1
|
Henrickson A, Montina T, Hazendonk P, Lomonte B, Neves-Ferreira AGC, Demeler B. SDS-induced hexameric oligomerization of myotoxin-II from Bothrops asper assessed by sedimentation velocity and nuclear magnetic resonance. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2023; 52:445-457. [PMID: 37209172 PMCID: PMC10526984 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-023-01658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the solution behavior, oligomerization state, and structural details of myotoxin-II purified from the venom of Bothrops asper in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and multiple lipids, as examined by analytical ultracentrifugation and nuclear magnetic resonance. Molecular functional and structural details of the myotoxic mechanism of group II Lys-49 phospholipase A2 homologues have been only partially elucidated so far, and conflicting observations have been reported in the literature regarding the monomeric vs. oligomeric state of these toxins in solution. We observed the formation of a stable and discrete, hexameric form of myotoxin-II, but only in the presence of small amounts of SDS. In SDS-free medium, myotoxin-II was insensitive to mass action and remained monomeric at all concentrations examined (up to 3 mg/ml, 218.2 μM). At SDS concentrations above the critical micelle concentration, only dimers and trimers were observed, and at intermediate SDS concentrations, aggregates larger than hexamers were observed. We found that the amount of SDS required to form a stable hexamer varies with protein concentration, suggesting the need for a precise stoichiometry of free SDS molecules. The discovery of a stable hexameric species in the presence of a phospholipid mimetic suggests a possible physiological role for this oligomeric form, and may shed light on the poorly understood membrane-disrupting mechanism of this myotoxic protein class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Henrickson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tony Montina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Hazendonk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología San José, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Detection of Fusarium infected seeds of cereal plants by the fluorescence method. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267912. [PMID: 35776728 PMCID: PMC9261490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of seeds of cereal plants with fusarium affects their optical luminescent properties. The spectral characteristics of excitation (absorption) in the range of 180–700 nm of healthy and infected seeds of wheat, barley and oats were measured. The greatest difference in the excitation spectra of healthy and infected seeds was observed in the short-wave range of 220–450 nm. At the same time, the excitation characteristics of infected seeds were higher than those of healthy ones, and the integral parameter Η in the entire range was 10–56% higher. A new maximum appeared at the wavelength of 232 nm and the maximum value increased by 362 nm. The spectral characteristics were measured when excited by radiation at wavelengths of 232, 362, 424, 485, 528 nm and the luminescence fluxes were calculated. It is established that the photoluminescence fluxes Φ in the short-wave ranges of 290–380 nm increase by 1.58–3.14 times and 390–550 nm-by 1.44–2.54 times. The fluxes in longer wavelength ranges do not change systematically and less significantly: for wheat, they decrease by 12% and increase by 19%, for barley, they decrease by 10% and increase by 33%. The flux decreases by 43–71% for oats. Based on the results obtained for cereal seeds, it is possible to further develop a method for detecting fusarium infection with absolute measurements of photoluminescence fluxes in the range of 290–380 nm, or when measuring photoluminescence ratios: for wheat seeds when excited with wavelengths of 424 nm and 232 nm (Φ424/Φ232); for barley seeds–when excited with wavelengths of 485 nm and 232 nm (Φ485/Φ232) and for oat seeds–when excited with wavelengths of 424 nm and 362 nm (Φ424/Φ362).
Collapse
|
3
|
Potential Role of Individual and Combined Effects of T-2 Toxin, HT-2 Toxin and Neosolaniol on the Apoptosis of Porcine Leydig Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020145. [PMID: 35202172 PMCID: PMC8876060 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin usually co-occurs with HT-2 toxin and neosolaniol (NEO) in the grains and feed. Our previous studies found that T-2 toxin and its metabolites’ binary or ternary combination exposure to porcine Leydig cells (LCs) displayed synergism in certain range of dosage and cannot be predicted based on individual toxicity. However, the possible mechanism of these mycotoxins’ combined exposure to cell lesions remains unknown. Based on 50% cell viability, the mechanism of apoptosis in porcine Leydig cells was investigated after exposure to T-2, HT-2, NEO individual and binary or ternary combinations. Compared with control, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content decreased, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level increased, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decreased in all treated groups. Additionally, the cell apoptosis rates were significantly increased in test groups (p < 0.05), and the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) Associated X (Bax)/Bcl-2 ratio and the expression of caspase 3, caspase 8, cytochrome c (Cytc) in the treated group are all significantly higher than the control group. Moreover, the expression of Cytc and caspase 8 gene in NEO and T-2+NEO groups was significantly higher than that in other individual and combined groups. It can be concluded that the toxicities of T-2, HT-2, and NEO individually and in combination can induce apoptosis related to the oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, and the synergistic effect between toxins may be greater than a single toxin effect, which is beneficial for assessing the possible risk of the co-occurrences in foodstuffs to human and animal health.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pankin D, Smirnov M, Povolotckaia A, Povolotskiy A, Borisov E, Moskovskiy M, Gulyaev A, Gerasimenko S, Aksenov A, Litvinov M, Dorochov A. DFT Modelling of Molecular Structure, Vibrational and UV-Vis Absorption Spectra of T-2 Toxin and 3-Deacetylcalonectrin. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020649. [PMID: 35057366 PMCID: PMC8780109 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the applicability of optical and vibrational spectroscopies for the identification and characterization of the T-2 mycotoxin. Vibrational states and electronic structure of the T-2 toxin molecules are simulated using a density-functional quantum-mechanical approach. A numerical experiment aimed at comparing the predicted structural, vibrational and electronic properties of the T-2 toxin with analogous characteristics of the structurally similar 3-deacetylcalonectrin is performed, and the characteristic spectral features that can be used as fingerprints of the T-2 toxin are determined. It is shown that theoretical studies of the structure and spectroscopic features of trichothecene molecules facilitate the development of methods for the detection and characterization of the metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Pankin
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research, St. Petersburg State University, Ulianovskaya 5, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Mikhail Smirnov
- Solid State Physics Department, Physical Faculty, St. Petersburg State University, Ulianovskaya 1, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Anastasia Povolotckaia
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research, St. Petersburg State University, Ulianovskaya 5, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.P.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexey Povolotskiy
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Evgenii Borisov
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research, St. Petersburg State University, Ulianovskaya 5, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Maksim Moskovskiy
- Federal Scientific Agro-Engineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy proezd 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (A.G.); (S.G.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Anatoly Gulyaev
- Federal Scientific Agro-Engineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy proezd 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (A.G.); (S.G.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Stanislav Gerasimenko
- Federal Scientific Agro-Engineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy proezd 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (A.G.); (S.G.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Aleksandr Aksenov
- Federal Scientific Agro-Engineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy proezd 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (A.G.); (S.G.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Maksim Litvinov
- Federal Scientific Agro-Engineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy proezd 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (A.G.); (S.G.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Alexey Dorochov
- Federal Scientific Agro-Engineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy proezd 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (A.G.); (S.G.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Foroud NA, Baines D, Gagkaeva TY, Thakor N, Badea A, Steiner B, Bürstmayr M, Bürstmayr H. Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains - An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E634. [PMID: 31683661 PMCID: PMC6891312 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by fungi from the order Hypocreales, including members of the Fusarium genus that infect cereal grain crops. Different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and strains have different trichothecene chemotypes belonging to the Type A and B class. These fungi cause a disease of small grain cereals, called Fusarium head blight, and their toxins contaminate host tissues. As potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes pose a health risk to human and animal consumers of infected cereal grains. In 2009, Foroud and Eudes published a review of trichothecenes in cereal grains for human consumption. As an update to this review, the work herein provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the Fusarium trichothecenes covering topics in chemistry and biochemistry, pathogen biology, trichothecene toxicity, molecular mechanisms of resistance or detoxification, genetics of resistance and breeding strategies to reduce their contamination of wheat and barley.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Danica Baines
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Tatiana Y Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), St. Petersburg, Pushkin 196608, Russia.
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Ana Badea
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada.
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Maria Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Hermann Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Foroud NA, Shank RA, Kiss D, Eudes F, Hazendonk P. Solvent and Water Mediated Structural Variations in Deoxynivalenol and Their Potential Implications on the Disruption of Ribosomal Function. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1239. [PMID: 27582730 PMCID: PMC4987352 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease of cereal crops caused by trichothecene producing Fusarium species. Trichothecenes, macrocylicic fungal metabolites composed of three fused rings (A-C) with one epoxide functionality, are a class of mycotoxins known to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic ribosomes. These toxins accumulate in the kernels of infected plants rendering them unsuitable for human and animal consumption. Among the four classes of trichothecenes (A-D) A and B are associated with FHB, where the type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) is most relevant. While it is known that these toxins inhibit protein synthesis by disrupting peptidyl transferase activity, the exact mechanism of this inhibition is poorly understood. The three-dimensional structures and H-bonding behavior of DON were evaluated using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques. Comparisons of the NMR structure presented here with the recently reported crystal structure of DON bound in the yeast ribosome reveal insights into the possible toxicity mechanism of this compound. The work described herein identifies a water binding pocket in the core structure of DON, where the 3OH plays an important role in this interaction. These results provide preliminary insights into how substitution at C3 reduces trichothecene toxicity. Further investigations along these lines will provide opportunities to develop trichothecene remediation strategies based on the disruption of water binding interactions with 3OH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Roxanne A. Shank
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas Kiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - François Eudes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Hazendonk
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumari I, Ahmed M, Akhter Y. Multifaceted impact of trichothecene metabolites on plant-microbe interactions and human health. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5759-71. [PMID: 27198722 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungi present in rhizosphere produce trichothecene metabolites which are small in size and amphipathic in nature and some of them may cross cell membranes passively. Hypocreaceae family of rhizosphere fungi produce trichothecene molecules, however it is not a mandatory characteristic of all genera. Some of these molecules are also reported as growth adjuvant, while others are reported as deleterious for the plant growth. In this review, we are exploring the roles of these compounds during plant-microbe interactions. The three-way interaction among the plants, symbiotic microbial agents (fungi and bacteria), and the pathogenic microbes (bacteria, fungi) or multicellular pathogens like nematodes involving these compounds may only help us to understand better the complex processes happening in the microcosm of rhizosphere. These metabolites may further modulate the activity of different proteins involved in the cell signalling events of defence-related response in plants. That may induce the defence system against pathogens and growth promoting gene expression in plants, while in animal cells, these molecules have reported biochemical and pharmacological effects such as inducing oxidative stress, cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, and may be involved in maintenance of membrane integrity. The biochemistry, chemical structures and specific functional group-mediated activity of these compounds have not been studied in details yet. Few of these molecules are also recently reported as novel anti-cancer agent against human chondrosarcoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Kumari
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shank RA, Foroud NA, Hazendonk P, Eudes F, Blackwell BA. Current and future experimental strategies for structural analysis of trichothecene mycotoxins--a prospectus. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:1518-53. [PMID: 22295175 PMCID: PMC3268455 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal toxins, such as those produced by members of the order Hypocreales, have widespread effects on cereal crops, resulting in yield losses and the potential for severe disease and mortality in humans and livestock. Among the most toxic are the trichothecenes. Trichothecenes have various detrimental effects on eukaryotic cells including an interference with protein production and the disruption of nucleic acid synthesis. However, these toxins can have a wide range of toxicity depending on the system. Major differences in the phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of these mycotoxins are observed for individual members of the class, and variations in toxicity are observed among different species for each individual compound. Furthermore, while diverse toxicological effects are observed throughout the whole cellular system upon trichothecene exposure, the mechanism of toxicity is not well understood. In order to comprehend how these toxins interact with the cell, we must first have an advanced understanding of their structure and dynamics. The structural analysis of trichothecenes was a subject of major interest in the 1980s, and primarily focused on crystallographic and solution-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic studies. Recent advances in structural determination through solution- and solid-state NMR, as well as computation based molecular modeling is leading to a resurgent interest in the structure of these and other mycotoxins, with the focus shifting in the direction of structural dynamics. The purpose of this work is to first provide a brief overview of the structural data available on trichothecenes and a characterization of the methods commonly employed to obtain such information. A summary of the current understanding of the relationship between structure and known function of these compounds is also presented. Finally, a prospectus on the application of new emerging structural methods on these and other related systems is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne A. Shank
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (N.A.F.)
- University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nora A. Foroud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (N.A.F.)
| | - Paul Hazendonk
- University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - François Eudes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (N.A.F.)
| | | |
Collapse
|