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Kulow VA, Labes R, Czopek CS, Rosenberger C, Fähling M. Galectin-3 protects distal convoluted tubules in rhabdomyolysis-induced kidney injury. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1571-1585. [PMID: 39042141 PMCID: PMC11381487 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) contribute to cellular damage of various pathologies, including kidney diseases. Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a syndrome seldom characterized by a single, distinct pathophysiological cause. Rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (RIAKI) constitutes roughly 15% of AKI cases, yet its underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Using a murine model of RIAKI induced by muscular glycerol injection, we observed elevated levels of AGEs and the AGE receptor galectin-3 (LGALS3) in the kidney. Immunofluorescence localized LGALS3 to distal nephron segments. According to transcriptomic profiling via next-generation sequencing, RIAKI led to profound changes in kidney metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Cellular stress was evident in both proximal and distal tubules, as shown by kidney injury markers KIM-1 and NGAL. However, only proximal tubules exhibited overt damage and apoptosis, as detected by routine morphology, active Caspase-3, and TUNEL assay, respectively. In vitro, distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells challenged with AGEs underwent apoptosis, which was markedly enhanced by Lgals3 siRNA treatment. Thus, in RIAKI, the upregulation of LGALS3 may protect the distal nephron from AGE-mediated damage, while proximal tubules lacking LGALS3 stay at risk. Thus, stimulating LGALS3 in the proximal nephron, if achievable, may attenuate RIAKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Kulow
- Institut für Translationale Physiologie (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Labes
- Institut für Translationale Physiologie (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia S Czopek
- Institut für Translationale Physiologie (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Rosenberger
- Medizinische Klinik m.S. Nephrologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fähling
- Institut für Translationale Physiologie (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Yamamoto T, Isaka Y. Pathological mechanisms of kidney disease in ageing. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:603-615. [PMID: 39025993 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The kidney is a metabolically active organ that requires energy to drive processes such as tubular reabsorption and secretion, and shows a decline in function with advancing age. Various molecular mechanisms, including genomic instability, telomere attrition, inflammation, autophagy, mitochondrial function, and changes to the sirtuin and Klotho signalling pathways, are recognized regulators of individual lifespan and pivotal factors that govern kidney ageing. Thus, mechanisms that contribute to ageing not only dictate renal outcomes but also exert a substantial influence over life expectancy. Conversely, kidney dysfunction, in the context of chronic kidney disease (CKD), precipitates an expedited ageing trajectory in individuals, leading to premature ageing and a disconnect between biological and chronological age. As CKD advances, age-related manifestations such as frailty become increasingly conspicuous. Hence, the pursuit of healthy ageing necessitates not only the management of age-related complications but also a comprehensive understanding of the processes and markers that underlie systemic ageing. Here, we examine the hallmarks of ageing, focusing on the mechanisms by which they affect kidney health and contribute to premature organ ageing. We also review diagnostic methodologies and interventions for premature ageing, with special consideration given to the potential of emerging therapeutic avenues to target age-related kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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3
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Jing L, Zhang H, Xiang Q, Hu H, Zhai C, Xu S, Tian H. Role of Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Heart Failure. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2024; 25:240. [PMID: 39139438 PMCID: PMC11317343 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2507240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterizing by typical physical signs and symptomatology resulting from reduced cardiac output and/or intracardiac pressure at rest or under stress due to structural and/or functional abnormalities of the heart. HF is often the final stage of all cardiovascular diseases and a significant risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest, death, and liver or kidney failure. Current pharmacological treatments can only slow the progression and recurrence of HF. With advancing research into the gut microbiome and its metabolites, one such trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)-has been implicated in the advancement of HF and is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with HF. However, the precise role of TMAO in HF has not yet been clarified. This review highlights and concludes the available evidence and potential mechanisms associated with HF, with the hope of contributing new insights into the diagnosis and prevention of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Jing
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University: First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314000 Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University: First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314000 Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiannan Xiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University: First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314000 Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huilin Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University: First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314000 Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changlin Zhai
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University: First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314000 Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suining Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongen Tian
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University: First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314000 Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Ding S, Kim YJ, Huang KY, Um D, Jung Y, Kong H. Delivery-mediated exosomal therapeutics in ischemia-reperfusion injury: advances, mechanisms, and future directions. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:18. [PMID: 38689075 PMCID: PMC11061094 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-024-00423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) poses significant challenges across various organ systems, including the heart, brain, and kidneys. Exosomes have shown great potentials and applications in mitigating IRI-induced cell and tissue damage through modulating inflammatory responses, enhancing angiogenesis, and promoting tissue repair. Despite these advances, a more systematic understanding of exosomes from different sources and their biotransport is critical for optimizing therapeutic efficacy and accelerating the clinical adoption of exosomes for IRI therapies. Therefore, this review article overviews the administration routes of exosomes from different sources, such as mesenchymal stem cells and other somatic cells, in the context of IRI treatment. Furthermore, this article covers how the delivered exosomes modulate molecular pathways of recipient cells, aiding in the prevention of cell death and the promotions of regeneration in IRI models. In the end, this article discusses the ongoing research efforts and propose future research directions of exosome-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhe Ding
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kai-Yu Huang
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Daniel Um
- Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, YU-KIST Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-Chicago, Chicago, USA.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Duan DF, Liu M, Ma DY, Yan LJ, Huang YY, Chen Y, Jiang W, Tang X, Xiong AQ, Shi YY. Exploring Symptom Clusters in Chinese Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Network Analysis. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:871-884. [PMID: 38468820 PMCID: PMC10926920 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s447921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The research on symptom management in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has shifted from separate symptoms to symptom clusters and networks recently. This study aimed to evaluate the unpleasant symptoms of DKD patients, and to investigate how these symptom clusters could affect patients. Methods 408 DKD patients were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The symptoms of DKD patients were measured using the modified Dialysis Symptom Index. Network analysis was employed to evaluate the symptom network and the characteristics of individual nodes, while factor analysis was utilized to identify symptom clusters. Results Blurred vision was the most prevalent symptom among DKD patients. The symptoms identified as the most distressing, severe, and frequent were light headache or dizziness, arteriovenous fistula/catheterization pain, and diarrhea, respectively. Five symptom clusters were obtained from factor analysis, and the most central symptom cluster in the entire symptom network was sexual dysfunction. Conclusion This study identified five symptom clusters in Chinese DKD patients, with sexual dysfunction emerging as the most central cluster. These findings carry significant clinical implications, underscoring the necessity of assessing symptom clusters and their associations to enhance symptom management in DKD patients. Further research is essential to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of symptoms and to clarify the associations among symptoms in DKD patients across different disease trajectories or treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Fei Duan
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deng-Yan Ma
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Jia Yan
- The Nethersole School of Nursing Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue-Yang Huang
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - An-Qi Xiong
- Department of Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Ying Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
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Ding L, Hou Y, Liu J, Wang X, Wang Z, Ding W, Zhao K. Circulating Concentrations of advanced Glycation end Products, Carboxymethyl Lysine and Methylglyoxal are Associated With Renal Function in Individuals With Diabetes. J Ren Nutr 2024; 34:154-160. [PMID: 37802233 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most severe chronic complications of diabetes and is associated with higher level of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic potential of combined detection of multiple serum AGEs in diagnosing DKD. METHODS Serum AGEs, Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), Nε-(carboxyethyl) lysine, and methylglyoxal (MGO) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 176 individuals with type 2 diabetes. Participants were classified into normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria group according to their urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR). RESULTS Higher serum AGEs levels were found to be positively correlated with U-Alb, UACR, and blood urea nitrogen in the study of 176 individuals with type 2 diabetes. CML and MGO levels were positively correlated with U-Alb, UACR, blood urea nitrogen, Scr, and uric acid, and negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P < .05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that elevated levels of AGEs, CML, and MGO were independent risk factors for the progression of DKD (odds ratio = 1.861, 1.016, 7.607, P < .01). The sensitivity, specificity, and area under receiver operating characteristic curve of combined detection of AGEs, MGO, and CML were higher than those of three individual detections (area under the curve = 0.952, 0.772, 0.868, 0905, respectively, P < .05). CONCLUSION The combined detection of AGEs, CML, and MGO may improve the reliability of early diagnosis of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ding
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Jinan Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Yanli Hou
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Jinan Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenyu Ding
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Ke Zhao
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Jinan Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China; Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
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7
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Das S, Devi Rajeswari V, Venkatraman G, Elumalai R, Dhanasekaran S, Ramanathan G. Current updates on metabolites and its interlinked pathways as biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease: A systematic review. Transl Res 2024; 265:71-87. [PMID: 37952771 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that poses a serious risk as it can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DKD is linked to changes in the diversity, composition, and functionality of the microbiota present in the gastrointestinal tract. The interplay between the gut microbiota and the host organism is primarily facilitated by metabolites generated by microbial metabolic processes from both dietary substrates and endogenous host compounds. The production of numerous metabolites by the gut microbiota is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of DKD. However, a comprehensive understanding of the precise mechanisms by which gut microbiota and its metabolites contribute to the onset and progression of DKD remains incomplete. This review will provide a summary of the current scenario of metabolites in DKD and the impact of these metabolites on DKD progression. We will discuss in detail the primary and gut-derived metabolites in DKD, and the mechanisms of the metabolites involved in DKD progression. Further, we will address the importance of metabolomics in helping identify potential DKD markers. Furthermore, the possible therapeutic interventions and research gaps will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Das
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - V Devi Rajeswari
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Ramprasad Elumalai
- Department of Nephrology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116, India
| | - Sivaraman Dhanasekaran
- School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Raisan Village, PDPU Road, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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8
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Khokhar M. Non-invasive detection of renal disease biomarkers through breath analysis. J Breath Res 2024; 18:024001. [PMID: 38099568 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad15fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Breath biomarkers are substances found in exhaled breath that can be used for non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of medical conditions, including kidney disease. Detection techniques include mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography (GC), and electrochemical sensors. Biosensors, such as GC-MS or electronic nose (e-nose) devices, can be used to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath associated with metabolic changes in the body, including the kidneys. E-nose devices could provide an early indication of potential kidney problems through the detection of VOCs associated with kidney dysfunction. This review discusses the sources of breath biomarkers for monitoring renal disease during dialysis and different biosensor approaches for detecting exhaled breath biomarkers. The future of using various types of biosensor-based real-time breathing diagnosis for renal failure is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Patil RS, Tupe RS. Communal interaction of glycation and gut microbes in diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:365-405. [PMID: 37589449 DOI: 10.1002/med.21987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) are increasing gradually, reflecting a global threat vis-à-vis expressing the essentiality of a substantial paradigm shift in research and remedial actions. Protein glycation is influenced by several factors, like time, temperature, pH, metal ions, and the half-life of the protein. Surprisingly, most proteins associated with metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders are generally long-lived and hence susceptible to glycation. Remarkably, proteins linked with diabetes, AD, and PD share this characteristic. This modulates protein's structure, aggregation tendency, and toxicity, highlighting renovated attention. Gut microbes and microbial metabolites marked their importance in human health and diseases. Though many scientific shreds of evidence are proposed for possible change and dysbiosis in gut flora in these diseases, very little is known about the mechanisms. Screening and unfolding their functionality in metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders is essential in hunting the gut treasure. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate the role of glycation as a common link in diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, which helps to clarify if modulation of nonenzymatic glycation may act as a beneficial therapeutic strategy and gut microbes/metabolites may answer some of the crucial questions. This review briefly emphasizes the common functional attributes of glycation and gut microbes, the possible linkages, and discusses current treatment options and therapeutic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shivaji Patil
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rashmi Santosh Tupe
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIU), Pune, Maharashtra, India
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10
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Ajibowo AO, Okobi OE, Emore E, Soladoye E, Sike CG, Odoma VA, Bakare IO, Kolawole OA, Afolayan A, Okobi E, Chukwu C. Cardiorenal Syndrome: A Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e41252. [PMID: 37529809 PMCID: PMC10389294 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a condition characterized by the intricate two-way relationship between the heart and kidneys, which can lead to acute or chronic dysfunction in these organs. The interplay between cardiorenal connectors and both hemodynamic and non-hemodynamic factors is crucial to understanding this syndrome. The clinical importance of these interactions is evident in the changes observed in hemodynamic factors, neurohormonal markers, and inflammatory processes. Identifying and understanding biomarkers associated with CRS is valuable for early detection and enabling intervention before significant organ dysfunction occurs. This comprehensive review focuses on the clinical significance of biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of CRS. Finally, it highlights the necessity for further advancements in managing this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Okelue E Okobi
- Family Medicine, Medficient Health Systems, Laurel, USA
- Family Medicine, Lakeside Medical Center, Belle Glade, USA
| | | | | | - Cherechi G Sike
- General Practice, Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, KNA
| | - Victor A Odoma
- Cardiology/Oncology, Indiana University (IU) Health, Bloomington, USA
| | - Ibrahim O Bakare
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | | | - Adebola Afolayan
- Internal Medicine, Triboro Center for Nursing and Rehabilitation, New York City, USA
| | - Emeka Okobi
- Dentistry, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Abuja, NGA
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11
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Zhuang H, Ren X, Zhang Y, Jiang F, Zhou P. Trimethylamine-N-oxide sensitizes chondrocytes to mechanical loading through the upregulation of Piezo1. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113726. [PMID: 36925039 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical strain plays a crucial role in chondrocyte apoptosis and osteoarthritis (OA) disease progression through Piezo1. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a diet-derived metabolite that correlates positively with multiple chronic diseases. Herein, we explored the potential role of TMAO in sensitizing chondrocytes to Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction. METHODS The cytotoxicity of TMAO on chondrocytes was assayed. Piezo1 expression was measured after TMAO intervention. Pathological mechanical loading or Yoda1 (a specific Piezo1 channel activator) was administered in chondrocytes. The calcium levels and cytoskeleton in chondrocytes were observed by fluorescence microscopy. Flow cytometry, western blotting, and mitochondrial membrane potential assays were utilized to evaluate apoptosis. A rat OA model was constructed by anterior cruciate ligament transection. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, Safranin-O/Fast Green staining, immunochemistry, and TUNEL were applied to estimate OA severity. RESULTS TMAO intervention alone did not affect chondrocyte viability up to 600 μM. TMAO significantly increased Piezo1 expression and up-regulated intracellular calcium levels, further leading to cytoskeletal damage. Mechanical strain or Yoda1 treatment significantly induced chondrocyte apoptosis. Notably, TMAO intervention further aggravated chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage destruction under pathological mechanical loading. CONCLUSION TMAO significantly up-regulated Piezo1 expression and sensitized chondrocytes to mechanical loading, which may be closely related to the pathogenesis of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangming Zhuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xunshan Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuelong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuze Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Panghu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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12
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Zhang H, Jing L, Zhai C, Xiang Q, Tian H, Hu H. Intestinal Flora Metabolite Trimethylamine Oxide Is Inextricably Linked to Coronary Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 81:175-182. [PMID: 36607700 PMCID: PMC9988214 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease is a common cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the incidence of coronary heart disease has gradually become younger, and biomarkers for predicting coronary heart disease have demonstrated valuable clinical prospects. Several studies have established an association between coronary heart disease and intestinal flora metabolites, including trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), which has attracted widespread attention from researchers. Investigations have also shown that plasma levels of TMAO and its precursors can predict cardiovascular risk in humans; however, TMAO's mechanism of action in causing coronary heart disease is not fully understood. This review examines TMAO's generation, the mechanism through which it causes coronary heart disease, and the approaches used to treat TMAO-caused coronary heart disease to possible avenues for future research on coronary heart disease and find new concepts for the treatment of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Zhang
- Jiaxing University Master Degree Cultivation Base, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; and
| | - Lele Jing
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University: First Hospital of Jiaxing
| | - Changlin Zhai
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University: First Hospital of Jiaxing
| | - Qiannan Xiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University: First Hospital of Jiaxing
| | - Hongen Tian
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University: First Hospital of Jiaxing
| | - Huilin Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University: First Hospital of Jiaxing
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13
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Stec A, Maciejewska M, Paralusz-Stec K, Michalska M, Giebułtowicz J, Rudnicka L, Sikora M. The Gut Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide is Linked to Specific Complications of Systemic Sclerosis. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:1895-1904. [PMID: 37152867 PMCID: PMC10162098 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s409489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare immune-mediated connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, whose pathogenesis is not fully understood. Recent studies have revealed dysbiosis in patients with systemic sclerosis and have indicated the possible role of the microbiota and its metabolites in the pathogenesis of the disease. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a compound produced by dysbiotic microbiota observed at higher concentrations in several autoimmune diseases. Objective To determine concentrations of the bacteria-derived metabolite TMAO in patients with systemic sclerosis and to assess possible correlation between TMAO and a specific manifestation of the disease. Patients and Methods The study included 63 patients with SSc and 47 matched control subjects. The concentration of TMAO was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Plasma TMAO level was significantly increased in patients with SSc (283.0 [188.5-367.5] ng/mL versus 205.5 [101.0-318.0] ng/mL; p < 0.01). An increased concentration of TMAO was observed in patients with concomitant interstitial lung disease (ILD) (302.0 ng/mL [212.0-385.5] ng/mL versus 204.0 [135.5-292.0] ng/mL; p < 0.01) and esophageal dysmotility (289.75 [213.75-387.5] ng/mL versus 209.5 ng/mL [141.5-315.0] ng/mL; p < 0.05) compared to patients without these complications. Furthermore, TMAO concentration exhibited significant correlation with markers of heart involvement (left ventricle ejection fraction, NT-proBNP), marker of ILD severity and Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium Damage Index. Conclusion The concentration of TMAO, gut microbiota-associated metabolite, is increased in systemic sclerosis, particularly in patients with advanced organ involvement. This is the first study evaluating plasma TMAO in systemic sclerosis. Bacterial metabolites may be a link between dysbiosis and organ involvement in the course of the disease. Modulation of gut bacterial-derived metabolites may represent a new therapeutic approach in the management of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stec
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Milena Michalska
- Department of General, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Sikora
- National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: Mariusz Sikora, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, Warsaw, 02-637, Poland, Tel +48 22 670 91 00, Fax +48 22 844 77 97, Email
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14
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任 园, 王 佐, 薛 骏. [Gut-derived uremic toxin trimethylamine-N-oxide in cardiovascular disease under end-stage renal disease: an injury mechanism and therapeutic target]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2022; 39:848-852. [PMID: 36008350 PMCID: PMC10957347 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is cardiovascular disease, and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has been found to be one of the specific risk factors in the pathogenic process in recent years. TMAO is derived from intestinal bacterial metabolism of dietary choline, carnitine and other substances and subsequently catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase enzymes in the liver. The changes of intestinal bacteria in ESRD patients have contributed to the accumulation of gut-derived uremic toxins such as TMAO, indoxyl sulfate and indole-3-acetic acid. While elevated TMAO concentration accelerates atherosclerosis through mechanisms such as inflammation, increased scavenger receptor expression, and inhibition of reverse cholesterol transport. In this review, this research introduces the biological function, metabolic processes of TMAO and mechanisms by which TMAO promotes the progression of cardiovascular disease in ESRD patients and summarizes current interventions that may be used to reverse gut microbiota disturbances, such as activated carbon, fecal microbial transplantation, dietary improvement, probiotic and probiotic introduction. It also focuses on exploring intervention targets to reduce the gut-derived uremic toxin TMAO in order to explore the possibility of more cardiovascular disease treatments for ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- 园 任
- 复旦大学附属华山医院 肾病科(上海 200040)Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - 佐元 王
- 复旦大学附属华山医院 肾病科(上海 200040)Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - 骏 薛
- 复旦大学附属华山医院 肾病科(上海 200040)Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
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15
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D’Cunha NM, Sergi D, Lane MM, Naumovski N, Gamage E, Rajendran A, Kouvari M, Gauci S, Dissanayka T, Marx W, Travica N. The Effects of Dietary Advanced Glycation End-Products on Neurocognitive and Mental Disorders. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122421. [PMID: 35745150 PMCID: PMC9227209 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are glycated proteins or lipids formed endogenously in the human body or consumed through diet. Ultra-processed foods and some culinary techniques, such as dry cooking methods, represent the main sources and drivers of dietary AGEs. Tissue accumulation of AGEs has been associated with cellular aging and implicated in various age-related diseases, including type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The current review summarizes the literature examining the associations between AGEs and neurocognitive and mental health disorders. Studies indicate that elevated circulating AGEs are cross-sectionally associated with poorer cognitive function and longitudinally increase the risk of developing dementia. Additionally, preliminary studies show that higher skin AGE accumulation may be associated with mental disorders, particularly depression and schizophrenia. Potential mechanisms underpinning the effects of AGEs include elevated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are both key pathogenetic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and mental disorders. Decreasing dietary intake of AGEs may improve neurological and mental disorder outcomes. However, more sophisticated prospective studies and analytical approaches are required to verify directionality and the extent to which AGEs represent a mediator linking unhealthy dietary patterns with cognitive and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. D’Cunha
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia (N.N.); (M.K.)
- Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Melissa M. Lane
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia (N.N.); (M.K.)
- Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth Gamage
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
| | - Anushri Rajendran
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Matina Kouvari
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia (N.N.); (M.K.)
- Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Sarah Gauci
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
- Heart and Mind Research, IMPACT, Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Thusharika Dissanayka
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
| | - Nikolaj Travica
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs): Formation, Chemistry, Classification, Receptors, and Diseases Related to AGEs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081312. [PMID: 35455991 PMCID: PMC9029922 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) constitute a non-homogenous, chemically diverse group of compounds formed either exogeneously or endogeneously on the course of various pathways in the human body. In general, they are formed non-enzymatically by condensation between carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and free amine groups of nucleic acids, proteins, or lipids, followed by further rearrangements yielding stable, irreversible end-products. In the last decades, AGEs have aroused the interest of the scientific community due to the increasing evidence of their involvement in many pathophysiological processes and diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases, and even infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. They are recognized by several cellular receptors and trigger many signaling pathways related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Despite many experimental research outcomes published recently, the complexity of their engagement in human physiology and pathophysiological states requires further elucidation. This review focuses on the receptors of AGEs, especially on the structural aspects of receptor-ligand interaction, and the diseases in which AGEs are involved. It also aims to present AGE classification in subgroups and to describe the basic processes leading to both exogeneous and endogeneous AGE formation.
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17
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Gut Microbiota Dynamics and Uremic Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020146. [PMID: 35202173 PMCID: PMC8878563 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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18
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Inagi R. Organelle Stress and Metabolic Derangement in Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1723. [PMID: 35163648 PMCID: PMC8836232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced multiomics analysis has revealed novel pathophysiological mechanisms in kidney disease. In particular, proteomic and metabolomic analysis shed light on mitochondrial dysfunction (mitochondrial stress) by glycation in diabetic or age-related kidney disease. Further, metabolic damage often results from organelle stress, such as mitochondrial stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as well as interorganelle communication, or "organelle crosstalk", in various kidney cells. These contribute to progression of the disease phenotype. Aberrant tubular mitochondrial lipid metabolism leads to tubular inflammation and fibrosis. This review article summarizes updated evidence regarding organelle stress, organelle crosstalk, and metabolic derangement in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Inagi
- Division of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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19
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Role of the microbiota in hypertension and antihypertensive drug metabolism. Hypertens Res 2021; 45:246-253. [PMID: 34887530 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the development and pathogenesis of hypertension. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, was shown to be associated with hypertension in both animal models and humans. In this review, we provide insights into host-microbiota interactions and summarize the evidence supporting the importance of the microbiota in blood pressure (BP) regulation. Metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), modulate BP and vascular responses. Harmful gut-derived metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and several uremic toxins, exert proatherosclerotic, prothrombotic, and proinflammatory effects. High-salt intake alters the composition of the microbiota, and this microbial alteration contributes to the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension. In addition, the microbiota may impact the metabolism of drugs and steroid hormones in the host. The drug-metabolizing activities of the microbiota affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of antihypertensive drugs and contribute to the pathogenesis of licorice-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism. Furthermore, the oral microbiota plays a role in BP regulation by producing nitric oxide, which lowers BP via its vasodilatory effects. Thus, antihypertensive intervention strategies targeting the microbiota, such as the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics (e.g., SCFAs), are considered new therapeutic options for the treatment of hypertension.
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Goffredo G, Barone R, Di Terlizzi V, Correale M, Brunetti ND, Iacoviello M. Biomarkers in Cardiorenal Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153433. [PMID: 34362216 PMCID: PMC8348334 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome is a clinical manifestation of the bidirectional interaction between the heart and kidney diseases. Over the last years, in patients with cardiovascular diseases, several biomarkers have been studied in order to better assess renal function as well as to identify patients prone to experiencing chronic or acute worsening of renal function. The aim of this review is to focus on the possible clinical usefulness of the most recent biomarkers in the setting of cardiorenal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Goffredo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.G.); (R.B.); (V.D.T.); (M.C.); (N.D.B.)
- Cardiology Unit, University Policlinic Hospital Riuniti, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberta Barone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.G.); (R.B.); (V.D.T.); (M.C.); (N.D.B.)
- Cardiology Unit, University Policlinic Hospital Riuniti, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Vito Di Terlizzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.G.); (R.B.); (V.D.T.); (M.C.); (N.D.B.)
- Cardiology Unit, University Policlinic Hospital Riuniti, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Correale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.G.); (R.B.); (V.D.T.); (M.C.); (N.D.B.)
- Cardiology Unit, University Policlinic Hospital Riuniti, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Natale Daniele Brunetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.G.); (R.B.); (V.D.T.); (M.C.); (N.D.B.)
- Cardiology Unit, University Policlinic Hospital Riuniti, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Iacoviello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.G.); (R.B.); (V.D.T.); (M.C.); (N.D.B.)
- Cardiology Unit, University Policlinic Hospital Riuniti, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence:
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