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Yin Y, Sun W, Wang X, Chen J, Zeng H, Hao S, Ren L, Yong L, Luo C, Zou X. The screening method for 39 phytotoxins and mycotoxins in blood and urine with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1241:124173. [PMID: 38821004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poisonings caused by plant toxins and mycotoxins occur frequently, which do great harm to human health and social public health safety. When a poisoning incident occurs, biological samples are commonly be used to conduct the detection of toxic substances and their metabolites for targeted clinical treatment and incident analysis. OBJECTIVE To establish an efficient and accurate analysis method of 39 phytotoxins and mycotoxins in blood and urine by high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole tandem orbitrap mass spectrometry (HPLC-Orbitrap MS). METHOD After 3 mL of methanol being added to 1 mL blood and urine respectively for extraction and protein precipitation, the supernatant was injected into HPLC-Orbitrap MS for analysis. The phytotoxins and mycotoxins were separated by Hypersil GOLD PFP column with gradient elution using methanol-5 mmol/L ammonium acetate as mobile phase. The data were collected in ESI positive ion mode using Full MS/dd-MS2 for mass spectrometry detection. RESULT The mass database of 39 phytotoxins and mycotoxins was developed, and accurate qualitative analysis can be obtained by matching with the database using the proposed identification criteria. Limit of detections (LODs) were 1.34 × 10-4 ∼ 1.92 ng/mL and 1.92 × 10-4 ∼ 9.80 ng/mL for blood and urine samples, respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQ) of toxins in blood and urine ranged from 4.47 × 10-4 ∼ 6.32 ng/mL and 6.39 × 10-4 ∼ 32.67 ng/mL, respectively. Intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.79 % ∼ 10.90 %, and inter-day RSDs were 1.08 % ∼ 18.93 %. The recoveries can reach 90 % ∼ 110 % with matrix matching calibration curves. CONCLUSION The established method is simple and rapid to operate, which can complete the sample analysis within 30 min, providing technical support for clinical poisoning treatment and public health poisoning analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Yin
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Chen
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zeng
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifan Hao
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Ren
- Sichuan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yong
- Sichuan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunying Luo
- Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610047, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoli Zou
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang Y, Chen T, Chen D, Liang W, Lu X, Zhao C, Xu G. Suspect and nontarget screening of mycotoxins and their modified forms in wheat products based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464370. [PMID: 37717452 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Various forms of mycotoxins commonly exist in food and pose a significant risk to human health. Here a comprehensive suspect and nontarget screening strategy for both parent and modified mycotoxins was developed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLCHRMS). We constructed an in-house MS/MS database containing 82 mycotoxins in 8 categories. Then fragmentation characteristics of different classes of mycotoxins were rapidly extracted by a Python program "Fragmentation pattern screener (FPScreener)" and nontarget screening rules were determined by analyzing the frequencies and average intensities of fragmentation characteristics. Using the suspect and nontarget screening strategy, we successfully identified six parent mycotoxins and eight modified mycotoxins with different confidence levels in contaminated wheat and flour samples. This strategy enables screening of unknown parents and modified mycotoxins in food matrices with corresponding fragmentation characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Food Safety Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Science (2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Wenying Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China.
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Meneely J, Greer B, Kolawole O, Elliott C. T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:481. [PMID: 37624238 PMCID: PMC10467144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
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Vardali S, Papadouli C, Rigos G, Nengas I, Panagiotaki P, Golomazou E. Recent Advances in Mycotoxin Determination in Fish Feed Ingredients. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062519. [PMID: 36985489 PMCID: PMC10053411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-cost plant-based sources used in aquaculture diets are prone to the occurrence of animal feed contaminants, which may in certain conditions affect the quality and safety of aquafeeds. Mycotoxins, a toxic group of small organic molecules produced by fungi, comprise a frequently occurring plant-based feed contaminant in aquafeeds. Mycotoxin contamination can potentially cause significant mortality, reduced productivity, and higher disease susceptibility; thus, its timely detection is crucial to the aquaculture industry. The present review summarizes the methodological advances, developed mainly during the past decade, related to mycotoxin detection in aquafeed ingredients, namely analytical, chromatographic, and immunological methodologies, as well as the use of biosensors and spectroscopic methods which are becoming more prevalent. Rapid and accurate mycotoxin detection is and will continue to be crucial to the food industry, animal production, and the environment, resulting in further improvements and developments in mycotoxin detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vardali
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment—Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.V.); (E.G.)
| | - Christina Papadouli
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment—Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - George Rigos
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens-Sounion, 19013 Attiki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Nengas
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens-Sounion, 19013 Attiki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Panagiotaki
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment—Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment—Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.V.); (E.G.)
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Gab-Allah MA, Choi K, Kim B. Type B Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains and Their Products: Recent Advances on Occurrence, Toxicology, Analysis and Post-Harvest Decontamination Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:85. [PMID: 36828399 PMCID: PMC9963506 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) are secondary toxic metabolites produced mainly by mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi and have been recognized as natural contaminants in cereals and cereal-based foods. The latest studies have proven the various negative effects of type B trichothecenes on human health. Due to the widespread occurrence of Fusarium species, contamination by these mycotoxins has become an important aspect for public health and agro-food systems worldwide. Hence, their monitoring and surveillance in various foods have received a significant deal of attention in recent years. In this review, an up-to-date overview of the occurrence profile of major type B trichothecenes and DON-3G in cereal grains and their toxicological implications are outlined. Furthermore, current trends in analytical methodologies for their determination are overviewed. This review also covers the factors affecting the production of these mycotoxins, as well as the management strategies currently employed to mitigate their contamination in foods. Information presented in this review provides good insight into the progress that has been achieved in the last years for monitoring type B trichothecenes and DON-3G, and also would help the researchers in their further investigations on metabolic pathway analysis and toxicological studies of these Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, P.O. Box 136, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, Jiang D, Shi Q, Ren G, Liu C. Microbial degradation of aristolochic acid I by endophytic fungus A.h-Fs-1 of Asarum heterotropoides. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:917117. [PMID: 35935204 PMCID: PMC9355669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.917117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asari Radix et Rhizoma is commonly used in classic prescriptions of herbal medicine in several Asian countries for resuscitation, pain relief, and sore treatment, and Asarum heterotropoides (A. heterotropoides) is an important source material of Asari Radix et Rhizoma. However, the plants of the Asari Radix et Rhizoma and some plants in Asarum spp. contain aristolochic acid I (AAI), which is considered as a carcinogen. The objective of the current study is to detoxify Asarum spp. through microbial degradation of AAI in order to ensure drug safety. Based on the observation of the close correlation between endophytic fungi of A. heterotropoides and AAI, we identified an AAI-degrading fungus and screened for candidate genes involved in AAI degradation. Full-length O-demethylase genes (ODMs) were cloned including A.h-ODM-5, Fs-ODM-4, and Fs-ODM-1, and their ability to degrade AAI was tested in vitro. The results showed that the AAI-degrading fungus was identified as Neocosmospora solani (A.h-Fs-1, endophytic fungi of A. heterotropoides), and verified the capability of specific O-demethylation to modify the structure of AAI. We further identified the functional ODMs in A.h-Fs-1 capable of degrading AAI and uncovered the AAI degradation mechanism of A.h-Fs-1. The microbial degradation of AAI demonstrated in the present study offers a new method to detoxify plant materials used for herbal medicine, and would enhance the regulation of toxic ingredients content in herbal medicine source materials.
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Screening of multi-mycotoxins in fruits by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 368:130858. [PMID: 34425334 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction procedure combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatographic separation and ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed to determine the presence of 20 mycotoxins (i.e., Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin, patulin, aflatoxin and trichothecenes) in fruit samples from Xinjiang. A complete platform, including screening via an in-house library, confirmation and quantification using reference standards, was established, which provided accurate MS data and complete spectra containing the fragment ions for each analyte. To evaluate the performance of the developed method, satisfactory validation parameters, such as linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9992), precision (RSDs ≤ 9.8%), recovery (81.2-99.2%), LOD (0.06-2.22 µg kg-1), and LOQ (0.2-7.39 µg kg-1), were obtained. The analysis of 130 fruit samples revealed nonnegligible contamination with mycotoxins; specifically, the highest levels of three Alternaria toxins were detected in jujube, wolfberries and raisins.
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Advances in Analysis of Contaminants in Foodstuffs on the Basis of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry: a Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rocchetti G, Ghilardelli F, Masoero F, Gallo A. Screening of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Bulk Milk Samples by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092025. [PMID: 34574135 PMCID: PMC8466985 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a retrospective screening based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) based on Orbitrap-Q-Exactive Focus™ was used to check the occurrence of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in bulk milk samples. Milk samples were collected from dairy farms in which corn silage was the main ingredient of the feeding system. The 45 bulk milk samples were previously analyzed for a detailed untargeted metabolomic profiling and classified into five clusters according to the corn silage contamination profile, namely: (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites. Multivariate statistics based on both unsupervised and supervised analyses were used to evaluate the significant fold-change variations of the main groups of mycotoxins detected when comparing milk samples from clusters 3, 4, and 5 (high contamination levels of the corn silages) with cluster 1 and 2 (low contamination levels of the corn silages). Overall, 14 compounds showed a significant prediction ability, with antibiotic Y (VIP score = 2.579), bikaverin (VIP score = 1.975) and fumonisin B2 (VIP score = 1.846) being the best markers. The k-means clustering combined with supervised statistics showed two discriminant groups of milk samples, thus revealing a hierarchically higher impact of the whole feeding system (rather than the only corn silages) together with other factors of variability on the final mycotoxin contamination profile. Among the discriminant metabolites we found some Fusarium mycotoxins, together with the tetrapeptide tentoxin (an Alternaria toxin), the α-zearalenol (a catabolite of zearalenone), mycophenolic acid and apicidin. These preliminary findings provide new insights into the potential role of UHPLC-HRMS to evaluate the contamination profile and the safety of raw milk to produce hard cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Ghilardelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Francesco Masoero
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
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Lu Q, Qin JA, Fu YW, Luo JY, Lu JH, Logrieco AF, Yang MH. Modified mycotoxins in foodstuffs, animal feed, and herbal medicine: A systematic review on global occurrence, transformation mechanism and analysis methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Di Marco Pisciottano I, Imperato C, Urbani V, Guadagnuolo G, Imbimbo S, De Crescenzo M, Soprano V, Esposito M, Gallo P. T-2 and HT-2 toxins in feed and food from Southern Italy, determined by LC-MS/MS after immunoaffinity clean-up. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2020; 13:275-283. [PMID: 32466723 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1771776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A method to determine T-2 and HT-2 toxins, both in feed and food, is described. The method is based on sample clean-up by immunoaffinity columns, followed by triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS determination. It was in-house validated in compliance with the European Union legislation, in the concentration range 5.0-750 µg kg-1 and accredited according to the ISO/IEC 17025 standard, for the scope of official control of feed and food. The method was applied to monitor the contamination levels of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in 105 feed samples, both raw materials and compound feed and 17 cereals and derived products for human consumption, collected in Southern Italy between 2015 and 2019. T-2 toxin was quantified in 32 feed (30.5%) and in 2 food samples (11.8%). HT-2 toxin was quantified in 65 feed (61.9%) and in 3 food (17.6%) samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Imperato
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno , Portici, Italy
| | - Valeria Urbani
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno , Portici, Italy
| | - Grazia Guadagnuolo
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno , Portici, Italy
| | - Samantha Imbimbo
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno , Portici, Italy
| | - Michele De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno , Portici, Italy
| | - Vittorio Soprano
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno , Portici, Italy
| | - Mauro Esposito
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno , Portici, Italy
| | - Pasquale Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno , Portici, Italy
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Rausch AK, Brockmeyer R, Schwerdtle T. Development and Validation of a QuEChERS-Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Multi-Method for the Determination of 38 Native and Modified Mycotoxins in Cereals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4657-4669. [PMID: 32216338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, a reliable and sensitive method for the determination of 38 (modified) mycotoxins was developed. Using a QuEChERS-based extraction method [acetonitrile/water/formic acid (75:20:5, v/v/v)], followed by two runs of high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with different conditions, relevant mycotoxins in cereals were analyzed. The method was validated according to the performance criteria defined by the European Commission (EC) in Commission Decision no. 657/2002. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.05 to 150 μg/kg. Good linearity (R2 > 0.99), recovery (61-120%), repeatability (RSDr < 15%), and reproducibility (RSDR < 20%) were obtained for most mycotoxins. However, validation results for Alternaria toxins and fumonisins were unsatisfying. Matrix effects (-69 to +59%) were compensated for using standard addition. Application on reference materials gave correct results while analysis of samples from local retailers revealed contamination, especially with deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, fumonisins, and zearalenone, in concentrations up to 369, 58, 1002, and 21 μg/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Rausch
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Eurofins SOFIA GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 32012820 PMCID: PMC7074356 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (E.S.); (T.V.)
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Olopade BK, Oranusi SU, Nwinyi OC, Lawal IA, Gbashi S, Njobeh PB. Decontamination of T-2 Toxin in Maize by Modified Montmorillonite Clay. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110616. [PMID: 31653066 PMCID: PMC6891709 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Montmorillonite clay has a wide range of applications, one of which includes the binding of mycotoxins in foods and feeds through adsorption. T-2 toxin, produced by some Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys species, causes dystrophy in the brain, heart, and kidney. Various formulations that include lemongrass essential oil-modified montmorillonite clay (LGEO-MMT), lemongrass powder (LGP), montmorillonite clay washed with 1 mM NaCl (Na-MMT), montmorillonite clay (MMT), and lemongrass powder mixed with montmorillonite clay (LGP-MMT) were applied to maize at concentrations of 8% and 12% and stored for a period of one month at 30 °C. Unmodified montmorillonite clay and LGP served as the negative controls alongside untreated maize. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the various treatments showed the major functional groups as Si-O and -OH. All treatment formulations were effective in the decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize. Accordingly, it was revealed that the inclusion of Na-MMT in maize at a concentration of 8% was most effective in decontaminating T-2 toxin by 66% in maize followed by LGP-MMT at 12% inclusion level recording a 56% decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize (p = 0.05). Montmorillonite clay can be effectively modified with plant extracts for the decontamination of T-2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunmi K Olopade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Solomon U Oranusi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Obinna C Nwinyi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria.
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng 2028, South Africa.
| | - Isiaka A Lawal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Boulevard, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa.
| | - Sefater Gbashi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng 2028, South Africa.
| | - Patrick B Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng 2028, South Africa.
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Rejeb R, Antonissen G, De Boevre M, Detavernier C, Van de Velde M, De Saeger S, Ducatelle R, Hadj Ayed M, Ghorbal A. Calcination Enhances the Aflatoxin and Zearalenone Binding Efficiency of a Tunisian Clay. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E602. [PMID: 31623143 PMCID: PMC6832999 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clays are known to have promising adsorbing characteristics, and are used as feed additives to overcome the negative effects of mycotoxicosis in livestock farming. Modification of clay minerals by heat treatment, also called calcination, can alter their adsorption characteristics. Little information, however, is available on the effect of calcination with respect to mycotoxin binding. The purpose of this study was to characterize a Tunisian clay before and after calcination (at 550 °C), and to investigate the effectiveness of the thermal treatment of this clay on its aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), G1 (AFG1), B2 (AFB2), G2 (AFG2), and zearalenone (ZEN) adsorption capacity. Firstly, the purified clay (CP) and calcined clay (CC) were characterized with X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-IR), cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SBET), and point of zero charge (pHPZC) measurements. Secondly, an in vitro model that simulated the pH conditions of the monogastric gastrointestinal tract was used to evaluate the binding efficiency of the tested clays when artificially mixed with aflatoxins and zearalenone. The tested clay consisted mainly of smectite and illite. Purified and calcined clay had similar chemical compositions. After heat treatment, however, some changes in the mineralogical and textural properties were observed. The calcination decreased the cation exchange capacity and the specific surface, whereas the pore size was increased. Both purified and calcined clay had a binding efficacy of over 90% for AFB1 under simulated poultry GI tract conditions. Heat treatment of the clay increased the adsorption of AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 related to the increase in pore size of the clay by the calcination process. ZEN adsorption also increased by calcination, albeit to a more stable level at pH 3 rather than at pH 7. In conclusion, calcination of clay minerals enhanced the adsorption of aflatoxins and mostly of AFG1 and AFG2 at neutral pH of the gastrointestinal tract, and thus are associated with protection against the toxic effects of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roua Rejeb
- Université de Sousse, Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, LR18AG01, ISA-CM-BP, 47, Sousse 4042, Tunisia;
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.A.); (R.D.)
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.A.); (R.D.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (C.D.); (M.V.d.V.)
| | - Christ’l Detavernier
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (C.D.); (M.V.d.V.)
| | - Mario Van de Velde
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (C.D.); (M.V.d.V.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (C.D.); (M.V.d.V.)
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.A.); (R.D.)
| | - Madiha Hadj Ayed
- Université de Sousse, Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, LR18AG01, ISA-CM-BP, 47, Sousse 4042, Tunisia;
| | - Achraf Ghorbal
- Research Laboratory LR18ES33, National Engineering School of Gabes, University of Gabes, Avenue Omar Ibn El Khattab, Gabes 6029, Tunisia;
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Jensen T, de Boevre M, Preußke N, de Saeger S, Birr T, Verreet JA, Sönnichsen FD. Evaluation of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins in Complex Feed Matrices. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090531. [PMID: 31547434 PMCID: PMC6783880 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective and sensitive analysis of mycotoxins in highly complex feed matrices is a great challenge. In this study, the suitability of OrbitrapTM-based high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for routine mycotoxin analysis in complex feeds was demonstrated by the successful validation of a full MS/data-dependent MS/MS acquisition method for the quantitative determination of eight Fusarium mycotoxins in forage maize and maize silage according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The required resolving power for accurate mass assignments (<5 ppm) was determined as 35,000 full width at half maximum (FWHM) and 70,000 FWHM for forage maize and maize silage, respectively. The recovery (RA), intra-day precision (RSDr), and inter-day precision (RSDR) of measurements were in the range of 94 to 108%, 2 to 16%, and 2 to 12%, whereas the decision limit (CCα) and the detection capability (CCβ) varied from 11 to 88 µg/kg and 20 to 141 µg/kg, respectively. A set of naturally contaminated forage maize and maize silage samples collected in northern Germany in 2017 was analyzed to confirm the applicability of the HRMS method to real samples. At least four Fusarium mycotoxins were quantified in each sample, highlighting the frequent co-occurrence of mycotoxins in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolke Jensen
- Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Marthe de Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nils Preußke
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Sarah de Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tim Birr
- Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Joseph-Alexander Verreet
- Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Frank D Sönnichsen
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Shi H, Schwab W, Yu P. Natural Occurrence and Co-Contamination of Twelve Mycotoxins in Industry-Submitted Cool-Season Cereal Grains Grown under a Low Heat Unit Climate Condition. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E160. [PMID: 30871204 PMCID: PMC6468805 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of mycotoxins in industry-submitted cool-season barley and wheat grown under low heat unit climate conditions. Seventy-two barley samples and 83 wheat samples were submitted by producers and industry from May 2016 to May 2017. The concentrations of twelve common mycotoxins, including nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), α-zearalenol (α-ZAL), β-zearalenol (β-ZAL), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), were determined using the liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. Mycotoxins were detected in 40 barley (56%) and 35 wheat (42%) samples submitted by producers and industry. DON showed the highest incidence in barley (44%) and wheat (33%). None of the barley samples contained detectable DAS and no wheat samples tested positive for α-ZAL, DAS, T-2, or AFB1. Co-occurrence of DON and other mycotoxins was frequently observed. Among the mycotoxin-positive samples, 70% of barley samples and 54% of wheat samples were co-contaminated with at least two mycotoxins. Four barley (6%) and five wheat (6%) samples contained levels of DON above 1000 μg/kg (regulatory level in diets for lactating dairy animals) and HT-2 content in five barley (7%) and four wheat (5%) samples exceeded 100 μg/kg (regulatory level in diets for cattle and poultry). Overall, contamination of these mycotoxins was more frequent and more severe in barley in comparison with wheat that was submitted by producers and industry. Comprehensive strategies, including the prevention of Fusarium toxins contamination, the routine monitoring of their prevalence, the detoxification of them in feed and food, as well as the inhibition of their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, are highly required. A rapid detection method needs to be developed to screen mycotoxins in industry-submitted cool-season cereal grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Shi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 6D10 Agriculture Building, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Conservation & Utilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong 528000, China.
| | - Warren Schwab
- Prairie Diagnostic Services, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 6D10 Agriculture Building, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Ciasca B, Pascale M, Altieri VG, Longobardi F, Suman M, Catellani D, Lattanzio VMT. In-house validation and small-scale collaborative study to evaluate analytical performances of multimycotoxin screening methods based on liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry: Case study on Fusarium toxins in wheat. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:743-752. [PMID: 29677705 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A strong trend toward using highly selective mass spectrometry technologies for screening of multiple mycotoxins has been observed in recent years. In the present study, the process of validation of a multimycotoxin screening method based on liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry method is presented. The method was intended for the simultaneous screening of the major Fusarium toxins (deoxynivalenol, 3- and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone, enniatins A, A1, B, and B1, and beauvericin) in wheat. The sample preparation protocol was based on a double extraction (methanol followed by acetonitrile/water mixture) and purification through solid-phase extraction C18 column. To provide insights for full exploitation of the potential of the double-stage high-resolution mass spectrometry detection, a full-scan acquisition event followed by a sequence of 5 fragmentation events (variable data-independent acquisition) was set for mycotoxin detection, the latter to be exploited for confirmatory purposes. Method analytical performances were evaluated through in-house validation and small-scale interlaboratory study, designed according to Commission Regulation 519/2014/EU, setting performance requirements for screening methods for mycotoxins. Screening target concentrations were close to European Union maximum permitted or indicative levels. The in-house validation provided the precision of the response under repeatability conditions and the intermediate precision (both resulting lower than 30%), the cutoff value, and the rate of false suspect results for negative (free of the mycotoxin of interest) samples, which resulted lower than 0.1% in all cases. The collaborative study provided reproducibility and laboratory independent cutoff values. Analysis of reference materials proved method trueness and suitability for screening of the major Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat. Finally, the applicability of the full-scan/variable data-independent acquisition detection approach was successfully tested on a set of naturally contaminated wheat samples, where 2 characteristic product ions could be detected for all identified mycotoxins even at levels in the low μg/kg range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biancamaria Ciasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Pascale
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Michele Suman
- Barilla SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, via Mantova 166, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Dante Catellani
- Barilla SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, via Mantova 166, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Veronica M T Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
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Evaluation of mycotoxins and their estimated daily intake in popcorn and cornflakes using LC-MS techniques. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Parent-Massin D, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Colombo P, Horváth Z, Levorato S, Edler L. Risk to human and animal health related to the presence of 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol in food and feed. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05367. [PMID: 32626015 PMCID: PMC7009455 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
4,15‐Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi and occurring predominantly in cereal grains. As requested by the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) assessed the risk of DAS to human and animal health related to its presence in food and feed. Very limited information was available on toxicity and on toxicokinetics in experimental and farm animals. Due to the limitations in the available data set, human acute and chronic health‐based guidance values (HBGV) were established based on data obtained in clinical trials of DAS as an anticancer agent (anguidine) after intravenous administration to cancer patients. The CONTAM Panel considered these data as informative for the hazard characterisation of DAS after oral exposure. The main adverse effects after acute and repeated exposure were emesis, with a no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL) of 32 μg DAS/kg body weight (bw), and haematotoxicity, with a NOAEL of 65 μg DAS/kg bw, respectively. An acute reference dose (ARfD) of 3.2 μg DAS/kg bw and a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.65 μg DAS/kg bw were established. Based on over 15,000 occurrence data, the highest acute and chronic dietary exposures were estimated to be 0.8 and 0.49 μg DAS/kg bw per day, respectively, and were not of health concern for humans. The limited information for poultry, pigs and dogs indicated a low risk for these animals at the estimated DAS exposure levels under current feeding practices, with the possible exception of fattening chicken. Assuming similar or lower sensitivity than for poultry, the risk was considered overall low for other farm and companion animal species for which no toxicity data were available. In consideration of the similarities of several trichothecenes and the likelihood of co‐exposure via food and feed, it could be appropriate to perform a cumulative risk assessment for this group of substances.
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Liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry method for monitoring of 17 mycotoxins in human plasma for exposure studies. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1548:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yan Z, Wang L, Wang J, Tan Y, Yu D, Chang X, Fan Y, Zhao D, Wang C, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Sun C, Wu A. A QuEChERS-Based Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Nine Zearalenone-Like Mycotoxins in Pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E129. [PMID: 29558416 PMCID: PMC5869417 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives as biomarkers in animal tissues or organs plays an important role in mycotoxin monitoring and can promote effective exposure assessment. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of nine ZEN-like mycotoxins, including three glucuronides in different pig tissues (heart, liver, spleen and muscle) was developed and validated in this study. Tissue samples were extracted using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and clean-up procedure, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Dynamic linear ranges for each target analyte were determined with R² between 0.916 and 0.999. The LODs of the six ZENs were achieved in the range of 0.5-1 ng/g and the LOQs varied from 1 ng/g to 2 ng/g. The satisfying intra-day and inter-day reproducibility (both RSDr and RSDR < 20%) indicated a good stability of this method. The recoveries of the nine target analytes were in the range of 70-110%. The validation results showed that this LC-MS/MS method coupled with QuEChERS sample pretreatment is effective and suitable for the simultaneous quantitation of ZEN metabolites in pigs. It has been applied to analysis of the pig tissues in this research and can be also adapted for samples in the mycotoxin research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200000, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200000, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Academy of State Administration of Grain P.R.C, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Yanglan Tan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200000, China.
| | - Dianzhen Yu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200000, China.
| | - Xiaojiao Chang
- Academy of State Administration of Grain P.R.C, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Yingying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China.
| | - Duoyong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China.
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Changpo Sun
- Academy of State Administration of Grain P.R.C, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200000, China.
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Urusov AE, Petrakova AV, Bartosh AV, Gubaydullina MK, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Immunochromatographic assay of T-2 toxin using labeled anti-species antibodies. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817050167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A Greener, Quick and Comprehensive Extraction Approach for LC-MS of Multiple Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030091. [PMID: 28272346 PMCID: PMC5371846 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In food/feed control, mycotoxin analysis is often still performed “one analyte at a time”. Here a method is presented which aims at making mycotoxin analysis environmentally friendlier through replacing acetonitrile by ethyl acetate and reducing chemical waste production by analyzing four mycotoxins together, forgoing sample extract clean-up, and minimizing solvent consumption. For this, 2 g of test material were suspended in 8 mL water and 16 mL ethyl acetate were added. Extraction was accelerated through sonication for 30 min and subsequent addition of 8 g sodium sulfate. After centrifugation, 500 µL supernatant were spiked with isotopologues, dried down, reconstituted in mobile phase, and measured with LC-MS. The method was validated in-house and through a collaborative study and the performance was fit-for-purpose. Repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDs) between 16% at low and 4% at higher contaminations were obtained. The reproducibility RSDs were mostly between 12% and 32%. The trueness of results for T-2 toxin and Zearalenone were not different from 100%, for Deoxynivalenol and HT-2 toxin they were larger than 89%. The extraction was also adapted to a quick screening of Aflatoxin B1 in maize by flow-injection–mass spectrometry. Semi-quantitative results were obtained through standard addition and scan-based ion ratio calculations. The method proved to be a viable greener and quicker alternative to existing methods.
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Berthiller F, Brera C, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Stroka J, Tittlemier S. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2015-2016. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2015 and mid-2016. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of presented methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - C. Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety – GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M.H. Iha
- Adolfo Lutz Institute of Ribeirão Preto, Nucleous of Chemistry and Bromatology Science, Rua Minas 866, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14085-410, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - S.A. Tittlemier
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main St, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
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Amelin VG, Lavrukhina OI. Food safety assurance using methods of chemical analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Glutathione-Conjugates of Deoxynivalenol in Naturally Contaminated Grain Are Primarily Linked via the Epoxide Group. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8110329. [PMID: 27845722 PMCID: PMC5127126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A glutathione (GSH) adduct of the mycotoxin 4-deoxynivalenol (DON), together with a range of related conjugates, has recently been tentatively identified by LC-MS of DON-treated wheat spikelets. In this study, we prepared samples of DON conjugated at the 10- and 13-positions with GSH, Cys, CysGly, γ-GluCys and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The mixtures of conjugates were used as standards for LC-HRMS analysis of one of the DON-treated wheat spikelet samples, as well as 19 Norwegian grain samples of spring wheat and 16 grain samples of oats that were naturally-contaminated with DON at concentrations higher than 1 mg/kg. The artificially-contaminated wheat spikelets contained conjugates of GSH, CysGly and Cys coupled at the olefinic 10-position of DON, whereas the naturally-contaminated harvest-ripe grain samples contained GSH, CysGly, Cys, and NAC coupled mainly at the 13-position on the epoxy group. The identities of the conjugates were confirmed by LC-HRMS comparison with authentic standards, oxidation to the sulfoxides with hydrogen peroxide, and examination of product-ion spectra from LC-HRMS/MS analysis. No γ-GluCys adducts of DON were detected in any of the samples. The presence of 15-O-acetyl-DON was demonstrated for the first time in Norwegian grain. The results indicate that a small but significant proportion of DON is metabolized via the GSH-conjugation pathway in plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of in vivo conjugation of trichothecenes via their epoxy group, which has generally been viewed as unreactive. Because conjugation at the 13-position of DON and other trichothecenes has been shown to be irreversible, this type of conjugate may prove useful as a biomarker of exposure to DON and other 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes.
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Catanante G, Rhouati A, Hayat A, Marty JL. An Overview of Recent Electrochemical Immunosensing Strategies for Mycotoxins Detection. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Catanante
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement; Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia; 52 Avenue Paul Alduy Perpignan Cedex 66860 France
| | - Amina Rhouati
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement; Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia; 52 Avenue Paul Alduy Perpignan Cedex 66860 France
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Biotechnologie; Constantine-Algérie
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM); COMSATS Institute of Information technology; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement; Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia; 52 Avenue Paul Alduy Perpignan Cedex 66860 France
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Kardoush MI, Ward BJ, Ndao M. Identification of Candidate Serum Biomarkers for Schistosoma mansoni Infected Mice Using Multiple Proteomic Platforms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154465. [PMID: 27138990 PMCID: PMC4854390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is an important helminth infection of humans. There are few reliable diagnostic biomarkers for early infection, for recurrent infection or to document successful treatment. In this study, we compared serum protein profiles in uninfected and infected mice to identify disease stage-specific biomarkers. METHODS Serum collected from CD1 mice infected with 50-200 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were analyzed before infection and at 3, 6 and 12 weeks post-infection using three mass spectrometric (MS) platforms. RESULTS Using SELDI-TOF MS, 66 discriminating m/z peaks were detected between S. mansoni infected mice and healthy controls. Used in various combinations, these peaks could 1) reliably diagnose early-stage disease, 2) distinguish between acute and chronic infection and 3) diagnose S. mansoni infection regardless the parasite burden. The most important contributors to these diagnostic algorithms were peaks at 3.7, 13 and 46 kDa. Employing sample fractionation and differential gel electrophoresis, we analyzed gel slices either by MALDI-TOF MS or Velos Orbitrap MS. The former yielded eight differentially-expressed host proteins in the serum at different disease stages including transferrin and alpha 1- antitrypsin. The latter suggested the presence of a surprising number of parasite-origin proteins in the serum during both the acute (n = 200) and chronic (n = 105) stages. The Orbitrap platform also identified many differentially-expressed host-origin serum proteins during the acute and chronic stages (296 and 220 respectively). The presence of one of the schistosome proteins, glutathione S transferase (GST: 25 KDa), was confirmed by Western Blot. This study provides proof-of-principle for an approach that can yield a large number of novel candidate biomarkers for Schistosoma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal I. Kardoush
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of medicine, Benha University, Benha, Qalubia, Egypt
| | - Brian J. Ward
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- JD MacLean Tropical Diseases Centre, the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- JD MacLean Tropical Diseases Centre, the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Zarrin M, Ganj F, Faramarzi S. Analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region of the Fusarium species by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:471-474. [PMID: 27073635 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium species are a widely spread phytopathogen identified in an extensive variety of hosts. The Fusarium genus is one of the most heterogeneous fungi and is difficult to classify. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis is a useful method in detection of DNA polymorphism in objective sequences. The aim of the present study was to identify the phylogenetic associations and usefulness of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a genetic marker within the most clinically important strain of the Fusarium species. A total of 50 strains of Fusarium spp. were used in the study, including environmental, clinical and reference isolates. The primers ITS1 and ITS4 were used in the study. Two restriction enzymes, HaeIII and SmaI, were assessed for the digestion of PCR products. A PCR product of ~550-base pairs was generated for each Fusarium species. The digested products with HaeIII and SmaI demonstrated that the bands generated for the medically significant Fusarium species, including F. solani, F. oxysporum, F. verticillidea, F. proliferatum and F. fujikuri, have different restriction enzyme patterns. In conclusion, it appears that the PCR-RFLP method used in the present study produces a sufficient restriction profile for differentiation of the most medically significant Fusarium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Zarrin
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan 61357-15794, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Ganj
- Department of Medical Mycology, Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Sama Faramarzi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan 61357-15794, Iran
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