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Gozzi M, Blandino M, Bruni R, Capo L, Righetti L, Dall'Asta C. Mycotoxin occurrence in kernels and straws of wheat, barley, and tritordeum. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:203-210. [PMID: 38236484 PMCID: PMC10834653 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Thirty-two varieties of common and durum wheat, hordeum, barley, and tritordeum collected over two harvesting years (2020 and 2021) were investigated for the presence of multiple Fusarium-related mycotoxins in asymptomatic plants. DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, T-2, HT-2, and ZEN together with the emerging mycotoxin ENN B and the major modified form of DON, namely DON3Glc, were quantified by means of UHPLC-MS/MS. Overall, DON and ENN B were the most frequently detected mycotoxins, albeit large inter-year variability was observed and related to different climate and weather conditions. Straws had higher mycotoxin contents than kernels and regarding DON occurrence tritordeum was found to be the most contaminated group on average for both harvesting years, while barley was the less contaminated one. Emerging mycotoxin ENN B showed comparable contents in kernels compared to straw, with a ratio close to 1 for tritordeum and barley. Regarding the occurrence of the other evaluated mycotoxins, T-2 and HT-2 toxins have been spotted in a few tritordeum samples, while ZEN has been frequently found only in straw from the harvesting year 2020. The data collected confirms the occurrence of multiple Fusarium mycotoxins in straws also from asymptomatic plants, highlighting concerns related to feed safety and animal health. The susceptibility of Tritordeum, hereby reported for the first time, suggests that careful measures in terms of monitoring, breeding, and cultural choices should be applied when dealing with his emerging crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gozzi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/a, 43100, Parma, Italy.
| | - Massimo Blandino
- Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/a, 43100, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Capo
- Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/a, 43100, Parma, Italy
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Jbir TG, Crutcher FK, Rickertsen J, Fonseka D, Friskop AJ, Kalil AK. Influence of Planting Date and Cultivar on Diseases of Spring Durum Wheat. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:3083-3090. [PMID: 35612573 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-22-0548-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the semiarid regions of North Dakota and Montana, low annual precipitation favors production of high-quality durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum). However, conducive weather conditions for disease epidemics have occurred more frequently in recent years. Modification of planting date can reduce disease risk by decreasing the timeframe in which a susceptible crop overlaps with conducive disease conditions. The effect of planting date on fungal leaf spotting diseases (leaf spot), ergot, Fusarium head blight (FHB), and yield of durum was evaluated in 11 experiments across four sites in eastern Montana and western North Dakota. Six durum cultivars with differing levels of susceptibility to leaf spot and FHB were planted at three planting dates from 2017 to 2019. Early planting maximized yield and influenced ergot incidence. Although there was no effect of planting date, reduced susceptibility to leaf spot and FHB was associated with a reduction in leaf spotting disease severity and deoxynivalenol, respectively, in the harvested grain. Growers in the semiarid regions of these states should prioritize the selection of disease-resistant cultivars to help manage sporadic disease outbreaks and continue to plant early to maximize yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taheni Gargouri Jbir
- Williston Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Williston, ND 58801
| | - Frankie K Crutcher
- Eastern Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University, Sidney, MT 59270
| | - John Rickertsen
- Hettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger, ND 58639
| | - Dimitri Fonseka
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Andrew J Friskop
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Audrey K Kalil
- Williston Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Williston, ND 58801
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Nannuru VKR, Windju SS, Belova T, Dieseth JA, Alsheikh M, Dong Y, McCartney CA, Henriques MA, Buerstmayr H, Michel S, Meuwissen THE, Lillemo M. Genetic architecture of fusarium head blight disease resistance and associated traits in Nordic spring wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:2247-2263. [PMID: 35597885 PMCID: PMC9271104 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study identified a significant number of QTL that are associated with FHB disease resistance in NMBU spring wheat panel by conducting genome-wide association study. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a widely known devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium species. FHB resistance is quantitative, highly complex and divided into several resistance types. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are effective against several of the resistance types give valuable contributions to resistance breeding. A spring wheat panel of 300 cultivars and breeding lines of Nordic and exotic origins was tested in artificially inoculated field trials and subjected to visual FHB assessment in the years 2013-2015, 2019 and 2020. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was measured on harvested grain samples, and anther extrusion (AE) was assessed in separate trials. Principal component analysis based on 35 and 25 K SNP arrays revealed the existence of two subgroups, dividing the panel into European and exotic lines. We employed a genome-wide association study to detect QTL associated with FHB traits and identify marker-trait associations that consistently influenced FHB resistance. A total of thirteen QTL were identified showing consistent effects across FHB resistance traits and environments. Haplotype analysis revealed a highly significant QTL on 7A, Qfhb.nmbu.7A.2, which was further validated on an independent set of breeding lines. Breeder-friendly KASP markers were developed for this QTL that can be used in marker-assisted selection. The lines in the wheat panel harbored from zero to five resistance alleles, and allele stacking showed that resistance can be significantly increased by combining several of these resistance alleles. This information enhances breeders´ possibilities for genomic prediction and to breed cultivars with improved FHB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatiana Belova
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318, Blindern, Norway
| | | | | | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Curt A McCartney
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Maria Antonia Henriques
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada
| | - Hermann Buerstmayr
- Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Sebastian Michel
- Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Theodorus H E Meuwissen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Lillemo
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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Bryła M, Stępniewska S, Modrzewska M, Waśkiewicz A, Podolska G, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Yoshinari T, Stępień Ł, Urbaniak M, Roszko M, Gwiazdowski R, Kanabus J, Pierzgalski A. Dynamics of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol Glucosylation in Wheat Cultivars Infected with Fusarium culmorum in Field Conditions─A 3 Year Study (2018-2020). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4291-4302. [PMID: 35362967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by pathogenic species of Fusarium fungi is one of the most important diseases of cereal plants and a factor contributing to losses in plant production. The growth of FHB-associated species is often accompanied by biosynthesis of secondary metabolites─mycotoxins, which serve as a virulence factor. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ratios between deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) and their derivatives in the ears of six cultivars of winter wheat with varying resistance to FHB, taking into account a range of factors (weather conditions, location, cultivar, and year) after inoculation with Fusarium culmorum, during a 3 year field experiment, 2018-2020. The presence of toxins in the ears was measured within 21 days of inoculation. The toxins were found in the ears as soon as on the third day from the start of the experiment, whereas relative humidity higher than 80% was a decisive factor for FHB incidence. All wheat cultivars showed the ability to biotransform DON and NIV present in the ears to glucosides, that is, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) and nivalenol-3-glucoside (NIV-3G). The levels of these metabolites showed significant correlation with the levels of their basic analogues. In most cases, higher levels of DON and NIV in wheat ears and higher levels of their metabolites were observed, but the relative levels of DON-3G/DON and NIV-3G/NIV at relatively high levels of toxins were lower compared to the ear samples with relatively low toxin levels. The presented results are the first studies, which systematically correlate a variety of wheat cultivars with their extent to glucosylate trichothecenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology─State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw 02-532, Poland
| | - Sylwia Stępniewska
- Department of Grain Processing and Bakery, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology─State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw 02-532, Poland
| | - Marta Modrzewska
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology─State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw 02-532, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznan 60-625, Poland
| | - Grażyna Podolska
- Department of Cereal Crop Production, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation─State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, Pulawy 24-100, Poland
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology─State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw 02-532, Poland
| | - Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Plant-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznan 60-479, Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Plant-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznan 60-479, Poland
| | - Marek Roszko
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology─State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw 02-532, Poland
| | - Romuald Gwiazdowski
- Research Centre for Registration of Agrochemicals, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Wladysława Wegorka 20, Poznan 60-318, Poland
| | - Joanna Kanabus
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology─State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw 02-532, Poland
| | - Adam Pierzgalski
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology─State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw 02-532, Poland
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Dänicke S, Saltzmann J, Liermann W, Glatter M, Hüther L, Kersten S, Zeyner A, Feige K, Warnken T. Evaluation of Inner Exposure of Horses to Zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Their Metabolites in Relation to Colic and Health-Related Clinical-Chemical Traits. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080588. [PMID: 34437459 PMCID: PMC8402592 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contaminated feed has been associated with colic of horses caused by intestinal disorders. Whether such disease conditions alter the intestinal toxin metabolism and transfer across a compromised mucosal barrier is unknown. A screening approach was used to relate blood residue levels of DON, ZEN and their metabolites to the status of the horses (sick vs. healthy). A total of 55 clinically healthy horses from 6 different farms with varying feeding background served as control for sick horses (N = 102) hospitalized due to colic. ZEN, alpha-zearalenol (ZEL), beta-ZEL and DON were detectable in peripheral blood as indicators for the inner exposure with significant farm effects for alpha- and beta-ZEL. However, the levels in sick horses were similar to all farms. Moreover, the proportion of beta-ZEL of all detected ZEN metabolites as an indicator for the degree of metabolism of ZEN was not different for sick horses but differed amongst the control farms. Although the incidence of DON in blood was generally low and not significantly different amongst healthy and sick horses, the positive samples were nearly exclusively found in sick horses suggesting either a higher toxin transfer, an association of DON with the development of colic or a different feeding background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.S.); (L.H.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-58044-102
| | - Janine Saltzmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.S.); (L.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Wendy Liermann
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Maren Glatter
- Group Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str.11, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.S.); (L.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.S.); (L.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Annette Zeyner
- Group Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str.11, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Tobias Warnken
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.F.); (T.W.)
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Weaver AC, Weaver DM, Adams N, Yiannikouris A. Co-Occurrence of 35 Mycotoxins: A Seven-Year Survey of Corn Grain and Corn Silage in the United States. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080516. [PMID: 34437387 PMCID: PMC8402310 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins contaminate crops worldwide and play a role in animal health and performance. Multiple mycotoxins may co-occur which may increase the impact on the animal. To assess the multiple mycotoxin profile of corn (Zea mays), we conducted a 7-year survey of new crop corn grain and silage in the United States. A total of 711 grain and 1117 silage samples were collected between 2013 and 2019 and analyzed for the simultaneous presence of 35 mycotoxins using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The measured mean number of mycotoxins per sample were 4.8 (grain) and 5.2 (silage), ranging from 0 to 13. Fusaric acid (FA) was most frequently detected in 78.1 and 93.8% of grains and silages, respectively, followed by deoxynivalenol (DON) in 75.7 and 88.2% of samples. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON) followed. The greatest (p < 0.05) co-occurrence was between FA and DON in 59.1% of grains and 82.7% of silages, followed by FA with FB1, DON with 15ADON, and FA with 15ADON. Although many samples had lower mycotoxin concentrations, 1.6% (grain) and 7.9% (silage) of tested samples had DON ≥ 5000 µg/kg. Fumonisins were detected ≥ 10,000 µg/kg in 9.6 and 3.9% of grain and silage samples, respectively. Concentrations in grain varied by year for eight mycotoxin groups (p < 0.05), while all 10 groups showed yearly variations in silage. Our survey suggest that multiple mycotoxins frequently co-occur in corn grain and silage in the United States, and some of the more prevalent mycotoxins are those that may not be routinely analyzed (i.e., FA and 15ADON). Assessment of multiple mycotoxins should be considered when developing management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Weaver
- Alltech Inc., 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
There have been tremendous marketing efforts and consumer interest in the so-called ancient grains. Einkorn, emmer and spelt, which are sometimes referred to as ancient wheats, are frequently included in this category, and have gained some attention among brewers. The objective of the current study was to compare the malting behavior and quality of einkorn, emmer and spelt cultivars obtained from the same growing environment. Aside from standard malt quality traits, the levels of β-amylase, protease, xylanase, wort arabinoxylans and wort phenolic acids were measured. While protein levels of the samples were higher (11.4–14.0%) than normally selected for wheat malt, the results indicated that malts of acceptable quality in terms of extract and amylolytic activity can be prepared from the three grain types. However, the ideal malting protocol will likely differ between the grains. The kernels of einkorn are significantly smaller, and steep hydration and malt modification are quicker. In terms of potential health benefits from antioxidant capacity and dietary fiber, wort from einkorn trended to higher levels of free and conjugated ferulic acid, as well as high-molecular-weight arabinoxylan.
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Brodal G, Aamot HU, Almvik M, Hofgaard IS. Removal of Small Kernels Reduces the Content of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Oat Grain. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E346. [PMID: 32456124 PMCID: PMC7291109 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal grain contaminated by Fusarium mycotoxins is undesirable in food and feed because of the harmful health effects of the mycotoxins in humans and animals. Reduction of mycotoxin content in grain by cleaning and size sorting has mainly been studied in wheat. We investigated whether the removal of small kernels by size sorting could be a method to reduce the content of mycotoxins in oat grain. Samples from 24 Norwegian mycotoxin-contaminated grain lots (14 from 2015 and 10 from 2018) were sorted by a laboratory sieve (sieve size 2.2 mm) into large and small kernel fractions and, in addition to unsorted grain samples, analyzed with LC-MS-MS for quantification of 10 mycotoxins. By removing the small kernel fraction (on average 15% and 21% of the weight of the samples from the two years, respectively), the mean concentrations of HT-2+T-2 toxins were reduced by 56% (from 745 to 328 µg/kg) in the 2015 samples and by 32% (from 178 to 121 µg/kg) in the 2018 samples. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was reduced by 24% (from 191 to 145 µg/kg) in the 2018 samples, and enniatin B (EnnB) by 44% (from 1059 to 594 µg/kg) in the 2015 samples. Despite low levels, our analyses showed a trend towards reduced content of DON, ADON, NIV, EnnA, EnnA1, EnnB1 and BEA after removing the small kernel fraction in samples from 2015. For several of the mycotoxins, the concentrations were considerably higher in the small kernel fraction compared to unsorted grain. Our results demonstrate that the level of mycotoxins in unprocessed oat grain can be reduced by removing small kernels. We assume that our study is the first report on the effect of size sorting on the content of enniatins (Enns), NIV and BEA in oat grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Brodal
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), P.O.Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway; (H.U.A.); (M.A.); (I.S.H.)
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György A, Tóth B, Varga M, Mesterhazy A. Methodical Considerations and Resistance Evaluation Against Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum Head Blight in Wheat. Part 3. Susceptibility Window and Resistance Expression. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050627. [PMID: 32344937 PMCID: PMC7284375 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering is the most favorable host stage for Fusarium infection in wheat, which is called the susceptibility window (SW). It is not known how long it takes, how it changes in different resistance classes, nor how stable is the plant reaction in the SW. We have no information, how the traits disease index (DI), Fusarium-damaged kernel rate (FDK), and deoxynivalenol (DON) respond within the 16 days period. Seven winter wheat genotypes differing in resistance were tested (2013–2014). Four Fusarium isolates were used for inoculation at mid-anthesis, and 4, 8, 11, 13, and 16 days thereafter. The DI was not suitable to determine the length of the SW. In the Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), a sharp 50% decrease was found after the 8th day. The largest reduction (above 60%) was recorded for DON at each resistance level between the 8th and 11th day. This trait showed the SW most precisely. The SW is reasonably stable in the first 8–9 days. This fits for all resistance classes. The use of four isolates significantly improved the reliability and credit of the testing. The stable eight-day long SW helps to reduce the number of inoculations. The most important trait to determine the SW is the DON reaction and not the visual symptoms.
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Yan Z, Zhang H, van der Lee T, Waalwijk C, van Diepeningen A, Deng Y, Feng J, Liu T, Chen W. Resistance to Fusarium head blight and mycotoxin accumulation among 129 wheat cultivars from different ecological regions in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 129 wheat cultivars collected from local breeders in four ecological regions in China was evaluated for Fusarium head blight resistance after natural infection under epidemic conditions. The disease index was scored and seven toxins concentrations were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The disease index ranged from 6.3 to 80.9% and a strong correlation was found between the regions from which the cultivars originate and disease index. The middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Region showed the highest disease resistance, followed by the upper reaches of the Yangtze River Region. FHB resistance of cultivars from northern and southern Huanghuai Region was lowest and all cultivars in these regions are highly or moderately susceptible. Disease index was significantly correlated with toxin accumulation on nation scale, but no clear correlation was found within most ecological regions. The toxin accumulation was also not well correlated with resistant levels. As the incidence of FHB has increased dramatically over the last decade, improved FHB resistance in cultivars is urgently needed. We recommend that besides scoring for disease index also mycotoxin accumulation in cultivars is incorporated in breeding procedures and the evaluation of cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 125100 Xingcheng, China P.R
- Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China P.R
| | - H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - T.A.J. van der Lee
- Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C. Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A.D. van Diepeningen
- Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Y. Deng
- Nanping Institute of Agriculture Sciences, 354200 Nanping, China P.R
| | - J. Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - T. Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - W. Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
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Valgaeren B, Théron L, Croubels S, Devreese M, De Baere S, Van Pamel E, Daeseleire E, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Vidal A, Di Mavungu JD, Fruhmann P, Adam G, Callebaut A, Bayrou C, Frisée V, Rao AS, Knapp E, Sartelet A, Pardon B, Deprez P, Antonissen G. The role of roughage provision on the absorption and disposition of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its acetylated derivatives in calves: from field observations to toxicokinetics. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:293-310. [PMID: 30535711 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A clinical case in Belgium demonstrated that feeding a feed concentrate containing considerable levels of deoxynivalenol (DON, 1.13 mg/kg feed) induced severe liver failure in 2- to 3-month-old beef calves. Symptoms disappeared by replacing the highly contaminated corn and by stimulating ruminal development via roughage administration. A multi-mycotoxin contamination was demonstrated in feed samples collected at 15 different veal farms in Belgium. DON was most prevalent, contaminating 80% of the roughage samples (mixed straw and maize silage; average concentration in positives: 637 ± 621 µg/kg, max. 1818 µg/kg), and all feed concentrate samples (411 ± 156 µg/kg, max. 693 µg/kg). In order to evaluate the impact of roughage provision and its associated ruminal development on the gastro-intestinal absorption and biodegradation of DON and its acetylated derivatives (3- and 15-ADON) in calves, a toxicokinetic study was performed with two ruminating and two non-ruminating male calves. Animals received in succession a bolus of DON (120 µg/kg bodyweight (BW)), 15-ADON (50 µg/kg BW), and 3-ADON (25 µg/kg) by intravenous (IV) injection or per os (PO) in a cross-over design. The absolute oral bioavailability of DON was much higher in non-ruminating calves (50.7 ± 33.0%) compared to ruminating calves (4.1 ± 4.5%). Immediately following exposure, 3- and 15-ADON were hydrolysed to DON in ruminating calves. DON and its acetylated metabolites were mainly metabolized to DON-3-glucuronide, however, also small amounts of DON-15-glucuronide were detected in urine. DON degradation to deepoxy-DON (DOM-1) was only observed to a relevant extent in ruminating calves. Consequently, toxicity of DON in calves is closely related to roughage provision and the associated stage of ruminal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Faculty of Science and Technology, University College Ghent, Melle, Belgium
| | - Léonard Théron
- Clinical Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Els Van Pamel
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit-Food Safety, Melle, Belgium
| | - Els Daeseleire
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit-Food Safety, Melle, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philipp Fruhmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Alfons Callebaut
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Calixte Bayrou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Frisée
- Clinical Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Rao
- Clinical Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emilie Knapp
- Clinical Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Sartelet
- Clinical Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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12
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Bissonnette KM, Kolb FL, Ames KA, Bradley CA. Effect of Wheat Cultivar on the Concentration of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat Stems. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:2539-2544. [PMID: 30252626 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-17-2034-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective control of Fusarium-mycotoxin accumulation in grain affected by Fusarium head blight (FHB) (caused by Fusarium graminearum) begins with selecting moderately resistant wheat cultivars; however, little is known about how this resistance affects mycotoxin levels in the stem. A study was conducted from 2011 to 2014 in a mist-irrigated FHB nursery in Urbana, IL to determine whether the FHB resistance class of a cultivar (very susceptible, susceptible, moderately susceptible, and moderately resistant) affects the concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins in the stem. FHB incidence, FHB severity, and Fusarium-damaged kernel ratings were collected and used to calculate FHB index; incidence, severity, and kernel damage (ISK) index; and deoxynivalenol (DON), incidence, severity, and kernel damage (DISK) index. Grain was assayed for levels of DON, and the bottom 25 cm of plant stems was collected from each plot and assayed for DON, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON), and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON). Significant differences in DON concentration in the grain were detected among cultivars (P = 0.0001) and for the concentration of all DON (P = 0.003), 3ADON (P = 0.03), and 15ADON (P < 0.0001) in the stem. Significant differences among resistance classes were observed for FHB index value (P < 0.0001), ISK index (P = 0.006), and DISK index (P = 0.004). In all years of this study, the concentration of DON in the grain and the concentrations of all mycotoxins in the stem were consistently lower in the moderately resistant cultivars. All three indices were poor indicators of mycotoxin concentrations in the stem. Overall, the selection of a moderately resistant cultivar provides effective control of DON accumulation in the grain and mycotoxin accumulation in the stem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederic L Kolb
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Keith A Ames
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Carl A Bradley
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky Research and Education Center, Princeton 42445
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13
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Gorczyca A, Oleksy A, Gala-Czekaj D, Urbaniak M, Laskowska M, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł. Fusarium head blight incidence and mycotoxin accumulation in three durum wheat cultivars in relation to sowing date and density. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2017; 105:2. [PMID: 29209889 PMCID: PMC5717115 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) is an important crop in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean countries. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is considered as one of the most damaging diseases, resulting in yield and quality reduction as well as contamination of grain with mycotoxins. Three winter durum wheat cultivars originating from Austria, Slovakia, and Poland were analyzed during 2012-2014 seasons for FHB incidence and Fusarium mycotoxin accumulation in harvested grain. Moreover, the effects of sowing density and delayed sowing date were evaluated in the climatic conditions of Southern Poland. Low disease severity was observed in 2011/2012 in all durum wheat cultivars analyzed, and high FHB occurrence was recorded in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons. Fusarium graminearum was the most abundant pathogen, followed by Fusarium avenaceum. Through all three seasons, cultivar Komnata was the most susceptible to FHB and to mycotoxin accumulation, while cultivars Auradur and IS Pentadur showed less symptoms. High susceptibility of cv. Komnata was reflected by the number of Fusarium isolates and elevated mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and moniliformin) content in the grain of this cultivar across all three seasons. Nivalenol was identified in the samples of cv. Komnata only. Genotype-dependent differences in FHB susceptibility were observed for the plants sown at optimal date but not at delayed sowing date. It can be hypothesized that cultivars bred in Austria and Slovakia show less susceptibility towards FHB than the cultivar from Poland because of the environmental conditions allowing for more efficient selection of breeding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorczyca
- Department of Agricultural Environment Protection, Agricultural University in Kraków, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Oleksy
- Institute of Plant Production, Agricultural University in Kraków, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Gala-Czekaj
- Department of Agrotechnology and Agricultural Ecology, Agricultural University in Kraków, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Laskowska
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
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14
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Cwalina-Ambroziak B, Kurowski TP, Waśkiewicz A, Goliński P, Stępień A, Głosek-Sobieraj M, Perczak A. The effect of fertiliser treatments on the severity of Fusarium head blight and mycotoxin biosynthesis in winter rye. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2017; 68:16-26. [PMID: 28365678 DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungi of the genus Fusarium cause Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease that reduces grain yield and quality. They also produce mycotoxins which may pose a serious threat to human and animal health. This study investigated the effects of NPK fertilisation, foliar application of Cu, Zn, and Mn, applied separately and in combination, and of the Nano-Gro® organic growth stimulator on the occurrence of FHB in cultivar Dańkowskie Diament rye based on the mycological analysis of kernels and on the concentrations of Fusarium mycotoxins in grain. The severity of FHB caused by seven species of the genus Fusarium was influenced by weather conditions in the analysed growing seasons. The applied fertilisation and the Nano-Gro® organic growth stimulator exerted varied effects on FHB development and the biosynthesis of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins) in grain. The greatest reduction in deoxynivalenol and nivalenol concentrations was noted in 2013, and the levels of moniliformin were lower in treated samples than in absolute control (untreated) samples in both years of the study. The severity of FHB positively correlated with the concentrations of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and moniliformin in the grain samples. Greater accumulation of ergosterol was noted in the rye grain harvested in 2013 than in 2012, and fertiliser treatment led to higher ergosterol concentrations than did control treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Cwalina-Ambroziak
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn
| | | | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań
| | - Piotr Goliński
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań
| | | | | | - Adam Perczak
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań
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15
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Ferrigo D, Raiola A, Causin R. Fusarium Toxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Legislation, Factors Promoting the Appearance and Their Management. Molecules 2016; 21:E627. [PMID: 27187340 PMCID: PMC6274039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium diseases of small grain cereals and maize cause significant yield losses worldwide. Fusarium infections result in reduced grain yield and contamination with mycotoxins, some of which have a notable impact on human and animal health. Regulations on maximum limits have been established in various countries to protect consumers from the harmful effects of these mycotoxins. Several factors are involved in Fusarium disease and mycotoxin occurrence and among them environmental factors and the agronomic practices have been shown to deeply affect mycotoxin contamination in the field. In the present review particular emphasis will be placed on how environmental conditions and stress factors for the crops can affect Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production, with the aim to provide useful knowledge to develop strategies to prevent mycotoxin accumulation in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrigo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Roberto Causin
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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16
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Trombete F, Barros A, Vieira M, Saldanha T, Venâncio A, Fraga M. Simultaneous Determination of Deoxynivalenol, Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside and Nivalenol in Wheat Grains by HPLC-PDA with Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Pasquali M, Cocco E, Guignard C, Hoffmann L. The effect of agmatine on trichothecene type B and zearalenone production in Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1672. [PMID: 26893962 PMCID: PMC4756729 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agmatine and other putrescines are known for being strong inducers of deoxynivalenol (DON) production in Fusarium graminearum. Other important species produce DON and/or other trichothecene type B toxins (3 acetylated DON, 15 acetylated DON, Fusarenon-X, Nivalenol), such as F. culmorum and F. poae. In order to verify whether the mechanism of the regulation of trichothecene type B induction by agmatine is shared by different species of Fusarium, we tested the hypothesis on 19 strains belonging to 3 Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae) with diverse genetic chemotypes (3ADON, 15ADON, NIV) by measuring trichothecene B toxins such as DON, NIV, Fusarenon-X, 3ADON and 15ADON. Moreover, we tested whether other toxins like zearalenone were also boosted by agmatine. The trichothecene type B boosting effect was observed in the majority of strains (13 out of 19) in all the three species. Representative strains from all three genetic chemotypes were able to boost toxin production after agmatine treatment. We identified the non-responding strains to the agmatine stimulus, which may contribute to deciphering the regulatory mechanisms that link toxin production to agmatine (and, more generally, polyamines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Pasquali
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Emmanuelle Cocco
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Cédric Guignard
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
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