxigenic fungi poses a great threat to food security and human health. Conventionally used chemical agents to prevent grain fungi contamination cause increasingly significant problems such as microbial resistance, residual toxicity and environmental unfriendliness. In recent years, plant essential oils (EOs) have become a hot spot in the research of control of grain fungi and mycotoxins, due to their extensive sources, non-toxicity, environmental friendliness and good antifungal efficiency. The current review aims to provide an overview of the prevention of fungi and mycotoxins in grain through EOs. The antifungal and toxin inhibition efficiency of different EOs and their effective components are investigated. The inhibition mechanism of EOs on fungi and mycotoxins in grains is introduced. The influence of EOs treatment on the change of grain quality is also discussed. In addition, the formulations and techniques used to overcome the disadvantages of EOs application are introduced. The results of recent studies have confirmed that EOs provide great potential for controlling common fungi and mycotoxins in grains, and enhancing quantity and quality safety of grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachang Feng
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bowen Yanshao
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
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Chen F, Chen YP, Wu H, Li Y, Zhang S, Ke J, Yao JY. Characterization of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flower extract and insights into its antifungal susceptibilities of Aspergillus flavus. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:286. [PMID: 37580785 PMCID: PMC10424394 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flowers will compete with tea leaves in nutrition and are abandoned as an undesirable by-product. In this study, the biological efficacy of tea flowers was investigated. Further exploration of its antifungal activity was explained. METHODS Tea flowers harvested from China were characterized in term of component, antioxidant ability, tyrosinase inhibition, and antifungal ability. Chemical compounds of tea flowers were analyzed by LC-MS. Disinfectant compounds were identified in tea flowers, and 2-ketobutyric acid exhibited antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavusCCTCC AF 2023038. The antifungal mechanism of 2-ketobutyric acid was further investigated by RNA-seq. RESULTS Water-soluble tea flower extracts (TFEs) exhibited free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) as well as a high ferric-reducing ability. However, no inhibition of tyrosinase activity was observed. In the antifungal test, 6.4 mg/mL TFE reached 71.5% antifungal rate and the electrical conductivity of the culture broth increased with increasing concentration of TFE, implying that it damaged the fungal cell membrane by the TFE. Several disinfectants were identified in TFE by LC-MS, and 2-ketobutyric acid was also confirmed to be capable of fungal inhibition. Propidium iodide (PI) staining indicated that 2-ketobutyric acid caused damage to the cell membrane. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 3,808 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in A. flavus CCTCC AF 2023038 treated by 2-ketobutyric acid, and more than 1,000 DEGs involved in the integral and intrinsic component of membrane were affected. Moreover, 2-ketobutyric acid downregulated aflatoxin biosynthesis genes and decreased the aflatoxin production. CONCLUSIONS Overall, TFE exhibited excellent antioxidant ability and fungal inhibition against A. flavus CCTCC AF 2023038 due to its abundant disinfectant compounds. As a recognized food additive, 2-ketobutyric acid is safe to use in the food industry and can be utilized as the basis for the research and development of strong fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
| | - Yu-Pei Chen
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China.
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Hongtan Wu
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
| | - Shudi Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
| | - Jincheng Ke
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361000, China
| | - Jeng-Yuan Yao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
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12
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Song W, Yin Z, Lu X, Shen D, Dou D. Plant secondary metabolite citral interferes with Phytophthora capsici virulence by manipulating the expression of effector genes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:932-946. [PMID: 37092279 PMCID: PMC10346372 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is a notorious pathogen that infects various economically important plants and causes serious threats to agriculture worldwide. Plants deploy a variety of plant secondary metabolites to fend off pathogen attacks, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we screened 11 plant secondary metabolites to evaluate their biofumigation effects against P. capsici, and found that citral, carvacrol, and trans-2-decenal exhibited strong antimicrobial effects. Intriguingly, a low concentration of citral was effective in restricting P. capsici infection in Nicotiana benthamiana, but it was unable to inhibit the mycelial growth. A high concentration of citral affected the mycelial growth and morphology, zoospore germination, and cell membrane permeability of P. capsici. Further investigations showed that citral did not induce expression of tested plant immunity-related genes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, suggesting that a low concentration of citral could not trigger plant immunity. Moreover, RNA-Seq analysis showed that citral treatment regulated the expression of some P. capsici effector genes such as RxLR genes and P. cactorum-fragaria (PCF)/small cysteine-rich (SCR)74-like genes during the infection process, which was also verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assay. Five candidate effector genes suppressed by citral significantly facilitated P. capsici infection in N. benthamiana or inhibited ROS triggered by flg22, suggesting that they were virulence factors of P. capsici. Together, our results revealed that plant-derived citral exhibited excellent inhibitory efficacy against P. capsici by suppressing vegetative growth and manipulating expression of effector genes, which provides a promising application of citral for controlling Phytophthora blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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13
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Lv H, Huo S, Zhao L, Zhang H, Liu Y, Liu S, Tani A, Wang R. Preparation and application of cinnamon-Litsea cubeba compound essential oil microcapsules for peanut kernel postharvest storage. Food Chem 2023; 415:135734. [PMID: 36848837 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This research developed a novel, efficient and safe antimildew for peanut kernel postharvest storage. The antimildew, cinnamon-Litsea cubeba compound essential oil (CLCEO) microcapsule (CLCEOM), was synthesized with CLCEO as core materials and β-cyclodextrin as wall materials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses indicated that major antifungal compounds of CLCEO were encapsulated in the cavity of β-cyclodextrin. The inhibition zone experiment showed that CLCEOM retained antifungal effect on Aspergillus spp. strains even after storage for 2 months at 4 ℃. Besides, CLCEOM reduced total number of fungal colonies, relative abundance of Aspergillus spp., and aflatoxin B1 content of peanut kernels, and had positive effect on slowing down the increase in acid value of peanut oil without causing any adverse effect on the viability and sensory properties during storage process. Overall, CLCEOM presented good preservative effects on peanut kernels, providing evidence for its potential use as antimildew for peanut storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Lv
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Shanshan Huo
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingli Zhao
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hanxiao Zhang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shichang Liu
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Akio Tani
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ruolan Wang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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de-la-Fuente I, Guridi A, Jauregizar N, Eraso E, Quindós G, Sevillano E. In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Citral in Combination with Amphotericin B, Anidulafungin and Fluconazole against Candida auris Isolates. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:648. [PMID: 37367584 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen responsible for hospital outbreaks of invasive candidiasis associated with high mortality. The treatment of these mycoses is a clinical challenge due to the high resistance levels of this species to current antifungal drugs, and alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo activities of combinations of citral with anidulafungin, amphotericin B or fluconazole against 19 C. auris isolates. The antifungal effect of citral was in most cases similar to the effect of the antifungal drugs in monotherapy. The best combination results were obtained with anidulafungin, with synergistic and additive interactions against 7 and 11 of the 19 isolates, respectively. The combination of 0.06 μg/mL anidulafungin and 64 μg/mL citral showed the best results, with a survival rate of 63.2% in Caenorhabditis elegans infected with C. auris UPV 17-279. The combination of fluconazole with citral reduced the MIC of fluconazole from > 64 to 1-4 μg/mL against 12 isolates, and a combination of 2 μg/mL fluconazole and 64 μg/mL citral was also effective in reducing mortality in C. elegans. Amphotericin B combined with citral, although effective in vitro, did not improve the activity of each compound in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo de-la-Fuente
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Andrea Guridi
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Nerea Jauregizar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Elena Eraso
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quindós
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Elena Sevillano
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Liu Y, Yan Y, Yang K, Yang X, Dong P, Wu H, Luo X, Zhang Y, Zhu L. Inhibitory mechanism of Salmonella Derby biofilm formation by sub-inhibitory concentrations of clove and oregano essential oil: A global transcriptomic study. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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16
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Transcriptomic analysis reveals the inhibition mechanism of pulsed light on fungal growth and ochratoxin A biosynthesis in Aspergillus carbonarius. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112501. [PMID: 36869509 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed light (PL) technology has a good effect on the control of fungi in postharvest fruit. In this present work, PL inhibited the growth of Aspergillus carbonarius in a dose-dependent manner, the mycelial growth decreased by 4.83 %, 13.91 % and 30.01 % at a fluence of 4.5 J·cm-2 (PL5), 9 J·cm-2 (PL10) and 13.5 J·cm2 (PL15), respectively. When inoculated with PL15 treated A. carbonarius, the scab diameter of the pears, ergosterol and OTA content was reduced by 23.2 %, 27.9 % and 80.7 % after 7 days, respectively. The third-generation sequencing technique was applied to study the transcriptome response of A. carbonarius treated with PL. Compared with the blank control, a total number of 268 and 963 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered in the group of PL10 and PL15, respectively. To be specific, a large amount of DEGs involved in DNA metabolism were up-regulated, while most of DEGs related to cell integrity, energy and glucose metabolism, ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis and transport were down-regulated. In addition, the stress response of A. carbonarius was imbalanced, including up-regulation of Catalase and PEX12 and down-regulation of taurine and subtaurine metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenase and glutathione metabolism. Meanwhile, the results of transmission electron microscopy, mycelium cellular leakage and DNA electrophoresis indicated that PL15 treatment caused mitochondrial swelling, the destroyed cell membrane permeability and imbalance of DNA metabolism. The expression of P450 and Hal involved in OTA biosynthesis pathway were down-regulated in PL treated samples detected by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, this study reveals the molecular mechanism of pulsed light on inhibiting the growth, development and toxin production of A. carbonarius.
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Hajigholamreza H, Sharifzadeh A, Hassan J, Shokri H, Akbaripazouki A, Pakbin B, Tamai IA. Influence of menthol on biofilm formation, ergosterol content, and cell surface hydrophobicity of Candida glabrata. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad065. [PMID: 37429611 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to synthetic antifungals has become one of the leading public health challenges around the world. Accordingly, novel antifungal products like naturally occurring molecules can be one of the potential ways to reach efficient curative approaches to control candidiasis. This work evaluated the effect of menthol on cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), biofilm formation, growth, and ergosterol content of Candida glabrata, a yeast with a high resistance against antifungal agents. Disc diffusion method (susceptibility to synthetic antifungals), broth micro-dilution method (Susceptibility to menthol), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction assay (biofilm formation), High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique (ergosterol content), and adherence to n-hexadecane (CSH) were employed to determine the influence of menthol against C. glabrata isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of menthol versus C. glabrata was 1250-5000 µg/mL (mean ± SD: 3375 ± 1375 µg/mL). The mean rate of C. glabrata biofilm formation was decreased up to 97.67%, 81.15%, 71.21%, 63.72%, 47.53%, 26.31%, and 0.051% at 625, 1250, 2500, 5000, 10 000, 20 000, and 40 000 µg/mL concentrations, respectively. The percentages of CSH were significant in groups treated with MIC/2 (17.51 ± 5.52%) and MIC/4 (26 ± 5.87%) concentrations of menthol. Also, the percentage changes in membrane ergosterol were 15.97%, 45.34%, and 73.40% at 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/mL concentrations of menthol, respectively, in comparison with untreated control. The results showed the menthol impact versus sessile and planktonic C. glabrata cells, and the interference with ergosterol content, CSH, and biofilm formation, which made it a potent natural antifungal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hajigholamreza
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassan
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol 4615664616, Iran
| | - Ali Akbaripazouki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Babak Pakbin
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenberg Str. 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, Sion 2 1950, Switzerland
| | - Iradj Ashrafi Tamai
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
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Antifungal mechanisms of γ-aminobutyric acid against the postharvest pathogen Alternaria alternata. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Antifungal and antimycotoxic activities of 3 essential oils against 3 mycotoxinogenic fungi. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:504. [PMID: 35852627 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fungal toxins can have various adverse health effects, including carcinogenic, teratogenic or hepatotoxic impacts. In addition, fungal alteration has also a negative impact on agricultural plant production. The use of chemical fungicides to control mycotoxin contamination is increasingly controversial and regulated. More environmentally friendly methods are therefore being explored. Essential oils, as compounds extracted from plants, are liquids whose specific aromatic compounds give each essential oil its own unique characteristics. Due to their rich chemical composition, essential oils (EOs) have many interesting properties, including antifungal activities. The objective of the present study was to analyze volatile chemical composition of EOs (Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis) by GC/MS and to investigate their effects on the growth, sporulation and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Fusarium verticillioides (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1, respectively). In addition, EOs influence on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) biosynthesis pathways was explored using real-time qRT-PCR. The results obtained in vitro, by direct contact with the EOs and by diffusion of their volatile compounds, showed that the essential oils had inhibitory effects on the growth and the production of mycotoxins of the 3 fungal strains and modified the expression of some toxin synthesis genes. We conclude that the recorded effects were dependent on the combined effects of the EOs type, the fungal strains and the doses studied.
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Trans-cinnamaldehyde inhibits Penicillium italicum by damaging mitochondria and inducing apoptosis mechanisms. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Jiang N, Wang L, Jiang D, Wang M, Liu H, Yu H, Yao W. Transcriptomic analysis of inhibition by eugenol of ochratoxin A biosynthesis and growth of Aspergillus carbonarius. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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22
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Wang L, Wang M, Jiao J, Liu H. Roles of AaVeA on Mycotoxin Production via Light in Alternaria alternata. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842268. [PMID: 35250954 PMCID: PMC8894881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is a principal plant pathogen responsible for the biosynthesis of mycotoxins, including tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). The velvet gene VeA is involved in fungal growth, development, and secondary metabolism, including mycotoxin biosynthesis via light regulation. In this study, the detailed regulatory roles of AaVeA in A. alternata with various light sources were investigated from the comparative analyses between the wild type and the gene knockout strains. In fungal growth and conidiation, mycelial extension was independent of light regulation in A. alternata. Red light favored conidiation, but blue light repressed it. The absence of AaVeA caused the marked reduction of hyphae extension and conidiophore formation even though red light could not induce more spores in ΔAaVeA mutant. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in hyphal growth and conidiation were drastically transcribed from the comparatively transcriptomic profile between the wild type and ΔAaVeA mutant strains with or without light. In mycotoxin production, TeA biosynthesis seems no obvious effect by light regulation, but AOH and AME formation was significantly stimulated by blue light. Nevertheless, the disruption of AaVeA resulted in a marked decrease in mycotoxin production and the action of the stimulation was lost via blue light for the abundant accumulation of AOH and AME in the ΔAaVeA strain. From DEG expression and further verification by RT-qPCR, the loss of AaVeA caused the discontinuous supply of the substrates for mycotoxin biosynthesis and the drastic decline of biosynthetic gene expression. In addition, pathogenicity depends on AaVeA regulation in tomato infected by A. alternata in vivo. These findings provide a distinct understanding of the roles of AaVeA in fungal growth, development, mycotoxin biosynthesis, and pathogenicity in response to various light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Wang,
| | - Jian Jiao
- Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, China
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23
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Saeed K, Pasha I, Jahangir Chughtai MF, Ali Z, Bukhari H, Zuhair M. Application of essential oils in food industry: challenges and innovation. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2022.2029776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanza Saeed
- Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Imran Pasha
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad Pakistan
| | | | | | - Hina Bukhari
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad Pakistan
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Antifungal and Antiaflatoxinogenic Effects of Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, and Cymbopogon schoenanthus Essential Oils Alone and in Combination. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020117. [PMID: 35205871 PMCID: PMC8878799 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal and antiaflatoxinogenic activities of the essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, and their pair combinations were investigated. Antifungal susceptibility and the efficacy of paired combinations of EOs were assessed using agar microdilution and checkerboard methods, respectively. Identification and quantification of chemical components of the EOs were carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-MS and GC-FID), respectively. Aflatoxins were separated and identified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and then quantified by spectrofluorescence. The EO of C. nardus exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The combination of C. citratus and C. nardus and that of C. nardus and C. schoenanthus exhibited a synergistic effect against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus, respectively. Both C. citratus and C. schoenanthus EOs totally inhibited the synthesis of aflatoxin B1 at 1 µL/mL. C. citratus blocked the production of aflatoxins B2 and G2 at 0.5 µL/mL. Both C. citratus and C. schoenanthus totally hampered the production of the aflatoxin G1 at 0.75 µL/mL. The combination of C. citratus and C. schoenanthus completely inhibited the production of the four aflatoxins. The study shows that the combinations can be used to improve their antifungal and antiaflatoxinogenic activities.
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Jafarzadeh S, Abdolmalek K, Javanmardi F, Hadidi M, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Recent advances in plant‐based compounds for mitigation of mycotoxin contamination in food products: current status, challenges, and perspectives. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Jafarzadeh
- School of Engineering Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA 6027 Australia
| | - Khadije Abdolmalek
- Research Center of Oils and Fats Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Fardin Javanmardi
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Milad Hadidi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition Faculty of Food Engineering University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition Faculty of Food Engineering University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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Proteomic analysis of Aspergillus flavus reveals the antifungal action of Perilla frutescens essential oil by interfering with energy metabolism and defense function. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ferreira OO, da Silva SHM, de Oliveira MS, Andrade EHDA. Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Myrcia multiflora and Eugenia florida Essential Oils. Molecules 2021; 26:7259. [PMID: 34885839 PMCID: PMC8658826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oils of three specimens of Myrcia multiflora (A, B and C) and Eugenia florida were extracted by hydrodistillation, and the chemical compositions from the essential oils were identified by gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (CG/MS and CG-FID). The fungicide potential of the EOs against five fungicide yeasts was assessed: Candida albicans INCQS-40175, C. tropicalis ATCC 6258, C. famata ATCC 62894, C. krusei ATCC 13803 and C. auris IEC-01. The essential oil of the specimen Myrcia multiflora (A) was characterized by the major compounds: α-bulnesene (26.79%), pogostol (21.27%) and δ-amorphene (6.76%). The essential oil of the specimen M. multiflora (B) was rich in (E)-nerolidol (44.4%), (E)-γ-bisabolene (10.64%) and (E,E)-α-farnesene (8.19%), while (E)-nerolidol (92.21%) was the majority of the specimen M. multiflora (C). The sesquiterpenes seline-3,11-dien-6-α-ol (12.93%), eremoligenol (11%) and γ-elemene (10.70%) characterized the chemical profile of the EOs of E. florida. The fungal species were sensitive to the essential oil of M. multiflora (B) (9-11 mm), and the lowest inhibitory concentration (0.07%) was observed in the essential oil of M. multiflora (A) against the yeasts of C. famata. Fungicidal action was observed in the essential oils of M. multiflora (A) against C. famata, with an MIC of 0.78 µL/mL and 3.12 µL/mL; C. albicans, with an MFC of 50 µL/mL and M. multiflora (C) against C. albicans; and C. krusei, with a MFC of 50 µL/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oberdan Oliveira Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia-Rede Bionorte, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa S/N, Guamá, Belém 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Silvia Helena Marques da Silva
- Seção de Bacteriologia e Micologia LabMicol-SABMI Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas-IEC/SVS/MS, Rodovia BR 316 KM 07, Levilândia, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira
- Laboratório Adolpho Ducke, Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Perimetral, 1901, Terra Firme, Belém 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia-Rede Bionorte, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa S/N, Guamá, Belém 66075-900, Brazil
- Laboratório Adolpho Ducke, Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Perimetral, 1901, Terra Firme, Belém 66077-830, Brazil
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Mei RF, Shi YX, Gan JL, Deng SP, Ding H, Cai L, Ding ZT. Interaction between Alternaria alternata and monoterpenoids caused by fungal self-protection. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang Y, Lin W, Yan H, Neng J, Zheng Y, Yang K, Xing F, Sun P. iTRAQ proteome analysis of the antifungal mechanism of citral on mycelial growth and OTA production in Aspergillus ochraceus. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4969-4979. [PMID: 33543481 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus ochraceus causes food spoilage and produces mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) during storage of agricultural commodities. In this study, citral was used to inhibit A. ochraceus growth and OTA accumulation, proteomic analysis was employed to verify the mechanism of citral. RESULTS Citral was found to significantly inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production in A. ochraceus. Specifically, 75, 125, 150 and 200 μL L-1 citral suppressed mycelial growth by 33%, 46%, 50% and 100%, respectively. Additionally, 75 μL L-1 citral inhibited OTA accumulation by 25%. Proteomic analysis was performed to elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of citral on mycelial growth and OTA production at subinhibitory concentrations (75 μL L-1 ). Proteomics analysis identified 2646 proteins in A. ochraceus fc-1, of which 218 were differentially expressed between control and 75 μL L-1 citral treatment samples. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of biological process, cellular component and molecular function terms. Potential factors affecting mycelial growth and OTA production were analysed, and OTA production was revealed to be a complex process involving many associated factors related to various processes including nutrient intake, sterol biosynthesis, ribosome biogenesis, energy metabolism, oxidative stress and amino acid metabolism. In addition, citral at 75 μL L-1 down-regulated OTA biosynthetic genes including pks and nrps, but slightly up-regulated the global regulatory factors veA, velB and laeA. CONCLUSION The findings further demonstrate the potential of citral for the preservation of grains and other agricultural products, and provide new insight into its antifungal mechanisms at subinhibitory concentrations. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology/Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology/Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Neng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology/Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology/Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology/Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Peilong Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology/Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
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Li Q, Zhu X, Xie Y, Zhong Y. o-Vanillin, a promising antifungal agent, inhibits Aspergillus flavus by disrupting the integrity of cell walls and cell membranes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5147-5158. [PMID: 34086115 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
o-Vanillin is a natural product that has been widely applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, we determined that o-vanillin can strongly inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus mycelia. However, the inhibition mechanism of o-vanillin is still elusive. The ultrastructural morphology of mycelia was injured, and the cell walls were destroyed. The OH functional groups on cell walls were altered, and the content of protein in mycelial cell walls was reduced by o-vanillin. The content of β-1,3-glucan in cell walls was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by o-vanillin in a dose-dependent manner, while chitin was not markedly affected. Moreover, o-vanillin led to an increase in the permeability of cell membranes. o-Vanillin also exhibited a promising antifungal effect on contaminated corn kernels. Therefore, o-vanillin inhibited the growth of mycelia by disrupting the integrity of cell walls and cell membranes. This study not only sheds light on the antifungal mechanism of o-vanillin but also indicates that it is a promising agent for the control of A. flavus infection. KEY POINTS: • o-Vanillin has strong inhibitory effects on A. flavus. • o-Vanillin destroyed the integrity of cell walls and cell membranes. • o-Vanillin could effectively inhibit the growth of A. flavus on corn kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoman Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Xie
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Zhong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Jiang D, Wei D, Li H, Wang L, Jiang N, Li Y, Wang M. Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in wheat and potential of reducing associated risks using magnolol. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3071-3077. [PMID: 33124688 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is one of three major food crops in China. Alternaria species can cause spoilage of wheat with consequent mycotoxin accumulation. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) are the most common and frequently studied mycotoxins. There are limited regulations placed on Alternaria mycotoxin concentrations worldwide due to the lack of toxicity data available. More data on the levels of mycotoxin contamination are also needed. It is also important to reduce the risks of Alternaria mycotoxins. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-two wheat samples were collected from Hebei Province, China, and analyzed for AOH, AME, and TeA. Tenuazonic acid was found to be the predominant Alternaria mycotoxin, especially in flour samples. Studying Alternaria species that cause black-point disease of wheat indicated that Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima were the dominant species. Most of the Alternaria strains studied produced more than one mycotoxin and TeA was produced at the highest concentration, which may have resulted in the high level of TeA contamination in the wheat samples. Furthermore, magnolol displayed obvious antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity against Alternaria. This is the first report on the antimycotoxigenic activity of magnolol against Alternaria species. CONCLUSION The Alternaria mycotoxin contamination levels in wheat and wheat products from Hebei Province, China, were correlated with the toxigenic capacity of the Alternaria strains colonizing the wheat. Considering its safety, magnolol could be developed as a natural fungicide in wheat, or as a natural alternative food preservative based on its strong antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity against Alternaria strains. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Jiang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Dizhe Wei
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology/Research Center for Agricultural Products Quality and Safety, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchao Li
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology/Research Center for Agricultural Products Quality and Safety, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Álvarez M, Rodríguez A, Bermúdez E, Roncero E, Andrade MJ. Development of a Methodology for Estimating the Ergosterol in Meat Product-Borne Toxigenic Moulds to Evaluate Antifungal Agents. Foods 2021; 10:438. [PMID: 33671272 PMCID: PMC7922909 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal agents are commonly used in the meat industry to prevent the growth of unwanted moulds, such as toxigenic ones, on dry-cured meat products. For enhancing the application of antifungals, their mode of action must be evaluated. Their effect on the mould ergosterol content is one of the most studied ones, since it is the target site of some commercialised antifungals or of those that are in development. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology for determining how the antifungal agents used in the meat industry work. A method for analysing ergosterol was firstly developed using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection coupled to a diode array detector (HPLC-FLD/DAD). The chromatographically optimised conditions (gradient and mobile phases) allowed us to reduce the time per analysis with respect to previously published methods up to 22 min. Withing the six checked extraction methods, method 5, showing the best mean recovery values (99.51%), the shortest retention time (15.8 min), and the lowest standard deviation values (9.92) and working temperature (60 °C), was selected. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.03 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively. All the validation parameters corroborated the method's suitability. Finally, its feasibility for evaluating the effect of a commercial antifungal preparation (AP) and different herbs that are frequently added to meat products on the ergosterol content of several toxigenic moulds was studied. Differences at the strain level were obtained in the presence of AP. Moreover, the addition of herbs significantly reduced the ergosterol content in Penicillium nordicum up to 83.91%. The developed methodology is thus suitable for screening the antifungals' role in altering mould ergosterol biosynthesis before their application in real meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Álvarez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.); (E.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Food Quality and Microbiology, University Institute for the Research in Agrifood Resources, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez, s/n. 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Elena Bermúdez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.); (E.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Elia Roncero
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.); (E.B.); (E.R.)
| | - María J. Andrade
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.); (E.B.); (E.R.)
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Mirza Alizadeh A, Golzan SA, Mahdavi A, Dakhili S, Torki Z, Hosseini H. Recent advances on the efficacy of essential oils on mycotoxin secretion and their mode of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4726-4751. [PMID: 33523705 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1878102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils, as extracted compounds from plants, are volatile and aromatic liquids which their unique aromatic compounds give each essential oil its distinctive essence. Fungi toxins can induce various adverse health effects like allergy, cancer, and immunosuppression. Moreover, fungal spoilage impacts pharmaceutical and food industries economic state. A drop in the utilization of synthetic compounds as food prophylaxis has occurred due to several factors such as hygiene agents' alerts and stricter legal regulations. Therefore, the applications of natural substances such as essential oils have increased in recent years. Oregano, cinnamon, thyme, rosemary, fennel, clove, palmarosa, and eucalyptus have been the highest employed essential oils against mycotoxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins in studies conducted in the past decade. Essential oils inhibit fungi growth and mycotoxin synthesis via diverse pathways including modified fungal growth rate and extended lag phase, disruption of cell permeability, disruption of the electron transport chain and manipulating gene expression patterns and metabolic processes. In the present review, we will investigate the implications and efficacy of essential oils in preventing the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi, eliminating mycotoxins and their mechanism of actions conducted in the last decade. HighlightsThe most investigated toxigenic genera are Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium Spp.AB1, AG1, OTA and AB2 are the most frequently studied toxinsOregano, cinnamon and thyme are mostly exploited EOs on toxigenic fungi & mycotoxinsOregano, thyme & cinnamon are the most significant antifungals on toxigenic generaCinnamon, oregano & cinnamaldehyde are the fittest antimycotoxins on DON, OTA & AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Amirhossein Golzan
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Mahdavi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Samira Dakhili
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Torki
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Guliani A, Pooja, Verma M, Kumari A, Acharya A. Retaining the ‘essence’ of essential oil: Nanoemulsions of citral and carvone reduced oil loss and enhanced antibacterial efficacy via bacterial membrane perturbation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Feng G, Li X, Wang W, Deng L, Zeng K. Effects of Peptide Thanatin on the Growth and Transcriptome of Penicillium digitatum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:606482. [PMID: 33381100 PMCID: PMC7767931 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.606482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is the most damaging pathogen provoking green mold in citrus fruit during storage, and there is an urgent need for novel antifungal agents with high efficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects of peptide thanatin against P. digitatum and the molecular mechanisms. Results showed that peptide thanatin had a prominent inhibitory effect on P. digitatum by in vitro and in vivo test. A total of 938 genes, including 556 downregulated and 382 upregulated genes, were differentially expressed, as revealed by RNA-seq of whole P. digitatum genomes analysis with or without thanatin treatment. The downregulated genes mainly encoded RNA polymerase, ribosome biogenesis, amino acid metabolism, and major facilitator superfamily. The genes associated with heat shock proteins and antioxidative systems were widely expressed in thanatin-treated group. DNA, RNA, and the protein content of P. digitatum were significantly decreased after thanatin treatment. In conclusion, thanatin could inhibit the growth of P. digitatum, and the underlying mechanism might be the genetic information processing and stress response were affected. The research will provide more precise and directional clues to explore the inhibitory mechanism of thanatin on growth of P. digitatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Feng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xindan Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lili Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Research Center of Food Storage and Logistics, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Research Center of Food Storage and Logistics, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Transcriptomic Insights into the Antifungal Effects of Magnolol on the Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Alternaria alternata. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100665. [PMID: 33092244 PMCID: PMC7594048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is an important phytopathogen causing fruit black rot and also producing a variety of mycotoxins, such as alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) as two main contaminants. This could lead to economic losses of agricultural products as well as human health risks. In this study, magnolol extracted from the traditional Chinese herb, Mangnolia officinalis, exhibited an obvious antifungal property and could completely suppress the mycelial growth at 100 μM. Morphological differences of A. alternata were observed to be significantly shrunk and wrinkled after the exposure to magnolol. Furthermore, AOH and AME were no longer produced in response to 50 μM of magnolol. To uncover the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic mechanisms, the transcriptomic profiles of A. alternata—treated with or without magnolol—were evaluated. The clustered genes responsible for AOH and AME biosynthesis were obviously less transcribed under magnolol stress and this was further confirmed by qRT-PCR. The global regulators of carbon and nitrogen utilization, such as CreA and NmrA, were significantly down-regulated and this possibly caused the reduction in mycotoxins. In addition, fatty acid β-oxidation was regarded to contribute to polyketide mycotoxin production for the supply of precursor acetyl-CoA while the expression of these related genes was inhibited. The response to magnolol led to the marked alteration of oxidative stress and the down-expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway from the transcriptome data and the determination of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) assays. This above might be the very reason for the growth supression and mycotoxin production of A. alternata by magnolol. This study provides new insights into its potential as an important active ingredient for the control of A. alternata and its mycotoxins in fruits and their products.
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Biocontrol Agents and Natural Compounds Against Mycotoxinogenic Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060353. [PMID: 32481521 PMCID: PMC7354559 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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García-Díaz M, Patiño B, Vázquez C, Gil-Serna J. A Novel Niosome-Encapsulated Essential Oil Formulation to Prevent Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize Grains During Storage. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110646. [PMID: 31698851 PMCID: PMC6891554 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin (AF) contamination of maize is a major concern for food safety. The use of chemical fungicides is controversial, and it is necessary to develop new effective methods to control Aspergillus flavus growth and, therefore, to avoid the presence of AFs in grains. In this work, we tested in vitro the effect of six essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic plants. We selected those from Satureja montana and Origanum virens because they show high levels of antifungal and antitoxigenic activity at low concentrations against A. flavus. EOs are highly volatile compounds and we have developed a new niosome-based encapsulation method to extend their shelf life and activity. These new formulations have been successfully applied to reduce fungal growth and AF accumulation in maize grains in a small-scale test, as well as placing the maize into polypropylene woven bags to simulate common storage conditions. In this latter case, the antifungal properties lasted up to 75 days after the first application.
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