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Lee D, Pan JH, Kim D, Heo W, Shin EC, Kim YJ, Shim YY, Reaney MJT, Ko SG, Hong SB, Cho HT, Kim TG, Lee K, Kim JK. Mycoproteins and their health-promoting properties: Fusarium species and beyond. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13365. [PMID: 38767863 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous fungal mycoproteins have gained increasing attention as sustainable alternatives to animal and plant-based proteins. This comprehensive review summarizes the nutritional characteristics, toxicological aspects, and health-promoting effects of mycoproteins, focusing on those derived from filamentous fungi, notably Fusarium venenatum. Mycoproteins are characterized by their high protein content, and they have a superior essential amino acid profile compared to soybeans indicating excellent protein quality and benefits for human nutrition. Additionally, mycoproteins offer enhanced digestibility, further highlighting their suitability as a protein source. Furthermore, mycoproteins are rich in dietary fibers, which have been associated with health benefits, including protection against metabolic diseases. Moreover, their fatty acids profile, with significant proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids and absence of cholesterol, distinguishes them from animal-derived proteins. In conclusion, the future of mycoproteins as a health-promoting protein alternative and the development of functional foods relies on several key aspects. These include improving the acceptance of mycoproteins, conducting further research into their mechanisms of action, addressing consumer preferences and perceptions, and ensuring safety and regulatory compliance. To fully unlock the potential of mycoproteins and meet the evolving needs of a health-conscious society, continuous interdisciplinary research, collaboration among stakeholders, and proactive engagement with consumers will be vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daseul Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Pan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Kim
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Heo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Seowon University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Cheol Shin
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Taek Cho
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwook Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyeom Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Alijani Mamaghani N, Masiello M, Somma S, Moretti A, Saremi H, Haidukowski M, Altomare C. Endophytic Alternaria and Fusarium species associated to potato plants ( Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iran and their capability to produce regulated and emerging mycotoxins. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26385. [PMID: 38434378 PMCID: PMC10907534 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi live inside virtually every plant species, without causing any apparent disease or damage to the host. Nevertheless, under particular conditions, mutualistic lifestyle of endophytes may change to pathogenic. In this study, the biodiversity of Alternaria and Fusarium species, the two most abundant endophytic fungi isolated from healthy potato plants in two climatically different regions of Iran, Ardebil in the north-west and Kerman in the south-east, was investigated. Seventy-five Fusarium strains and 83 Alternaria strains were molecularly characterized by multi-locus gene sequencing. Alternaria strains were characterized by the sequences of gpd and caM gene fragments and the phylogenetic tree was resolved in 3 well-separated clades. Seventy-three strains were included in the clade A, referred as Alternaria section, 6 strains were included in clade B, referred as Ulocladioides section, and 4 strains were included in clade C, referred as Infectoriae section. Fusarium strains, identified by sequencing the translation elongation factor 1α (tef1), β-tubulin (tub2) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genomic regions, were assigned to 13 species, viz. F. brachygibosum, F. clavum, F. equiseti, F. flocciferum, F. incarnatum, F. nirenbergiae, F. nygamai, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. redolens, F. sambucinum, F. solani and F. thapsinum. Twenty-six selected strains, representative of F. equiseti, F. nirenbergiae, F. oxysporum, F. nygamai, F. proliferatum, and F. sambucinum, were also tested for production of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin (T-2), beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs), fumonisins (FBs), fusaric acid (FA) and moniliformin (MON). None of the tested strains produced trichothecene toxins (DON, NIV, DAS and T-2). Two out of 2 F. equiseti isolates, 1/6 F. oxysporum, 1/3 F. proliferatum, and 1/9 F. nygamai did not produce any of the tested toxins; the rest of strains produced one or more BEA, ENNs, FBs, FA and MON toxins. The most toxigenic strain, F. nygamai ITEM-19012, produced the highest quantities of FBs (7946, 4693 and 4333 μg/g of B1, B2, and B3 respectively), along with the highest quantities of both BEA (4190 μg/g) and MON (538 μg/g). These findings suggest that contamination of potato tubers with mycotoxins in the field or at post-harvest, due to a change in lifestyle of endophytic microflora, should be carefully considered and furtherly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Alijani Mamaghani
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 77871-31587, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mario Masiello
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Somma
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Hossein Saremi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 77871-31587, Karaj, Iran
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Altomare
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Purayil GP, Almarzooqi AY, El-Tarabily KA, You FM, AbuQamar SF. Fully resolved assembly of Fusarium proliferatum DSM106835 genome. Sci Data 2023; 10:705. [PMID: 37845258 PMCID: PMC10579329 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United Arab Emirates, sudden decline syndrome (SDS) is a destructive disease of date palm caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Fusarium proliferatum (Fp) DSM106835. Here, a high-resolution genome assembly of Fp DSM106835 was generated using PacBio HiFi sequencing with Omni-C data to provide a high-quality chromatin-organised reference genome with 418 scaffolds, totalling 58,468,907 bp in length and an N50 value of 4,383,091 bp from which 15,580 genes and 16,321 transcripts were predicted. The assembly achieved a complete BUSCO score of 99.2% for 758 orthologous genes. Compared to seven other Fp strains, Fp DSM106835 exhibited the highest continuity with a cumulative size of 44.26 Mbp for the first ten scaffolds/contigs, surpassing the assemblies of all examined Fp strains. Our findings of the high-quality genome of Fp DSM106835 provide an important resource to investigate its genetics, biology and evolutionary history. This study also contributes to fulfill the gaps in fungal knowledge, particularly the genes/metabolites associated with pathogenicity during the plant-pathogen interaction responsible for SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouthaman P Purayil
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Y Almarzooqi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Frank M You
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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Berikashvili V, Khardziani T, Kobakhidze A, Kulp M, Kuhtinskaja M, Lukk T, Gargano ML, Venturella G, Kachlishvili E, Metreveli E, Elisashvili VI, Asatiani M. Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Mushrooms and Optimization of Submerged Culture Conditions for Schizophyllum commune (Agaricomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms 2023; 25:1-21. [PMID: 37830193 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023049836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of the present study was the exploration of the antifungal properties of Agaricomycetes mushrooms. Among twenty-three tested mushrooms against A. niger, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, and G. bidwellii, Schizophyllum commune demonstrated highest inhibition rates and showed 35.7%, 6.5%, 50.4%, and 66.0% of growth inhibition, respectively. To reveal culture conditions enhancing the antifungal potential of Sch. commune, several carbon (lignocellulosic substrates among them) and nitrogen sources and their optimal concentrations were investigated. Presence of 6% mandarin juice production waste (MJPW) and 6% of peptone in nutrient medium promoted antifungal activity of selected mushroom. It was determined that, extracts obtained in the presence of MJPW effectively inhibited the grow of pathogenic fungi. Moreover, the content of phenolic compounds in the extracts obtained from Sch. commune grown on MJPW was several times higher (0.87 ± 0.05 GAE/g to 2.38 ± 0.08 GAE/g) than the extracts obtained from the mushroom grown on the synthetic (glycerol contained) nutrient medium (0.21 ± 0.03 GAE/g to 0.88 ± 0.05 GAE/g). Flavonoid contents in the extracts from Sch. commune varied from 0.58 ± 0.03 to 27.2 ± 0.8 mg QE/g. Identification of phenolic compounds composition in water and ethanol extracts were provided by mass spectrometry analysis. Extracts demonstrate considerable free radical scavenging activities and the IC50 values were generally low for the extracts, ranging from 1.9 mg/ml to 6.7 mg/ml. All the samples displayed a positive correlation between their concentration (0.05-15.0 mg/ml) and DPPH radical scavenging activity. This investigation revealed that Sch. commune mushroom has great potential to be used as a source of antifungal and antioxidant substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Berikashvili
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Khardziani
- Durmishidze Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Academy of Science of Georgia, 10 km Agmashenebeli kheivani, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia; Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Aza Kobakhidze
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maria Kulp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maria Kuhtinskaja
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tiit Lukk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maria Letizia Gargano
- Departament of Schol, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola, 165/A - 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Venturella
- Italian Society of Medicinal Mushrooms, Pisa, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Eva Kachlishvili
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eka Metreveli
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Vladimir I Elisashvili
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mikheil Asatiani
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Gil-Serna J, Patiño B, Verheecke-Vaessen C, Vázquez C, Medina Á. Searching for the Fusarium spp. Which Are Responsible for Trichothecene Contamination in Oats Using Metataxonomy to Compare the Distribution of Toxigenic Species in Fields from Spain and the UK. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090592. [PMID: 36136530 PMCID: PMC9506359 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of oats with Fusarium toxins poses a high risk for food safety. Among them, trichothecenes are the most frequently reported in European oats, especially in northern countries. The environmental conditions related to the climate change scenario might favour a distribution shift in Fusarium species and the presence of these toxins in Southern European countries. In this paper, we present an ambitious work to determine the species responsible for trichothecene contamination in Spanish oats and to compare the results in the United Kingdom (UK) using a metataxonomic approach applied to both oat grains and soil samples collected from both countries. Regarding T-2 and HT-2 toxin producers, F. langsethiae was detected in 38% and 25% of the oat samples from the UK and Spain, respectively, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection of this fungus in oats from Spain. The relevant type B trichothecene producer, F. poae, was the most frequently detected Fusarium species in oats from both origins. Other important trichothecene producers, such as the Fusarium tricinctum species complex or Fusarium cerealis, were also frequently detected in oat fields. Many Fusarium toxins, including T-2 and HT-2 toxins, deoxynivalenol, or nivalenol, were detected in oat samples. The results obtained in this work revealed a clear change in the distribution of trichothecene producers and the necessity to establish the potential of these species to colonize oats and their ability to produce mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Gil-Serna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carol Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Covadonga Vázquez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
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Diversity of Fusarium Species Isolated from Symptomatic Plants Belonging to a Wide Range of Agri-Food and Ornamental Crops in Lebanon. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090897. [PMID: 36135622 PMCID: PMC9502176 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lebanon is a small Mediterranean country with different pedoclimatic conditions that allow the growth of both temperate and tropical plants. Currently, few studies are available on the occurrence and diversity of Fusarium species on Lebanese crops. A wide population of Fusarium strains was isolated from different symptomatic plants in the last 10 years. In the present investigation, a set of 134 representative strains were molecularly identified by sequencing the translation elongation factor, used in Fusarium as a barcoding gene. Great variability was observed, since the strains were grouped into nine different Fusarium Species Complexes (SCs). Fusarium oxysporum SC and Fusarium solani SC were the most frequent (53% and 24%, respectively). Members of important mycotoxigenic SCs were also detected: F. fujikuroi SC (7%), F. sambucinum SC (5%), F. incarnatum-equiseti SC (3%), and F. tricinctum SC (4%). Two strains belonging to F. lateritium SC, a single strain belonging to F. burgessii SC, and a single strain belonging to F. redolens SC were also detected. This paper reports, for the first time, the occurrence of several Fusarium species on Lebanese host plants. The clear picture of the Fusarium species distribution provided in this study can pose a basis for both a better understanding of the potential phytopathological and toxicological risks and planning future Fusarium management strategies in Lebanon.
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Bragard C, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Migheli Q, Vloutoglou I, Campese C, Czwienczek E, Maiorano A, Streissl F, Reignault PL. Pest categorisation of Fusarium brachygibbosum. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06887. [PMID: 34804234 PMCID: PMC8590089 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Fusarium brachygibbosum Padwick. F. brachygibbosum is a well-characterised fungal plant pathogen with opportunistic behaviour, mostly isolated along with other fungal pathogens in symptomatic hosts. It has been reported from Africa, America, Asia and Oceania where it is has been associated with a wide range of symptoms on approximately 25 cultivated and non-cultivated plant species. The pathogen has been reported in Italy in soil/marine sediments and in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) seeds. The pathogen is not included in the EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. This pest categorisation focused on a selected range of host plant species on which F. brachygibbosum fulfilled Koch's postulates and was formally identified by multilocus gene sequencing analysis. Host plants for planting, seed of host plants and soil and other substrates originating in infested third countries are main pathways for the entry of the pathogen into the EU. There are no reports of interceptions of F. brachygibbosum in the EU. Host availability and climate suitability factors occurring in the EU are favourable for the establishment of the pathogen in Member States (MSs). Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the introduction of the pathogen into the EU. Additional measures are available to mitigate the risk of entry and spread of the pathogen in the EU. Despite the low aggressiveness observed in some reported hosts, it has been shown that, in the areas of its present distribution, the pathogen has a direct impact on certain hosts (e.g. almond, onion, soybean, tobacco) that are also relevant for the EU. The Panel concludes that F. brachygibbosum satisfies all the criteria to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. However, high uncertainty remains regarding the distribution of the pathogen in the EU and some uncertainty exists about its potential impact in the EU. Specific surveys and re-evaluation of Fusarium isolates in culture collections could reduce these uncertainties.
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Noorabadi MT, Masiello M, Taherkhani K, Zare R, Torbati M, Haidukowski M, Somma S, Logrieco AF, Moretti A, Susca A. Phylogeny and mycotoxin profile of Fusarium species isolated from sugarcane in Southern Iran. Microbiol Res 2021; 252:126855. [PMID: 34455360 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sugarcane is an important crop in Southern Iran for agri-food, energy, and pharmaceutical industries. Among the pathogens that colonize sugarcane, mycotoxigenic Fusarium species are reason of serious concern for both their pathogenicity on plants and ability to produce harmful mycotoxins to humans and animals. We studied 104 Fusarium strains, selected within a wider Fusarium set isolated from sugarcane in Southern Iran, for molecular identification, phylogeny and mycotoxin analyses. Most of Fusarium strains belonged to Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex (FFSC) and identified mainly as F. proliferatum, at minor extent as F. sacchari, and rarely as F. thapsinum, and F. verticillioides. Moreover, 14 strains identified as FFSC could not be assigned to any known species, although they were phylogenetically closely related to F. andiyazi, likely representing a new phylogenetic species. A subset of FFSC strains were analyzed for in vitro production of fumonisins (FBs), beauvericin (BEA), and enniatins (ENNs). Fusarium proliferatum strains produced FBs at high amount, and, at a lesser extent, BEA, and ENNs; F.sacchari produced only BEA and B ENNs at very low level; Fusarium sp. strains produced only B ENNs. The paper provides new insights on the genetic diversity of Fusarium species and their mycotoxin profile occurring on sugarcane in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tavakol Noorabadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Mario Masiello
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Bari, Italy.
| | - Kourosh Taherkhani
- Sugarcane Research and Training Institute for the Development of Industries in Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Rasoul Zare
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Torbati
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Somma
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Moretti
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Susca
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Bari, Italy
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